Increased Risk of Fractures and Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can directly interfere with osteoclastic function, induce hypergastrinemia, and inhibit calcium absorption, leading to reduced bone mineral density (BMD), a measure of bone metabolism that may be associated with the risk of fractures. The current study involves a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the relationship between prolonged use of PPI drugs and fractures in menopausal women. A systematic search and meta-analysis were performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases according to PRISMA guidelines. Two independent reviewers analyzed the articles. The five articles found in the databases, which met the eligibility criteria, covered participants who were menopausal women aged between 56 and 78.5 years, using or not using a PPI for a minimum of 12 months. All studies showed an increase in the rate of fractures related to using PPIs, as an outcome. Prolonged use of PPIs in menopausal women can affect bone metabolism and cause fractures. However, other factors, such as the use of other classes of drugs, obesity, low weight, poor diet, replacement hormones, and comorbidities, should also be considered for assessing the risk of fractures.

Modification by genetic polymorphism of lead-induced IQ alteration: a systematic review.

As well as a lead-related environmental factor, genetic factors could also corroborate important changes in intelligence quotient (IQ) through single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Thus, a systematic review was carried out to evaluate the possible influence of polymorphism on blood Pb levels and IQ points in pediatric patients (0-19 years old). Following the PRISMA guideline, the studies were systematically collected on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. Six genes (transferrin (TF); glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A (GRIN2A); glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B (GRIN2B); dopamine receptor D2/ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1); aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD); vitamin D receptor (VDR)) were found in six selected articles. In these genes, 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were searched and six different types of variations (missense variant, intron variant, synonymous variant, stop, stop gained) were observed. Due to the few studies in the literature, there is no conclusive data to point out that there is a direct relationship between polymorphisms, Pb levels, and reduction of IQ points.

Productivity of CNPq Researchers from Different Fields in Biomedical Sciences: The Need for Objective Bibliometric Parameters-A Report from Brazil.

In Brazil, the CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) provides grants, funds and fellowships to productive scientists to support their investigations. They are ranked and categorized into four hierarchical levels ranging from PQ 1A (the highest) to PQ 1D (the lowest). Few studies, however, report and analyse scientific productivity in different sub-fields of Biomedical Sciences (BS), e.g., Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Biophysics and Physiology. In fact, systematic comparisons of productivity among the PQ 1 categories within the above sub-fields are lacking in the literature. Here, the scientific productivity of 323 investigators receiving PQ 1 fellowships (A to D levels) in these sub-fields of BS was investigated. The Scopus database was used to compile the total number of articles, citations, h-index values and authorship positions (first-, co- or last-listed author) in the most cited papers by researchers granted CNPq fellowships. We found that researchers from Pharmacology had the best performance for all of the parameters analysed, followed by those in Biochemistry. There was great variability in scientific productivity within the PQ 1A level in all of the sub-fields of BS, but not within the other levels (1B, 1C and 1D). Analysis of the most cited papers of PQ 1(A-D) researchers in Pharmacology revealed that the citations of researchers in the 1C and 1D levels were associated with publications with their senior supervisors, whereas those in the 1B level were less connected with their supervisors in comparison to those in 1A. Taken together, these findings suggest that the scientific performance of PQ 1A researchers in BS is not homogenous. In our opinion, parameters such as the most cited papers without the involvement of Ph.D. and/or post-doctoral supervisors should be used to make decisions regarding any given researcher's fellowship award level.

Acute mercury exposition of virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats: Histopathological kidney and liver evaluations.

This work investigated the effects of mercury chloride (HgCl2 ) acute exposure on virgin, pregnant and lactating rats by determination of renal and hepatic morphological and ultrastructural parameters and the expression of oxidative stress and stress tolerance markers, due to kidney and liver are the organs that more accumulate inorganic mercury. Adult Wistar rats virgin (90 days old), pregnant (18th gestation day) and lactating (7th lactation day) were injected once with HgCl2 (5 mg/kg) or saline (controls). We observed that HgCl2 exposure of virgin rats caused significant inflammatory infiltration and severe morphological variations, like glomeruli atrophy, dilatation of Bowman's capsule, tubular degeneration and hepatocytes alteration. Moreover, virgin rats presented mitochondrial modification, important oxidative stress and increase in stress tolerance proteins at both kidney and liver level, compared with virgin controls. In detail, virgin rats exposed to HgCl2 presented significantly elevated level of inducible nitric oxide synthase, heat shock protein 27 and glucose regulated proteins 75 expressions at both renal tubular and hepatocytes level, respect untreated virgin rats. Interestingly, pregnant and lactating rats exposed to HgCl2 presented weak renal and liver morphological alterations, showing weak inflammatory infiltration and no significant difference in structural mitochondrial transmembrane protein, oxidative stress markers and stress tolerance proteins expressions respect controls (virgin, pregnant and lactating rats). Although, both control and HgCl2 -exposed pregnant and lactating rats showed renal glomeruli greater in diameter respect virgin rats. In conclusion, we believe that virgin rats are more sensitive to HgCl2 toxicity respect pregnant and lactating rats. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1500-1512, 2017.

Mercury chloride increases hepatic alanine aminotransferase and glucose 6-phosphatase activities in newborn rats in vivo.

This work investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of HgCl2 and ZnCl2 on metabolic enzymes from tissues of young rats to verify whether the physiological and biochemical alterations induced by mercury and prevented by zinc are related to hepatic and renal glucose metabolism. Wistar rats received (subcutaneous) saline or ZnCl2 (27 mg/kg/day) from 3 to 7 days old and saline or HgCl2 (5.0 mg/kg/day) from 8 to 12 days old. Mercury exposure increased the hepatic alanine aminotransferase (∼6-fold) and glucose 6-phosphatase (75%) activity; zinc pre-exposure prevented totally and partially these mercury alterations respectively. In vitro, HgCl2 inhibited the serum (22%, 10 µM) and liver (54%, 100 µM) alanine aminotransferase, serum (53%) and liver (64%) lactate dehydrogenase (10 µM), and liver (53%) and kidney (41%) glucose 6-phosphatase (100 µM) from 10- to 13-day-old rats. The results show that mercury induces distinct alterations in these enzymes when tested in vivo or in vitro as well as when different sources were used. The increase of both hepatic alanine aminotransferase and glucose 6-phosphatase activity suggests that the mercury-exposed rats have increased gluconeogenic activity in the liver. Zinc prevents the in vivo effects on metabolic changes induced by mercury.