Lipid profile, apolipoproteins A-1 and B in owl monkeys (Aotus infulatus) in captivity.

BACKGROUND: Owl monkeys (Aotus infulatus) are frequently affected by heart diseases and, as in humans, dyslipidemia is one of the predisposing factors for adverse cardiovascular events. In view of this, the study of the lipid profile and plasma apolipoproteins can contribute to the clinical management of this neotropical primate species. METHODS: Lipid profile as well as A-1 and B apolipoprotein values were analyzed in 60 owl monkeys, studying their relationship with body biometry and the presence of cardiac alterations. RESULTS: Animals suspected of having heart disease did not show significant differences (p < .05) in terms of biometry or in relation to lipid profile and apolipoproteins A-1 and B values; however, higher values of LDL and ApoB and ApoB/ApoA-1 were observed in this group. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to describe the lipid profile and apolipoprotein values in owl monkeys, and further work will be needed to better elucidate the worthiness of LDL, ApoB, and the ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio in this primate species.

Equine parvovirus-hepatitis is detected in South America, Brazil.

The equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H), recently identified in association with serum hepatitis in horses (also known as Theiler's disease), has been so far described in horses from North America, Asia and Europe. There is no information regarding its circulation in South America. Our retrospective study (2013-2016) screened by EqPV-H nested-PCR a total of 96 Brazilian horses grouped according to previous status of infection: Known to be positive for one or more horse "hepatitis viruses" (equine hepacivirus, equine pegivirus-EPgV and Theiler's disease-associated virus) and known to be negative. Serum biochemical parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and glutamate dehydrogenase) were evaluated in EqPV-H positive horses. Molecular characteristics of the isolates were analyzed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. EqPV-H DNA was detected in 12.5% (12/96) of horses from 46.6% (7/15) of the farms evaluated. Similar results were obtained between coinfected group (12.3%, 7/57) and non-coinfected group (12.8%, 5/39). Coinfection with EPgV was the most frequent (5/7). Altered serum biochemical parameters suggested a subclinical hepatopathy in some animals (3/12), but the majority presented no clinical or laboratory signs of infection. Nucleotide identity was higher than 94% in comparison with previous isolates. In conclusion, we demonstrated, for the first time in South America, the circulation of EqPV-H. The Brazilian isolates presented a low genetic variability, thus corroborating previous evidence.

Clinical hematological and biochemical parameters in Swiss, BALB/c, C57BL/6 and B6D2F1 Mus musculus.

BACKGROUND: Animal models are widely used in scientific research in order to obtain information from a whole organism under a specific set of experimental conditions. Various lineages of mice have been used to investigate diseases and new therapeutic strategies, and, consequently, hematological and biochemical tests in these laboratory animals are essential to validate scientific studies. Our study seeks to establish reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters of four lineages of mice. METHODS: We evaluated the hematological and biochemical profiles of 20 males and 20 females from the lineages Swiss (heterogeneous), BALB/c and C57BL/6 (isogenic), and B6D2F1 (hybrid), totaling 160 mice. Analysis were standardized using the systems pocH-100iV Diff™ for 19 hematological parameters and VITROS® 350 for 12 biochemical parameters. RESULTS: Results are shown as means and standard deviation, grouped by lineage and genre. Comparing the values obtained in this study with the values from previous studies, some variations were detected, which could be explained by differences in methodologies or individual variability. CONCLUSION: Thus our study shows that knowledge and disclosure of the values of physiological parameters of laboratory animals is necessary, and emphasises the importance of considering variations influenced by gender, lineage and genotype in the choice of the best experimental model.

First description of Theiler's disease-associated virus infection and epidemiological investigation of equine pegivirus and equine hepacivirus coinfection in Brazil.

Recent advances in the study of equine pegivirus (EPgV), Theiler's disease-associated virus (TDAV) and equine hepacivirus (EqHV) highlight their importance to veterinary and human health. To gain some insight into virus distribution, possible risk factors, presence of liver damage and genetic variability of these viruses in Brazil, we performed a cross-sectional study of EPgV and TDAV infections using a simultaneous detection assay, and assessed EqHV coinfection in different horse cohorts. Of the 500 serum samples screened, TDAV, EPgV and EPgV-EqHV were present in 1.6%, 14.2% and 18.3%, respectively. EPgV-positive horses were present in four Brazilian states: Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Serum biochemical alterations were present in 40.4% of EPgV-infected horses, two of them presenting current liver injury. Chance of infection was 2.7 times higher in horses ≤5 years old (p = 0.0008) and 4.9 times higher in horses raised under intensive production systems (p = 0.0009). EPgV-EqHV coinfection was 75% less likely in horses older than 5 years comparatively to those with ≤5 years old (p = 0.047). TDAV-positive animals were detected in different horse categories without biochemical alteration. Nucleotide sequences were highly conserved among isolates from this study and previous field and commercial product isolates (≥88% identity). Tree topology revealed the formation of two clades (pp = 1) for both EPgV and TDAV NS3 partial sequences. In conclusion, the widespread presence of EPgV-RNA suggests an enzootic infection with subclinical viremia in Brazil. Horse management can influence virus spread. This first report of TDAV-infected horses outside the USA reveals the existence of subclinical viremic horses in distant geographical regions. EPgV and TDAV have similar circulating isolates worldwide. These findings contribute to global efforts to understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these equine viruses.

Hematological evaluation of free-living golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) from an Urban Atlantic Forest.

BACKGROUND: The Atlantic Forest where the animals were captured is surrounded by residences, so this close contact could favor the presence of disease-transmitting pathogens, putting the local population at risk. For these and other factors, it is important to perform laboratory tests enabling the performance of important diagnoses. METHODS: Blood samples of 268 golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) inhabiting an Atlantic Forest area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were processed for accessing age and sex influence in hematological parameters and to establish normative hematology values. RESULTS: Mean values of red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet count were significantly higher in adult males than in adult females. Adult animals had significantly higher mean neutrophil count, and young animals had higher averages than adults in lymphocyte values. Anisocytosis and platelet indices parameters were also provided for the first time. CONCLUSIONS: Averages presented can be used as hematological parameters for golden-headed lion tamarins.

Cytauxzoon felis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' coinfection in a Brazilian domestic cat (Felis catus).

This article describes the first detection of Cytauxzoon felis, using molecular techniques, in a naturally infected domestic cat from Brazil, South America. Coinfection with 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' was also found. The molecular identification of the piroplasmid species was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing analysis. A 284 pb fragment of the gene encoding the 18S ribosomal RNA region was amplified and showed 99% identity with other C. felis strains from North America. In addition, PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis, which amplifies a 595 bp fragment of the gene encoding 16S ribosomal RNA of some bacterial species, identified the co-infecting species as 'Candidatus M. haemominutum'.

Bartonelose: análise molecular e sorológica em gatos do Rio de Janeiro Brasil / Bartonellosis: molecular and serological analysis in cats from Rio de Janeiro – Brazil

Bartonella henselae e mais recentemente B. quintana têm sido apontados como agentes causais de diversas moléstias emhumanos, entre as quais a doença da arranhadura do gato, endocardite, meningoencefalite e neuroretinite, podendo levarao óbito, principalmente os imunocomprometidos. O gato doméstico é considerado o principal animal envolvido na transmissãodestes patógenos. Constituiu-se objetivo deste estudo a avaliação da frequência de Bartonella spp. em gatos domésticosdomiciliados do município de Vassouras (RJ) comparando-se os achados na reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) e nasorologia por imunofluorescência indireta (IFA). Amostras sanguíneas de 37 (100%) gatos de um abrigo da cidade deVassouras (RJ) foram analisadas, sendo 36 (97,3%) positivas na PCR para Bartonella spp. Das amostras PCR positivas,nove (25%) e 27 (75%) apresentaram, respectivamente, reatividade e ausência de reatividade ao IFA. Apenas uma (2,7%)amostra de sangue foi concomitantemente negativa na PCR e IFA para Bartonella spp. Este é o primeiro registro de infecçãopor Bartonella spp. em felinos domésticos no estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) identificada por análise molecular e sorológica,o que nos permite concluir que este agente zoonótico está presente em alta frequência em gatos domésticos do municípiode Vassouras (RJ).

Bartonella henselae and B. quintana have been pointed as causal agents of many diseases in humans, and can lead to death, mainly immunodefficient people. Domestic cat is considered the unique animal in transmission of these pathogens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of Bartonella spp. in domestic cats from Vassouras city (RJ) by polimerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence test assay (IFA) and compare the results. Blood samples from 37 (100%) domestic cats from a shelter of Vassouras city (RJ) were analyzed and 36 (97.3%) were considered positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The indirect immunofluorescence test assay (IFA) revealed 9 (25.0%) and 27 (75.0%) of that PCR positive samples showed, respectively, reaction and absence of reaction to IFA. Only one sample (2.7%) was negative in PCR and IFA. This is the first communication of Bartonella spp. infection in domestic cats in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil) identified by molecular and serological assays, thus it can be concluded that this zoonotic agent is present in high frequencies in domestic cats from Vassouras city (RJ).