RESUMO
Escherichia coli is a well-recognized inhabitant of the animal and human gut. Its presence represents an essential component of the microbiome. There are six pathogenic variants of E. coli associated with diarrheal processes, known as pathotypes. These harbor genetic determinants that allow them to be classified as such. In this work, we report the presence of diarrheagenic pathotypes of E. coli strains isolated from healthy donors. Ninety E. coli strains were analyzed, of which forty-six (51%) harbored virulence markers specifics for diarrheagenic pathotypes, including four hybrids (one of them with genetic determinants of three DEC pathotypes). We also identified phylogenetic groups with a higher prevalence of B2 (45.6%) and A (17.8%). In addition, resistance to sulfonamides (100%), and aminoglycosides (100%) was found in 100% of the strains, with a lower prevalence of resistance to cefotaxime (13.3%), ceftriaxone (12.2%), fosfomycin (10%), and meropenem (0%). All analyzed strains were classified as multidrug resistant. Virulence genes were also investigated, which led us to propose three new virotypes. Among the virulence traits observed, the ability to form biofilms stands out, which was superior to that of the E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains used as positive controls.
RESUMO
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) belong to the most common pathologies in Mexico and are mainly caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC possesses a wide diversity of virulence factors that allow it to carry out its pathogenesis mechanism in the urinary tract (UT). The development of morphotypes in UT represents an important feature of UPEC because it is associated with complications in diagnosis of UTI. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of bacterial morphotypes, virulence genes, virulence phenotypes, antibiotic resistant, and phylogenetic groups in clinical isolates of UPEC obtained from women in Sonora, Mexico. Forty UPEC isolates were obtained, and urine morphotypes were observed in 65% of the urine samples from where E. coli was isolated. Phylogenetic group B2 was the most prevalent. The most frequent virulence genes were fimH (100%), fliCD (90%), and sfaD/focC (72%). Biofilm formation (100%) and motility (98%) were the most prevalent phenotypes. Clinical isolates showed high resistance to aminoglycosides and ß-lactams antibiotics. These data suggest that the search for morphotypes in urine sediment must be incorporated in the urinalysis procedure and also that clinical isolates of UPEC in this study can cause upper, lower, and recurrent UTI.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is the main cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) and it is known that pregnant women have a higher risk for UTI. UPEC has a variety of virulence and antibiotic resistance factors that facilitate its pathogenic success and it is crucial to know which are the susceptibility patterns, Extended-Spectrum-ß-Lactamase (ESBL) production, virulence genes, pathogenicity islands (PAI), phylogenetic groups and serotypes among strains isolated from pregnant and non-pregnant women. METHODS: One hundred fifty UPEC strains were isolated from pregnant and non-pregnant women from two different Mexican states (Sonora and Puebla). Strains were analyzed using the Kirby-Bauer method for the determination of antibiotic susceptibility and ESBL. Virulence genes, PAIs and phylogenetic groups were determined using a multiplex PCR. Strains were serotyped by an agglutination assay. Blood agar and CAS agar were used for phenotypic assays. RESULTS: 92.7% of UPEC strains showed multidrug-resistant (MDR), 6.7% extremely-resistant (XDR) and 0.6% pandrug-resistant (PDR). The highest resistance was determined to be for ß-lactam antibiotics (>72% in both states) and 44.5% of the UPEC strains were ESBL+. The predominant virulence genes found were fimH (100%), iucD (85%) and iha (60%). The strains isolated from pregnant women from Puebla presented a large percentage of genes associated with upper urinary tract infections. PAIs were found in 51% and 68% of the strains from Sonora and Puebla, respectively. All the strains were siderophores producers and 41.5% produced hemolysis. The serotypes found were diverse and belonged to phylogroups A, B2 and C. CONCLUSION: The UPEC strains from this study are MDR with tendency to XDR or PDR, they can cause upper UTIs and are serotypically and phylogenetically diverse, which supports the need to develop new strategies for UTI treatment in pregnant and non-pregnant Mexican women.
RESUMO
Fundamento: las malformaciones congénitas contribuyen de forma importante a la mortalidad durante etapas tempranas de la vida; constituyen la primera causa de muerte infantil en los países desarrollados.Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de malformaciones congénitas en recién nacidos vivos. Métodos: estudio descriptivo realizado en la provincia de Cienfuegos en el año 2012. Se estudiaron 37 mujeres que tuvieron recién nacidos vivos con malformaciones congénitas. Se analizó: edad de los padres, color de la piel, número de orden del nacimiento, antecedentes familiares de malformaciones, antecedentes de abortos, consanguinidad, amenaza de aborto, enfermedades crónicas, tipo de enfermedad crónica, municipio, áreas de salud, tipo de malformación; comportamiento durante el primer trimestre de: tabaquismo, fiebre, enfermedades agudas así como ingestión de medicamentos y tipo de medicamento. Se empleó el estadígrafo Chi cuadrado con una exigencia de precisión del 95 %.Resultados: la tasa de malformaciones congénitas fue de 8,6 por 1 000 nacidos vivos y la de mortalidad en menores de un año fue de 0,7 por 1 000 nacidos vivos. Predominaron los malformados que proceden de las áreas de salud VIII, VII y Cumanayagua. Los sistemas más afectados fueron el Sistema Osteomioarticular, Cardiovascular y Digestivo; la malformación más frecuente fue la comunicación interventricular. Predominaron como factores de riesgo la nuliparidad(91,9 %) y el antecedente de hasta dos abortos espontáneos(83,7 %). Conclusiones: en la provincia de Cienfuegos las malformaciones congénitas en recién nacidos vivos continúan siendo frecuentes y contribuyen a la mortalidad infantil, sobre todo las que afectan el Sistema Cardiovascular.
Background: congenital anomalies contribute significantly to mortality during early stages of life; they are the leading cause of infant death in developed countries.Objective: to determine the characteristics of congenital anomalies among live births. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted in the province of Cienfuegos in 2012. Thirty-seven women who had live-born neonates with congenital anomalies were studied. The variables analyzed were: parental age, skin color, order of birth, family history of anomalies, history of abortions, consanguinity, threatened abortion, smoking, presence of fever or acute illnesses, medication intake and type of medication during the first trimester, chronic diseases, type of chronic disease, municipality, health areas and type of anomaly. Chi-square test with 95% accuracy was used. Results: rate of congenital anomalies was 8.6/1 000 live births. Mortality rate due to congenital anomalies in children under one year was 0.7 per 1 000 live births. The anomalies predominated in the health areas VIII, VII and Cumanayagua. Most affected systems were the Musculoskeletal, the Cardiovascular and the Digestive system; the most common malformation was ventricular septal defect. Conclusions: congenital anomalies among live births are still frequent and contribute to infant mortality in the province of Cienfuegos, especially those affecting the cardiovascular system.
