Building bridges to care: the experience of peer navigation in enabling linkage to PrEP for adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women.

Vulnerable populations are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS, especially adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and adolescent travestis and transgender women (ATGW). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is one component of combination HIV prevention and is already available for these populations in Brazil. However, ensuring its uptake entails certain challenges since inequality and barriers have traditionally marked access and linkage to the related public health services. Peer navigation could be a way of mediating the linkage process because it involves peers keeping track of others' care schedules, dynamically fostering linkage to care according to the needs of users and the actors involved in their everyday care contexts. Therefore, this study proposes analyzing peer-navigator-mediated linkage to PrEP care for 15- to 19-year-old MSM and transgender women from the PrEP1519 project in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. In total, 15 field notebooks/diaries, written in April-July 2019, by four peer navigators were analyzed, as were the transcripts of one focal group and 20 semi-structured interviews with adolescents (17 MSM and three trans women) between June and December 2019. Linkage via peer navigator and participant is influenced by emotional dynamics and shared personal characteristics. It is fluid and unstable and calls for care practices to be shaped to meet each participant's needs. For peer navigation to be adopted as a care strategy for sexually transmitted infection prevention and treatment, it should envisage not only increased linkage to care but also sensitivity to service users' specific characteristics and lived experiences.

Building bridges to care: the experience of peer navigation in enabling linkage to PrEP for adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women / Construindo pontes para o cuidado: a experiência da navegação de pares na habilitação do vínculo com a PrEP para homens adolescentes que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres transgêneros / Construcción de puentes hacia el cuidado: la experiencia de navegación entre pares para permitir la vinculación con la PrEP para hombres adolescentes que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y mujeres transgénero

Vulnerable populations are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS, especially adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and adolescent travestis and transgender women (ATGW). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is one component of combination HIV prevention and is already available for these populations in Brazil. However, ensuring its uptake entails certain challenges since inequality and barriers have traditionally marked access and linkage to the related public health services. Peer navigation could be a way of mediating the linkage process because it involves peers keeping track of others' care schedules, dynamically fostering linkage to care according to the needs of users and the actors involved in their everyday care contexts. Therefore, this study proposes analyzing peer-navigator-mediated linkage to PrEP care for 15- to 19-year-old MSM and transgender women from the PrEP1519 project in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. In total, 15 field notebooks/diaries, written in April-July 2019, by four peer navigators were analyzed, as were the transcripts of one focal group and 20 semi-structured interviews with adolescents (17 MSM and three trans women) between June and December 2019. Linkage via peer navigator and participant is influenced by emotional dynamics and shared personal characteristics. It is fluid and unstable and calls for care practices to be shaped to meet each participant's needs. For peer navigation to be adopted as a care strategy for sexually transmitted infection prevention and treatment, it should envisage not only increased linkage to care but also sensitivity to service users' specific characteristics and lived experiences.

Populações vulneráveis têm maior risco de contrair HIV/aids, especialmente homens adolescentes que fazem sexo com homens (AHSH) e mulheres transgêneros adolescentes e travestis. A profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) é um componente da combinação de prevenção do HIV e já está disponível para essas populações no Brasil. No entanto, garantir a captação da PrEP implica certos desafios, uma vez que o acesso e a vinculação aos serviços públicos de saúde relacionados a ela tem sido tradicionalmente marcados pela desigualdade e por outras barreiras. A navegação de pares pode ser uma forma de mediar o processo de vinculação pois envolve os pares que acompanham as rotinas de cuidado dos outros, estimulando dinamicamente a vinculação ao cuidado de acordo com as necessidades dos usuários e dos atores envolvidos em seus cotidianos. Este estudo propõe, portanto, analisar a vinculação ao cuidado com a PrEP mediada por navegação de pares para homens que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres transgênero de 15 a 19 anos do projeto PrEP1519 em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Foram analisados 15 cadernos/diários de campo escritos por 4 navegadores(as) de pares em abril a julho de 2019 assim como as transcrições de um grupo focal e 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas com adolescentes (17 HSH e três mulheres trans) de junho a dezembro de 2019. O vínculo entre navegador e participante é influenciado pela dinâmica emocional e características pessoais compartilhadas. É fluido e instável e necessita que as práticas de cuidado sejam moldadas para atender às necessidades de cada participante. Para que a navegação de pares seja adotada como estratégia de cuidado para prevenir e tratar infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, o método deve prever não apenas o aumento da vinculação ao cuidado mas também a sensibilidade às características específicas dos usuários e as suas experiências de vida.

Las poblaciones vulnerables tienen mayor riesgo de contraer el VIH/SIDA, especialmente los hombres adolescentes que tienen sexo con hombres (AHSH) y las mujeres adolescentes transgénero y travestis. La profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP) es un componente de la combinación de prevención del VIH y ahora está disponible para estas poblaciones en Brasil. Sin embargo, la obtención de la PrEP implica ciertos desafíos, ya que el acceso y los vínculos con los servicios de salud pública relacionados con la PrEP han sido marcados en general por la desigualdad y otras barreras. La navegación entre pares puede ser una forma de mediar el proceso de vinculación, puesto que involucra a los pares acompañando las rutinas de cuidado de los demás, estimulando dinámicamente el vínculo del cuidado según las necesidades de los usuarios y actores involucrados en su cotidiano. Este estudio propone analizar el vínculo del cuidado de la PrEP mediada por la navegación entre pares para hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y mujeres transgénero, con edades entre los 15 y los 19 años y que participan en el proyecto PrEP1519 en Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cuatro navegantes pares analizaron 15 cuadernos/diarios de campo escritos entre abril y julio de 2019, así como las transcripciones de un grupo focal y 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas con adolescentes (17 HSH y tres mujeres trans) realizadas de junio a diciembre de 2019. El vínculo entre el navegador y el participante estuvo influenciado por dinámicas emocionales y características personales compartidas. Este vínculo es fluido e inestable, además requiere que las prácticas de cuidado sean capaces de satisfacer las necesidades de cada participante. Para que la navegación entre pares sea una estrategia de cuidado en la prevención y tratamiento de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, el método necesita proporcionar no solo una mayor vinculación con el cuidado, sino también una concientización de las características específicas de los usuarios y sus experiencias de vida.

Building bridges to care: the experience of peer navigation in enabling linkage to PrEP for adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women / Construindo pontes para o cuidado: a experiência da navegação de pares na habilitação do vínculo com a PrEP para homens adolescentes que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres transgêneros / Construcción de puentes hacia el cuidado: la experiencia de navegación entre pares para permitir la vinculación con la PrEP para hombres adolescentes que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y mujeres transgénero

Vulnerable populations are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS, especially adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and adolescent travestis and transgender women (ATGW). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is one component of combination HIV prevention and is already available for these populations in Brazil. However, ensuring its uptake entails certain challenges since inequality and barriers have traditionally marked access and linkage to the related public health services. Peer navigation could be a way of mediating the linkage process because it involves peers keeping track of others' care schedules, dynamically fostering linkage to care according to the needs of users and the actors involved in their everyday care contexts. Therefore, this study proposes analyzing peer-navigator-mediated linkage to PrEP care for 15- to 19-year-old MSM and transgender women from the PrEP1519 project in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. In total, 15 field notebooks/diaries, written in April-July 2019, by four peer navigators were analyzed, as were the transcripts of one focal group and 20 semi-structured interviews with adolescents (17 MSM and three trans women) between June and December 2019. Linkage via peer navigator and participant is influenced by emotional dynamics and shared personal characteristics. It is fluid and unstable and calls for care practices to be shaped to meet each participant's needs. For peer navigation to be adopted as a care strategy for sexually transmitted infection prevention and treatment, it should envisage not only increased linkage to care but also sensitivity to service users' specific characteristics and lived experiences.

Populações vulneráveis têm maior risco de contrair HIV/aids, especialmente homens adolescentes que fazem sexo com homens (AHSH) e mulheres transgêneros adolescentes e travestis. A profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) é um componente da combinação de prevenção do HIV e já está disponível para essas populações no Brasil. No entanto, garantir a captação da PrEP implica certos desafios, uma vez que o acesso e a vinculação aos serviços públicos de saúde relacionados a ela tem sido tradicionalmente marcados pela desigualdade e por outras barreiras. A navegação de pares pode ser uma forma de mediar o processo de vinculação pois envolve os pares que acompanham as rotinas de cuidado dos outros, estimulando dinamicamente a vinculação ao cuidado de acordo com as necessidades dos usuários e dos atores envolvidos em seus cotidianos. Este estudo propõe, portanto, analisar a vinculação ao cuidado com a PrEP mediada por navegação de pares para homens que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres transgênero de 15 a 19 anos do projeto PrEP1519 em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Foram analisados 15 cadernos/diários de campo escritos por 4 navegadores(as) de pares em abril a julho de 2019 assim como as transcrições de um grupo focal e 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas com adolescentes (17 HSH e três mulheres trans) de junho a dezembro de 2019. O vínculo entre navegador e participante é influenciado pela dinâmica emocional e características pessoais compartilhadas. É fluido e instável e necessita que as práticas de cuidado sejam moldadas para atender às necessidades de cada participante. Para que a navegação de pares seja adotada como estratégia de cuidado para prevenir e tratar infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, o método deve prever não apenas o aumento da vinculação ao cuidado mas também a sensibilidade às características específicas dos usuários e as suas experiências de vida.

Las poblaciones vulnerables tienen mayor riesgo de contraer el VIH/SIDA, especialmente los hombres adolescentes que tienen sexo con hombres (AHSH) y las mujeres adolescentes transgénero y travestis. La profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP) es un componente de la combinación de prevención del VIH y ahora está disponible para estas poblaciones en Brasil. Sin embargo, la obtención de la PrEP implica ciertos desafíos, ya que el acceso y los vínculos con los servicios de salud pública relacionados con la PrEP han sido marcados en general por la desigualdad y otras barreras. La navegación entre pares puede ser una forma de mediar el proceso de vinculación, puesto que involucra a los pares acompañando las rutinas de cuidado de los demás, estimulando dinámicamente el vínculo del cuidado según las necesidades de los usuarios y actores involucrados en su cotidiano. Este estudio propone analizar el vínculo del cuidado de la PrEP mediada por la navegación entre pares para hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres y mujeres transgénero, con edades entre los 15 y los 19 años y que participan en el proyecto PrEP1519 en Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cuatro navegantes pares analizaron 15 cuadernos/diarios de campo escritos entre abril y julio de 2019, así como las transcripciones de un grupo focal y 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas con adolescentes (17 HSH y tres mujeres trans) realizadas de junio a diciembre de 2019. El vínculo entre el navegador y el participante estuvo influenciado por dinámicas emocionales y características personales compartidas. Este vínculo es fluido e inestable, además requiere que las prácticas de cuidado sean capaces de satisfacer las necesidades de cada participante. Para que la navegación entre pares sea una estrategia de cuidado en la prevención y tratamiento de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, el método necesita proporcionar no solo una mayor vinculación con el cuidado, sino también una concientización de las características específicas de los usuarios y sus experiencias de vida.

Effects of throat packs during orthognathic surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.

Throat packs are commonly used in maxillofacial surgeries. However, the evidence to support the benefits of their use is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of throat packs in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting, and their influence on the incidence of sore throat and dysphagia in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. This was a prospective double-blind randomized study with 54 patients, who were randomized to two groups: with throat pack (n=27) and without throat pack (n=27). Fifty patients (25 in each group) were included in the analysis; 66% female and 34% male, mean age 29.44±8.53 years. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (Kortilla scale), sore throat (visual analogue scale), and dysphagia were evaluated. Statistically significant differences in favour of the without-pack group were found for the variables throat pain at 24hours (P=0.002) and dysphagia at 2 hours (P=0.007) and 24 hours (P<0.001). There was no difference between the groups regarding postoperative nausea and vomiting (P=1.00). The results of this study indicate that throat packs as utilized here do not prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting and are associated with worse sore throats and postoperative dysphagia.

Modulation of reactive oxygen levels and gene expression in sensitive and resistant tumoral cells by C-phyocyanin.

In this work we investigated the possible cellular changes induced by C-phycocyanin (C-PC) in erythroleukemic cells with (K562-Lucena and FEPS) and without (K562) the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. The reactive oxygen levels (ROS) (evaluated by fluorimetry) were increased relative to the control in K562 and K562-Lucena cells treated with 100 µg/mL and were not increased in FEPS cells. The expression of the following genes related to resistance was evaluated by real-time PCR: COX2, ALOX5, ABCB1 and ABCC1. Treatment with 100 µg/mL of C-PC increased COX2 and ABCB1 expression in K562-Lucena cells and reduced expression of ALOX5 in K562-Lucena and FEPS cells. ROS levels appear to be involved in biological responses to C-PC in K562 and K562-Lucena cells, although expression of the genes studied here was only modified by C-PC in the K562-Lucena cell line. Thus, it is possible to suggest that C-PC modulates the expression of COX2 and ABCB1 for the K562-Lucena in a ROS-dependent manner and the expression of ALOX5 for the FEPS in a ROS-independent manner; however, more studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms.

C-phycocyanin to overcome the multidrug resistance phenotype in human erythroleukemias with or without interaction with ABC transporters.

The phenotype of multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main causes of chemotherapy failure. Our study investigated the effect of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) in three human erythroleukemia cell lines with or without the MDR phenotype: K562 (non-MDR; no overexpression of drug efflux proteins), K562-Lucena (MDR; overexpression of ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B/ABCB1), and FEPS (MDR; overexpression of ABCB1 and ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C/ABCC1). Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, we showed that 20 and 200 µg/mL C-PC decreased K562 viable cells after 24 h and 200 µg/mL C-PC decreased K562-Lucena cell proliferation after 48 h. C-PC did not decrease viable cells of FEPS cells. On the other hand, the MTT assay showed that exposure of 2, 20, and 200 µg/mL C-PC for 24 or 48 h was not cytotoxic to peritoneal macrophages. At 72 h, the trypan blue exclusion assay showed that 20 µg/mL C-PC decreased K562 and K562-Lucena cell proliferation and in FEPS cells, only 200 µg/mL C-PC decreased proliferation. In addition, protein-protein docking showed differences in energy and binding sites of ABCB1 and ABCC1 for C-PC, and these results were confirmed by the efflux protein activity assay. Only ABCC1 activity was altered in the presence of C-PC and FEPS cells showed lower C-PC accumulation, suggesting C-PC extrusion by ABCC1, conferring C-PC resistance. In combination with chemotherapy (vincristine [VCR] and daunorubicin [DNR]), the sensitivity of K562-Lucena cells for C-PC + VCR did not increase, whereas FEPS cell sensitivity for C-PC + DNR was increased. In molecular docking experiments, the estimated free energies of binding for C-PC associated with chemotherapy were similar (VCR: -6.9 kcal/mol and DNR: -7.2 kcal/mol) and these drugs were located within the C-PC cavity. However, C-PC exhibited specificity for tumor cells and K562 cells were more sensitive than K562-Lucena cells, followed by FEPS cells. Thus, C-PC is a possible chemotherapeutic agent for cells with the MDR phenotype, both alone in K562-Lucena cells (resistance due to ABCB1), or in combination with other drugs for cells similar to FEPS (resistance due to ABCC1). Moreover, C-PC did not damage healthy cells (peritoneal macrophages of Mus musculus).

Low-level laser therapy and anesthetic infiltration for orofacial pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: To compare the analgesic effect of anesthetic infiltration of lidocaine 2% and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) by GaAlAs into tender points of patients with orofacial pain and fibromyalgia (FM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was performed with adults (N=66) that were allocated into two groups (1:1): Group A received LLLT irradiation by Diode Laser GaAlAs (780nm) with expositions twice a week during six weeks and Group B was treated with anesthetic infiltration of lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor once a week for four weeks. The pain assessment included the Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) and tenderness to palpation. RESULTS: No dropout and adverse effect was observed during the study. The pain decreased significantly in each group after the treatment (p=0.0001, ß=1.0), even though no statistical difference was found between both treatments (p=0.46, ß= 0.82). The presence of tender points decreased after both treatments, with responsively in some types of masticatory muscles (p<0.05) except posterior temporalis muscle. The patients perception showed that both treatments were effective and a few patients reported that the treatment did not improve welfare. CONCLUSIONS: The LLLT by GaAlAs and anesthetic infiltration of lidocaine 2% were equally effective to control orofacial pain in FM individuals.

Cooling strategies for brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus embryos.

BACKGROUND: Paralichthys orbignyanus is the species of the greatest potential for marine and estuarine fish farming in southern Brazil. Consequently, embryo cryopreservation becomes an important tool for increasing their production. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of cooling protocols on the viability of embryos of P. orbignyanus at two stages of development (neurula and early differentiation of the tail). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Control embryos were maintained at 23 degree C and treated embryos were cooled to 15 degree C, 10 degree C and 5 degree C at rapid, moderate and slow cooling rates. Then embryos were maintained at these different temperatures for 30, 60 and 90 min and the loss of viability assessed as hatching rates (HR) and morphologically normal larvae (MNL). RESULTS: The average HR for embryos following cooling was higher for those at the tail stage compared to the neurula stage (P<0.05). In both stages there was no statistical difference between the HR of control embryos and those exposed to rapid cooling. Also for tail stage embryos, there was no difference between MNL of control and rapidly cooled embryos. CONCLUSION: As first steps in the development of cryopreservation methods for P. orbignyanus embryos, the use of a rapid cooling and holding at 5 degree C for 30 min are recommended.

Coenzyme Q10 and α-Tocopherol Prevent the Lipid Peroxidation of Cooled Equine Semen.

Biotechnology applied for equine semen increases the levels of reactive oxygen species and reduces the natural antioxidant defence, by both dilution and removal of seminal plasma. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of adding coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and α-tocopherol (α-TOH) to the cooling extender, singly or in combination, on sperm parameters, and their effectiveness in preventing lipid peroxidation (LPO) of equine semen during cooling at 5°C for 72 h. Ten adult stallions of proven fertility were used, using two ejaculates each, subjecting them to the treatments with the following concentrations: α-TOH: 2 mm; CoQ10: 40 µg/ml; and CoQ10 + α-TOH: 40 µg/ml + 2 mm for control (C) without the addition of antioxidants and for vehicle control (EtOH) with 100 µl ethanol. The CoQ10 group had a higher percentage of total motility (69.1 ± 16.2%) compared to control (62.1 ± 16.2%) and EtOH (58.1 ± 18.6%). CoQ10 + α-TOH and α-TOH groups were most effective in preventing LPO compared to controls (1765.9 ± 695.9, 1890.8 ± 749.5, 2506.2 ± 769.4 ng malondialdehyde/10(8) sptz, respectively). In conclusion, CoQ10 and α-TOH were effective during the cooling process of equine semen at 5°C for 72 h, providing increased levels of total motility, as well as lower LPO.

Inferred cosmic-ray spectrum from Fermi large area telescope γ-ray observations of Earth's limb.

Recent accurate measurements of cosmic-ray (CR) species by ATIC-2, CREAM, and PAMELA reveal an unexpected hardening in the proton and He spectra above a few hundred GeV, a gradual softening of the spectra just below a few hundred GeV, and a harder spectrum of He compared to that of protons. These newly discovered features may offer a clue to the origin of high-energy CRs. We use the Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of the γ-ray emission from Earth's limb for an indirect measurement of the local spectrum of CR protons in the energy range ∼90 GeV-6 TeV (derived from a photon energy range 15 GeV-1 TeV). Our analysis shows that single power law and broken power law spectra fit the data equally well and yield a proton spectrum with index 2.68±0.04 and 2.61±0.08 above ∼200 GeV, respectively.

Complexing Aß prevents the cellular anomalies induced by the Peptide alone.

Retention of intracellular secreted APP (isAPP) can be provoked by the neurotoxic peptide Aß. The latter decreases in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, as a consequence of its cerebral accumulation and deposition into senile plaques. Of similar relevance, secreted APP (sAPP) levels can be associated with AD. The studies here presented, reinforce the link between sAPP and Aß and address putative therapeutic strategies. Laminin and gelsolin are potential candidates; both prevent Aß fibril formation by complexing with Aß, thus attenuating its neurotoxicity. We show that preincubation of Aß with laminin and gelsolin has the effect of rendering it less potent to isAPP accumulation in cortical neurons. This appears to be related to a decrease in F-actin polymerization, whereas Aß alone induces the polymerization. Further, Aß decreases gelsolin levels, and the latter is involved in Aß removal. Our data indicates that Aß-laminin and Aß-gelsolin complexes are less neurotoxic and also less potent than fibrillar Aß at inducing isAPP retention. These results validate the potential of these proteins as therapeutic strategies that prevent the Aß-induced effects. In hence, given that Aß decreases the levels of proteins involved in its own clearance, this may contribute to the mechanisms underlying AD pathology.

Fermi LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF BLAZAR 3C 279 OCCULTATIONS BY THE SUN.

Observations of occultations of bright γ-ray sources by the Sun may reveal predicted pair halos around blazars and/or new physics, such as, e.g., hypothetical light dark matter particles-axions. We use Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope (Fermi) data to analyze four occultations of blazar 3C 279 by the Sun on October 8 each year from 2008 to 2011. A combined analysis of the observations of these occultations allows a point-like source at the position of 3C 279 to be detected with significance of ≈3σ, but does not reveal any significant excess over the flux expected from the quiescent Sun. The likelihood ratio test rules out complete transparency of the Sun to the blazar γ-ray emission at a 3σ confidence level.

Methods for equine preantral follicles isolation: quantitative aspects.

The aim of this study was to test the use of mechanical and mechanical-enzymatic methods, saline solution (SS), and PBS solution for the manipulation and isolation of mare ovarian preantral follicles (PAFs). The ovaries were subjected to mechanical isolation (mixer) alone or in association with enzymatic digestion (collagenase). Incubation times of 10 and 20 min were employed. In the first group, 4.1 ± 4.9 PAFs were harvested with the mechanical-enzymatic method vs 71.1 ± 19.2 with the mechanical procedure, showing a significant difference between methods; using SS and PBS, these numbers were 35.7 ± 34.3 and 39.6 ± 39.6, respectively, with no significant difference between solutions. In the second group, there was significant difference between methods, with 7.1 ± 10.6 follicles harvested with the mechanical-enzymatic method vs 63.2 ± 22.9 with the mechanical procedure; using SS and PBS, means were 35.5 ± 36.4 and 34.9 ± 31.1, respectively. The mechanical method proved more effective than the mechanical-enzymatic approach. Both SS and PBS can be used as a media for equine PAFs preparation.

Detection of the characteristic pion-decay signature in supernova remnants.

Cosmic rays are particles (mostly protons) accelerated to relativistic speeds. Despite wide agreement that supernova remnants (SNRs) are the sources of galactic cosmic rays, unequivocal evidence for the acceleration of protons in these objects is still lacking. When accelerated protons encounter interstellar material, they produce neutral pions, which in turn decay into gamma rays. This offers a compelling way to detect the acceleration sites of protons. The identification of pion-decay gamma rays has been difficult because high-energy electrons also produce gamma rays via bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering. We detected the characteristic pion-decay feature in the gamma-ray spectra of two SNRs, IC 443 and W44, with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This detection provides direct evidence that cosmic-ray protons are accelerated in SNRs.

Silicon detector dark matter results from the final exposure of CDMS II.

We report results of a search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS) with the silicon detectors of the CDMS II experiment. This blind analysis of 140.2 kg day of data taken between July 2007 and September 2008 revealed three WIMP-candidate events with a surface-event background estimate of 0.41(-0.08)(+0.20)(stat)(-0.24)(+0.28)(syst). Other known backgrounds from neutrons and 206Pb are limited to <0.13 and <0.08 events at the 90% confidence level, respectively. The exposure of this analysis is equivalent to 23.4 kg day for a recoil energy range of 7-100 keV for a WIMP of mass 10 GeV/c2. The probability that the known backgrounds would produce three or more events in the signal region is 5.4%. A profile likelihood ratio test of the three events that includes the measured recoil energies gives a 0.19% probability for the known-background-only hypothesis when tested against the alternative WIMP+background hypothesis. The highest likelihood occurs for a WIMP mass of 8.6 GeV/c2 and WIMP-nucleon cross section of 1.9×10(-41) cm2.

The imprint of the extragalactic background light in the gamma-ray spectra of blazars.

The light emitted by stars and accreting compact objects through the history of the universe is encoded in the intensity of the extragalactic background light (EBL). Knowledge of the EBL is important to understand the nature of star formation and galaxy evolution, but direct measurements of the EBL are limited by galactic and other foreground emissions. Here, we report an absorption feature seen in the combined spectra of a sample of gamma-ray blazars out to a redshift of z ∼ 1.6. This feature is caused by attenuation of gamma rays by the EBL at optical to ultraviolet frequencies and allowed us to measure the EBL flux density in this frequency band.

The effect of individualized homeopathic treatment on the semen quality of bulls with reproductive disorders: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Poor semen quality of pedigree bulls has major economic implications in cattle breeding. AIMS: To evaluate the effect of homeopathy on the semen of bulls with reproductive disorders. METHODS: The behavioral, clinical and spermatic characteristics of four Nelore bulls were evaluated. The bulls received individualized homeopathic treatment mixed into the feed and administered once per day. Semen was collected using an artificial vagina. Successful collection, freezing, effective doses, and the number of doses of semen per collection were compared before and after homeopathic treatment. RESULTS: The bulls were treated with Sulphur, Phosphorus, Lycopodium and Argentum nitricum all in 30CH dilution. The rates of successful collection were 97.14%, 100%, 96.67% and 30.77% pretreatment and 95.45%, 100%, 94.67% and 96.77% at post-treatment for bulls A, B, C and D, respectively. The average number of doses per ejaculate pre and post-treatment were 102.67 (SD 74.41) vs. 300.08 (SD 180.58), 0 vs. 234.78 (SD 96.12), 0 vs. 105.12 (SD 54.98), 0 ± vs. 107.37 (SD 52.12) respectively. Many of these differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The use of homeopathy apparently improved the production of viable doses of semen from bulls with previous freezing problems and poor semen quality. Controlled studies should be conducted.

Measurement of separate cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra with the fermi large area telescope.

We measured separate cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Because the instrument does not have an onboard magnet, we distinguish the two species by exploiting Earth's shadow, which is offset in opposite directions for opposite charges due to Earth's magnetic field. We estimate and subtract the cosmic-ray proton background using two different methods that produce consistent results. We report the electron-only spectrum, the positron-only spectrum, and the positron fraction between 20 and 200 GeV. We confirm that the fraction rises with energy in the 20-100 GeV range. The three new spectral points between 100 and 200 GeV are consistent with a fraction that is continuing to rise with energy.

Periodic emission from the gamma-ray binary 1FGL J1018.6-5856.

Gamma-ray binaries are stellar systems containing a neutron star or black hole, with gamma-ray emission produced by an interaction between the components. These systems are rare, even though binary evolution models predict dozens in our Galaxy. A search for gamma-ray binaries with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) shows that 1FGL J1018.6-5856 exhibits intensity and spectral modulation with a 16.6-day period. We identified a variable x-ray counterpart, which shows a sharp maximum coinciding with maximum gamma-ray emission, as well as an O6V((f)) star optical counterpart and a radio counterpart that is also apparently modulated on the orbital period. 1FGL J1018.6-5856 is thus a gamma-ray binary, and its detection suggests the presence of other fainter binaries in the Galaxy.

A cocoon of freshly accelerated cosmic rays detected by Fermi in the Cygnus superbubble.

The origin of Galactic cosmic rays is a century-long puzzle. Indirect evidence points to their acceleration by supernova shockwaves, but we know little of their escape from the shock and their evolution through the turbulent medium surrounding massive stars. Gamma rays can probe their spreading through the ambient gas and radiation fields. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has observed the star-forming region of Cygnus X. The 1- to 100-gigaelectronvolt images reveal a 50-parsec-wide cocoon of freshly accelerated cosmic rays that flood the cavities carved by the stellar winds and ionization fronts from young stellar clusters. It provides an example to study the youth of cosmic rays in a superbubble environment before they merge into the older Galactic population.