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1.
Euro Surveill ; 14(38)2009 Sep 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19814956

RESUMO

In 2007 in The Netherlands, 30% of all human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sent to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment could not be typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (non-typable (NT)-MRSA). Molecular characterisation of the NT-MRSA isolates revealed 27 different spa types and two distinct SCCmec types, type IV and V. All NT-MRSA isolates were closely related based on spa and multi-locus sequence typing and belonged to the ST398 lineage. The rapid increase of NT-MRSA (ST398) isolates over the last years shows the importance of this relatively new clonal lineage.


Assuntos
Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Técnicas de Sonda Molecular , Países Baixos
2.
Prev Vet Med ; 91(2-4): 270-3, 2009 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19523703

RESUMO

In The Netherlands, MRSA ST398 has emerged in hospitals and human carriers have been associated with exposure to pigs and cattle. High prevalences of MRSA ST398 in pigs and pig farmers have been determined and the transmission routes of MRSA on pig farms need to be elucidated. In the south of the Netherlands, in recent years, the black rat (Rattus rattus) has emerged as a prominent rodent on livestock farms. From March till May 2008, a survey on MRSA in rats living on livestock farms in the south of The Netherlands and the north of Belgium was conducted. In total, 40 black rats (R. rattus) and 3 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were collected on 12 farms including five pig farms, five poultry farms, one mixed pig and veal farm and one goat farm. MRSA ST398 was detected in black rats captured at two of the five pig farms as well as in a black rat living on the mixed pig and veal farm. From one black rat captured at another pig farm MRSA ST 97 was isolated. Considering the behaviour of rats on livestock farms, it is concluded that rats might play a role in the spread and persistence of MRSA on pig farms.


Assuntos
Resistência a Meticilina/fisiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Agricultura/normas , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Ratos , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão
3.
Euro Surveill ; 14(1)2009 Jan 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19161710

RESUMO

In a household setting within a residential care facility for visually and intellectually disabled people, a resident (index case) was diagnosed with dermal abscesses caused by a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which was non-typeable by standard pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All residents and staff in contact with the index case (a total of 200 people) were screened for MRSA.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Resistência a Meticilina , Instituições Residenciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Incidência , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Fatores de Risco
4.
Vet Microbiol ; 122(3-4): 366-72, 2007 Jun 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17367960

RESUMO

Recently methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from pigs and pig farmers in The Netherlands. In order to assess the dissemination of MRSA in the Dutch pig population, we screened 540 pigs in 9 slaughterhouses, where a representative portion of Dutch pigs (63%) was slaughtered in 2005. We found 209 (39%) of the pigs to carry MRSA in their nares. Forty-four of 54 groups of 10 consecutive pigs (81%), each group from a different farm, and all slaughterhouses were affected. All MRSA isolates belonged to 1 clonal group, showing Multi-Locus Sequence Type 398 and closely related spa types (mainly t011, t108 and t1254). Three types of the Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette (SCCmec) were found: III (3%), IVa (39%) and V (57%). All 44 tested isolates (1 isolate per group) were resistant to tetracycline, reflecting the high and predominant use of tetracyclines in pig husbandry. Twenty-three percent of the isolates were resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin and 36% to kanamycin, gentamicin and tobramycin but only a single isolate was resistant to co-trimoxazole and none to ciprofloxacin and several other antibiotics. The percentage of MRSA positive pigs was significantly different among slaughterhouses and among groups within slaughterhouses, indicating a high prevalence of MRSA in pigs delivered from the farms as well as cross contamination in the slaughterhouses.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Resistência a Meticilina , Meticilina/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico , Matadouros , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Sequências de Repetição em Tandem
5.
J Clin Microbiol ; 44(8): 2994-6, 2006 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16891525

RESUMO

The worldwide emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) can have severe public health implications. Familial transmissions of CA-MRSA in The Netherlands were investigated. Among the families studied, two clusters of CA-MRSA could be identified. This report demonstrates that family members can serve as reservoirs of CA-MRSA which may become a serious problem in containing the spread of MRSA.


Assuntos
Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/transmissão , Resistência a Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Países Baixos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia
6.
Lancet ; 357(9259): 853-5, 2001 Mar 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11265956

RESUMO

In the USA, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) is endemic in hospitals, despite lack of carriage among healthy individuals. In Europe, however, hospital outbreaks are rare, but VREF carriage among healthy individuals and livestock is common. We used amplified fragment-length polymorphism analysis to genotype 120 VREF isolates associated with hospital outbreaks and 45 non-epidemic isolates from the USA, Europe, and Australia. We also looked for the esp virulence gene in these isolates and in 98 VREF from animals. A specific E. faecium subpopulation genetically distinct from non-epidemic VREF isolates was found to be the cause of the hospital epidemics in all three continents. This subpopulation contained a variant of the esp gene that was absent in all non-epidemic and animal isolates. Identification of the variant esp gene will be important in guiding infection-control strategies, and the Esp protein could be a new target for antibacterial therapy.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Enterococcus faecium/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Resistência a Vancomicina , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Enterococcus faecium/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus faecium/patogenicidade , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Humanos , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Vancomicina/farmacologia , Virulência/genética
7.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 44(11): 3184-5, 2000 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11036048

RESUMO

Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae showed a decrease in the percentage of beta-lactamase-producing isolates but an increase in intermediately penicillin-resistant strains and strains resistant to a high level of tetracycline. MICs for the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates that emerged increased, and these isolates had mutations in gyrA and parC similar to those observed in the Far East.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Girase , DNA Topoisomerase IV , DNA Topoisomerases Tipo II/genética , DNA Topoisomerases Tipo II/metabolismo , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/fisiologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzimologia , Países Baixos , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo
8.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother ; 43(3): 483-91, 1999 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10049255

RESUMO

We report on a detailed study on the molecular diversity and evolutionary relationships of Tn1546-like elements in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from humans and animals. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the VanA transposon of 97 VRE revealed seven different Tn1546 types. Subsequent sequencing of the complete VanA transposons of 13 VRE isolates representing the seven RFLP types followed by sequencing of the identified polymorphic regions in 84 other VanA transposons resulted in the identification of 22 different Tn1546 derivatives. Differences between the Tn1546 types included point mutations in orf1, vanS, vanA, vanX, and vanY. Moreover, insertions of an IS1216V-IS3-like element in orf1, of IS1251 in the vanS-vanH intergenic region, and of IS1216V in the vanX-vanY intergenic region were found. The presence of insertion sequence elements was often associated with deletions in Tn1546. Identical Tn1546 types were found among isolates from humans and farm animals in The Netherlands, suggesting the sharing of a common vancomycin resistance gene pool. Application of the genetic analysis of Tn1546 to VRE isolates causing infections in Hospitals in Oxford, United Kingdom, and Chicago, Ill., suggested the possibility of the horizontal transmission of the vancomycin resistance transposon. The genetic diversity in Tn1546 combined with epidemiological data suggest that the DNA polymorphism among Tn1546 variants can successfully be exploited for the tracing of the routes of transmission of vancomycin resistance genes.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Carbono-Oxigênio Ligases/genética , Enterococcus/genética , Evolução Molecular , Variação Genética , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , DNA Bacteriano/análise , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Enterococcus/metabolismo , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mutação Puntual , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Vancomicina/farmacologia
9.
Sex Transm Dis ; 24(7): 409-17, 1997 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9263362

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To identify determinants for plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin (penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae [PPNG]) and tetracycline (tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae [TRNG]) among gonococci, to determine the distribution of bacterial characteristics, and to correlate these with antibiograms and patient characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: Gonococcal isolates from 131 patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in The Netherlands in 1994 were auxotyped and serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested. Information on patient characteristics was collected at the initial visit. RESULTS: The most prevalent serotype, IB-1 (26%), proved to be related to sexual contact with casual partners, especially commercial sex partners. In addition, IB-1 strains were associated with PPNG and displayed higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and ciprofloxacin. Homosexual men were more often infected with nonrequiring, IB-2, and IB-6 strains than heterosexuals. These strains were very sensitive to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Overall, one strain showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.5 microgram/ml), but no resistance to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or cefuroxime was observed. However, 31% of the isolates were TRNG, PPNG, or both. Determinants for these resistant strains among men were the use of antibiotics (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8, 90% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-19.1), Surinam or Morrocan origin (OR = 3.3, 90% CI 1.3-8.4), and homosexual contacts (OR = 0.1, 90% CI 0.03-0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Different types, with variable susceptibility, were associated with homosexual and commercial sexual behavior. PPNG and TRNG were more commonly isolated from antibiotic users, heterosexual individuals, and ethnic minorities. Continuous surveillance of susceptibility is needed to follow the spread of PPNG and TRNG and to detect resistance to the currently recommended agents in a timely fashion.


Assuntos
Gonorreia/microbiologia , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/classificação , Plasmídeos , Sorotipagem , Resistência a Tetraciclina/genética
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