Lifestyle factors and metabolomic aging biomarkers: Meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in three prospective cohorts.

Biological age uses biophysiological information to capture a person's age-related risk of adverse outcomes. MetaboAge and MetaboHealth are metabolomics-based biomarkers of biological age trained on chronological age and mortality risk, respectively. Lifestyle factors contribute to the extent chronological and biological age differ. The association of lifestyle factors with MetaboAge and MetaboHealth, potential sex differences in these associations, and MetaboAge's and MetaboHealth's sensitivity to lifestyle changes have not been studied yet. Linear regression analyses and mixed-effect models were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of scaled lifestyle factors with scaled MetaboAge and MetaboHealth in 24,332 middle-aged participants from the Doetinchem Cohort Study, Rotterdam Study, and UK Biobank. Random-effect meta-analyses were performed across cohorts. Repeated metabolomics measurements had a ten-year interval in the Doetinchem Cohort Study and a five-year interval in the UK Biobank. In the first study incorporating longitudinal information on MetaboAge and MetaboHealth, we demonstrate associations between current smoking, sleeping ≥8 hours/day, higher BMI, and larger waist circumference were associated with higher MetaboHealth, the latter two also with higher MetaboAge. Furthermore, adhering to the dietary and physical activity guidelines were inversely associated with MetaboHealth. Lastly, we observed sex differences in the associations between alcohol use and MetaboHealth.

The WHO 2013 oral glucose tolerance test: The utility of isolated glucose measurements - A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The WHO 2013 guidelines recommend screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by 3-point oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate GDM diagnosed by an isolated high glucose. STUDY DESIGN: We included pregnant women deemed at risk for GDM were offered GDM screening. We examined the records of 1939 consecutively screened pregnancies at two teaching hospitals in Amsterdam during 2016-2020. Using the WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria, we calculated the proportion of GDM cases diagnosed by isolated abnormal glucose values. RESULTS: Among those screened in our high risk cohort, GDM incidence was 31.5%. Of the GDM diagnoses, 57.0% were based on an isolated fasting glucose value, 30.9% based on multiple raised glucose measurements, 7.4% on an isolated raised 2-hour glucose and 4.7% on an isolated raised 1-hour glucose. For 1-hour glucose, the number needed to screen was 67 persons for one additional GDM case. CONCLUSION: The 1-hour glucose in the 3 point OGTT, as suggested by the WHO 2013 guidelines for GDM, contributes only small numbers of GDM cases and a high number needed to screen (67 for 1 additional case in a selective high risk GDM screening strategy), and is likely even less effective in universally screened populations.

MiMIR: R-shiny application to infer risk factors and endpoints from Nightingale Health's 1H-NMR metabolomics data.

MOTIVATION: 1H-NMR metabolomics is rapidly becoming a standard resource in large epidemiological studies to acquire metabolic profiles in large numbers of samples in a relatively low-priced and standardized manner. Concomitantly, metabolomics-based models are increasingly developed that capture disease risk or clinical risk factors. These developments raise the need for user-friendly toolbox to inspect new 1H-NMR metabolomics data and project a wide array of previously established risk models. RESULTS: We present MiMIR (Metabolomics-based Models for Imputing Risk), a graphical user interface that provides an intuitive framework for ad hoc statistical analysis of Nightingale Health's 1H-NMR metabolomics data and allows for the projection and calibration of 24 pre-trained metabolomics-based models, without any pre-required programming knowledge. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The R-shiny package is available in CRAN or downloadable at https://github.com/DanieleBizzarri/MiMIR, together with an extensive user manual (also available as Supplementary Documents to the article). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Pubertal induction and transition to adult sex hormone replacement in patients with congenital pituitary or gonadal reproductive hormone deficiency: an Endo-ERN clinical practice guideline.

An Endo-European Reference Network guideline initiative was launched including 16 clinicians experienced in endocrinology, pediatric and adult and 2 patient representatives. The guideline was endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, the European Society for Endocrinology and the European Academy of Andrology. The aim was to create practice guidelines for clinical assessment and puberty induction in individuals with congenital pituitary or gonadal hormone deficiency. A systematic literature search was conducted, and the evidence was graded according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. If the evidence was insufficient or lacking, then the conclusions were based on expert opinion. The guideline includes recommendations for puberty induction with oestrogen or testosterone. Publications on the induction of puberty with follicle-stimulation hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism are reviewed. Specific issues in individuals with Klinefelter syndrome or androgen insensitivity syndrome are considered. The expert panel recommends that pubertal induction or sex hormone replacement to sustain puberty should be cared for by a multidisciplinary team. Children with a known condition should be followed from the age of 8 years for girls and 9 years for boys. Puberty induction should be individualised but considered at 11 years in girls and 12 years in boys. Psychological aspects of puberty and fertility issues are especially important to address in individuals with sex development disorders or congenital pituitary deficiencies. The transition of these young adults highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, to discuss both medical issues and social and psychological issues that arise in the context of these chronic conditions.

Impact of suspected late-onset fetal growth restriction on obstetrical interventions and perinatal outcomes at term; a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: First, assess accuracy of late third trimester universal fetal growth screening in high risk nulliparous women with a singleton in vertex presentation at term. Second, assess instrumental delivery rates and perinatal outcomes in this population. STUDY DESIGN: Single centre retrospective cohort study in a teaching hospital, The Netherlands. RESULTS: In a cohort of 1902 pregnancies, growth ultrasound after 33 weeks was moderately accurate in detecting children with a birthweight below the 10th centile with a sensitivity of 46.2% and a false positive rate of 4.7%. Induction of labour followed an antenatal suspicion of FGR more often than in the group with normal expected fetal weight (73.4% vs 52.6% OR 2.49 (1.88-3.3)) as could be expected from application of guidelines. The caesarean section rates was lowest in the group with suspected FGR compared to the group with expected normal fetal weight (15.2% vs 22.1% OR 0.63 (0.45-0.9)). There were no differences between both groups in rates of composite severe adverse perinatal outcome (0.7% vs 0.8% OR 0.87 (0.2-3.93)). CONCLUSIONS: The detection of growth restriction using universal screening in term high risk nulliparous women with a singleton in vertex position is moderate. Despite this, caesarean section rates were not increased and perinatal outcomes were similar when compared to that found in the randomized controlled trial on which the recommendation for induction of labour for suspected term FGR is based. This supports universal late third trimester fetal growth screening in pregnancies under consultant-led care in the two tiers Dutch obstetrical system.

New possibilities for ST analysis - A post-hoc analysis on the Dutch STAN RCT.

BACKGROUND: The diagnostic value of ST analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram (fECG) during labor is uncertain. False alarms (ST events) may be explained by physiological variation of the fetal electrical heart axis. Adjusted ST events, based on a relative rather than an absolute rise from baseline, correct for this variation and may improve the diagnostic accuracy of ST analysis. AIMS: Determine the optimal cut-off for relative ST events in fECG to detect fetal metabolic acidosis. STUDY DESIGN: Post-hoc analysis on fECG tracings from the Dutch STAN trial (STAN+CTG branch). SUBJECTS: 1328 term singleton fetuses with scalp ECG tracing during labor, including 10 cases of metabolic acidosis. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cut-off value for relative ST events at the point closest to (0,1) in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with corresponding sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Relative baseline ST events had an optimal cut-off at an increment of 85% from baseline. Relative ST events had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Adjusting the current definition of ST events may improve ST analysis, making it independent of CTG interpretation.

1H-NMR metabolomics-based surrogates to impute common clinical risk factors and endpoints.

BACKGROUND: Missing or incomplete phenotypic information can severely deteriorate the statistical power in epidemiological studies. High-throughput quantification of small-molecules in bio-samples, i.e. 'metabolomics', is steadily gaining popularity, as it is highly informative for various phenotypical characteristics. Here we aim to leverage metabolomics to impute missing data in clinical variables routinely assessed in large epidemiological and clinical studies. METHODS: To this end, we have employed ∼26,000 1H-NMR metabolomics samples from 28 Dutch cohorts collected within the BBMRI-NL consortium, to create 19 metabolomics-based predictors for clinical variables, including diabetes status (AUC5-Fold CV = 0·94) and lipid medication usage (AUC5-Fold CV = 0·90). FINDINGS: Subsequent application in independent cohorts confirmed that our metabolomics-based predictors can indeed be used to impute a wide array of missing clinical variables from a single metabolomics data resource. In addition, application highlighted the potential use of our predictors to explore the effects of totally unobserved confounders in omics association studies. Finally, we show that our predictors can be used to explore risk factor profiles contributing to mortality in older participants. INTERPRETATION: To conclude, we provide 1H-NMR metabolomics-based models to impute clinical variables routinely assessed in epidemiological studies and illustrate their merit in scenarios when phenotypic variables are partially incomplete or totally unobserved. FUNDING: BBMRI-NL, X-omics, VOILA, Medical Delta and the Dutch Research Council (NWO-VENI).

Study protocol: DexaDays-2, hydrocortisone for treatment of dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects in pediatric leukemia patients: a double-blind placebo controlled randomized intervention study with cross-over design.

BACKGROUND: Dexamethasone, a highly effective drug in treating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), can induce serious neurobehavioral side effects. These side effects are experienced by patients and parents as detrimental with respect to health related quality of life (HRQoL). Based on previous studies, it has been suggested that neurobehavioral side effects are associated to cortisol depletion of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the brain. Our previously reported randomized controlled trial, the Dexadagen study (NTR3280), suggests that physiological hydrocortisone addition during dexamethasone treatment may overcome clinically relevant neurobehavioral problems in patients who experience these problems during dexamethasone treatment. With our current study, we aim to replicate these results in a targeted larger sample before further implementing this intervention into standard of care. METHODS: In a national center setting, pediatric ALL patients between 3 and 18 years are enrolled in an Identification study, which identifies patients with clinically relevant dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Contributing factors, such as genetic susceptibility, dexamethasone pharmacokinetics as well as psychosocial and family factors are studied to determine their influence in the inter-patient variability for developing dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects. Patients with clinically relevant problems (i.e. a rise of ≥ 5 points on the SDQ Total Difficulties Score after 5 days of dexamethasone) are subsequently included in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a cross-over design. They receive two courses placebo followed by two courses hydrocortisone during dexamethasone treatment, or vice versa, each time at least 16 days without study medication in between. The primary endpoint is change in SDQ score. The secondary endpoints are sleep (measured with actigraphy and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children) and HRQoL (Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire). DISCUSSION: The results of our current study may contribute to the management of future ALL patients who experience dexamethasone-induced neuropsychological problems as it may improve HRQoL for patients who suffer most from dexamethasone-induced neurobehavioral side effects. Furthermore, by investigating multiple risk factors that could be related to inter-patient variability in developing these side effects, we might be able to identify and treat patients who are at risk earlier during treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Medical Ethical Committee approval number: NL62388.078.17. Affiliation: Erasmus Medical Centre. Netherlands Trial Register: NL6507 ( NTR6695 ). Registered 5 September 2017.

Appetite- and weight-inducing and -inhibiting neuroendocrine factors in Prader-Willi syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome and craniopharyngioma versus anorexia nervosa.

Obesity is reaching an epidemic state and has a major impact on health and economy. In most cases, obesity is caused by lifestyle factors. However, the risk of becoming obese differs highly between people. Individual's differences in lifestyle, genetic, and neuroendocrine factors play a role in satiety, hunger and regulation of body weight. In a small percentage of children and adults with obesity, an underlying hormonal or genetic cause can be found. The aim of this review is to present and compare data on the extreme ends of the obesity and undernutrition spectrum in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), acquired hypothalamic obesity in craniopharyngioma patients, and anorexia nervosa. This may give more insight into the role of neuroendocrine factors and might give direction for future research in conditions of severe obesity and underweight.

Specific proteome changes in platelets from individuals with GATA1-, GFI1B-, and RUNX1-linked bleeding disorders.

Mutations in the transcription factors GATA binding factor 1 (GATA1), growth factor independence 1B (GFI1B), and Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) cause familial platelet and bleeding disorders. Mutant platelets exhibit common abnormalities including an α-granule reduction resulting in a grayish appearance in blood smears. This suggests that similar pathways are deregulated by different transcription factor mutations. To identify common factors, full platelet proteomes from 11 individuals with mutant GATA1R216Q, GFI1BQ287*, RUNX1Q154Rfs, or RUNX1TD2-6 and 28 healthy controls were examined by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. In total, 2875 platelet proteins were reliably quantified. Clustering analysis of more than 300 differentially expressed proteins revealed profound differences between cases and controls. Among cases, 44 of 143 significantly downregulated proteins were assigned to platelet function, hemostasis, and granule biology, in line with platelet dysfunction and bleedings. Remarkably, none of these proteins were significantly diminished in all affected cases. Similarly, no proteins were commonly overrepresented in all affected cases compared with controls. These data indicate that the studied transcription factor mutations alter platelet proteomes in distinct largely nonoverlapping manners. This work provides the quantitative landscape of proteins that affect platelet function when deregulated by mutated transcription factors in inherited bleeding disorders.

[Pharmacotherapy for obesity]. / Farmacotherapie voor obesitas.

Obesity is a complex endocrine disease, mainly caused by environmental, behavioral and biological factors. Maintaining weight loss is extremely difficult due to the neuro-endocrine dysregulations that stimulate the body to return to the previous, increased, weight. Identifying underlying weight-gaining factors is needed, including medication-related, psychological and endocrine factors, as well as monogenic obesity. The cornerstone of treatment is optimization of lifestyle and all other contributing factors. Achieving at least 5% weight loss already has important health benefits. If combined lifestyle intervention (CLI) alone is not successful, pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery can be added for patients with increased weight-related health risks. Recently, novel pharmacotherapy became available, among which, liraglutide 3 mg and the combination therapy naltrexone/bupropion, which leads to an additional 5-6% mean weight loss compared to CLI alone. For rare forms of obesity there are specific drugs that target defects in the regulation of hunger and satiety. Promising new pharmacotherapy for obesity is under development.

Clinical management of patients with genetic obesity during COVID-19 pandemic: position paper of the ESE Growth & Genetic Obesity COVID-19 Study Group and Rare Endo-ERN main thematic group on Growth and Obesity.

This article aims to provide guidance on prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in patients with genetic obesity. Key principals of the management of patients with genetic obesity during COVID-19 pandemic for patients that have contracted COVID-19 are to be aware of: possible adrenal insufficiency (e.g., POMC deficiency, PWS); a more severe course in patients with concomitant immunodeficiency (e.g., LEP and LEPR deficiency), although defective leptin signalling could also be protective against the pro-inflammatory phenotype of COVID-19; disease severity being masked by insufficient awareness of symptoms in syndromic obesity patients with intellectual deficit (in particular PWS); to adjust medication dose to increased body size, preferably use dosing in m2; the high risk of malnutrition in patients with Sars-Cov2 infection, even in case of obesity. Key principals of the obesity management during the pandemic are to strive for optimal obesity management and a healthy lifestyle within the possibilities of the regulations to prevent weight (re)gain and to address anxiety within consultations, since prevalence of anxiety for COVID-19 is underestimated.

Differential interaction between DARC and SDF-1 on erythrocytes and their precursors.

The Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) is expressed on erythrocytes and on endothelium of postcapillary venules and splenic sinusoids. Absence of DARC on erythrocytes, but not on endothelium, is referred to as the Duffy negative phenotype and is associated with neutropenia. Here we provide evidence that stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), the chemokine that restricts neutrophil precursors to the bone marrow, binds to erythrocyte progenitors in a DARC-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that SDF-1 binding to DARC is dependent on the conformation of DARC, which gradually changes during erythroid development, resulting in the absence of SDF-1 binding to mature erythrocytes. However, SDF-1 binding to erythrocytes was found to be inducible by pre-treating erythrocytes with IL-8 or with antibodies recognizing specific epitopes on DARC. Taken together, these novel findings identify DARC on erythrocyte precursors as a receptor for SDF-1, which may be of interest in beginning to understand the development of neutropenia in situations where DARC expression is limited.

Prenatal maternal psychopathology and stress and offspring HPA axis function at 6 years.

OBJECTIVE: Intrauterine exposures such as maternal psychopathology and stress are known to influence the physical and mental health of the offspring. One of the proposed pathways underlying these associations is dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in the offspring. This study examined the relation of perinatal maternal symptoms of psychopathology and stress with offspring HPA axis activity at 6 years as measured by hair cortisol and cortisone concentrations. METHODS: The study was part of the population-based Generation R Study, a prospective population-based cohort from fetal life onwards. 2546 children and their mothers formed the study population. Perinatal maternal psychopathology and stress were assessed by questionnaires in the second and third trimester. Principal components for both psychopathology and stress were created to reduce the number of explanatory variables. Child hair samples for cortisol and cortisone measurements were collected at the age of 6. Linear regression analysis, adjusted for covariates, was used to examine associations between maternal psychopathology and stress and child hair cortisol and cortisone levels. RESULTS: The maternal psychopathology principal component was associated with higher child hair cortisone (adjusted B = 0.24, 95%CI 0.08;0.40, p-value < 0.01). Effect estimates of the individual dimensions ranged from 0.97 (95%CI 0.21;1.73, p-value = 0.01) for interpersonal sensitivity to 1.67 (95%CI 0.86;2.47, p-value < 0.01) for paranoid ideation. In addition, children exposed to intrauterine stress, as measured by the principal component, had higher hair cortisone levels (adjusted B = 0.54, 95%CI 0.21;0.88, p-value < 0.01). Exposure to maternal psychopathology and stress was not associated with offspring hair cortisol. Stratification by child sex resulted in associations between maternal symptoms of psychopathology during pregnancy and child hair cortisone levels in boys and associations between maternal symptoms of stress during pregnancy and child hair cortisone levels in girls. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that maternal psychopathology and stress during pregnancy are associated with long-term HPA axis activity of the offspring. The association of maternal psychopathology and stress during pregnancy with offspring hair cortisone levels is a novel finding. Future studies should examine whether these psychophysiological differences between exposed and non-exposed children underlie offspring morbidity associated with maternal psychopathology and stress during pregnancy.

Effects of a high-protein intake on metabolic targets for weight loss in children with obesity: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to study effects of a 4-week high-protein (HP) diet on energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), protein turnover and body composition in children with obesity. METHODS: In this randomized placebo-controlled single-blind crossover study, children with obesity (n = 14; mean age: 10.1 years ± 1.2 standard deviation; body mass index-standard deviation score [BMI-SDS]: 2.8 ± 0.5) received an ad libitum HP (+50 g protein per day) or normal-protein (NP) diet for 4 weeks with a washout period of ≥2 weeks. Energy intake, REE, protein turnover, weight, BMI-SDS and body composition were measured. RESULTS: No differences were found in energy intake or REE between HP and NP. There was an increased urea production and phenylalanine hydroxylation after HP compared with NP (p < 0.05). There was an increased rise in fat-free mass after HP compared with NP (∆HP: 0.8 ± 0.8 kg vs. ∆NP: 0.1 ± 0.6 kg, p < 0.05). BMI and BMI-SDS increased during the study (BMI-SDS start: 2.8 ± 0.5, end: 2.9 ± 0.5, p < 0.05) without a difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: A 4-week HP diet with ad libitum food intake did not affect energy intake and energy expenditure in children with obesity. BMI increased, although that could be partly explained by an increase in fat-free mass.

[Obesity in the clinic room: diagnostics first, followed by effective treatment]. / Obesitas in de spreekkamer.

In clinical practice, relatively little attention is directed towards identifying underlying causes and contributing factors to weight gain in patients with obesity. However, recognising these "hidden fattening factors" is important as it can lead to more effective treatment strategies. In particular if underlying causes can be solved first, this could help to realise sustainable weight reduction. Besides the well-known lifestyle-related aspects, obesity may be caused or maintained by medication use, endocrine or hypothalamic disorders, monogenetic or syndromic diseases, and mental factors, which may require specific (medical) treatment. For lifestyle-related obesity, a combined lifestyle intervention (CLI) is a first step to combat obesity. This treatment comprises intensive guidance regarding healthy nutrition, physical activity, and behavioural psychology. In case of morbid obesity and insufficient effects of CLI after one year, weight-reducing medication or a bariatric intervention can be considered. This systematic strategy for diagnostics and treatment of obesity is illustrated by two clinical cases.

Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid hormone concentrations can be disturbed during critical illness. Our aim was to determine changes in thyroid hormone concentrations during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). STUDY DESIGN: We included 21 ECMO-treated neonates. Age-specific s.d. scores (SDS) of free and total thyroxine (FT4; TT4), reverse and total triiodothyronine (rT3; TT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) were determined at six fixed time-points. Data were analyzed using general linear models. RESULTS: At baseline, mean SDS FT4 (-0.78, 95% CI: -1.37 to -0.19), TT4 (-1.97, 95% CI: -2.76 to -1.18), TT3 (-0.88, 95% CI: -1.13 to -0.63), TSH (-2.14, 95% CI: -2.93 to -1.35) and TBG (-3.52, 95% CI: -4.55 to -2.50) were low with high mean SDS rT3 (0.53, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.78). One hour after start ECMO, TT4, TSH and TBG had further declined; 12 h after start ECMO TT3 had declined (all P<0.05). After this decline, mean SDS TSH increased to the baseline level 12 h after start ECMO (-2.50, 95% CI: -3.22 to -1.79), and was higher than baseline 48 h after start ECMO (-0.56, 95% CI: -1.29 to 0.17). This TSH increase was followed by increases in TT4 and TT3. FT4 remained constant within the normal range during ECMO. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid hormone concentrations before ECMO were suggestive of non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). During ECMO, increases in TSH, TT4 and TT3 after an initial decline possibly reflect spontaneous restoration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. FT4 remained constant within the normal range. This suggests that thyroxine therapy is not required during ECMO.

Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia: Management and Outcome of a Large International Retrospective Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the management and outcome of a large international cohort of cases of pregnancies complicated by fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). METHODS: This was an observational prospective and retrospective cohort study of all cases of FNAIT entered into the international multicentre No IntraCranial Haemorrhage (NOICH) registry during the period of 2001-2010. We evaluated human platelet antigen (HPA) specificity, the antenatal and postnatal interventions performed, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: A total of 615 pregnancies complicated by FNAIT from 10 countries were included. Anti-HPA-1a was the most commonly implicated antibody. Antenatal treatment was administered in 273 pregnancies (44%), varying from intrauterine platelet transfusion to maternal administration of immunoglobulins, steroids, or a combination of those. Intracranial haemorrhage was diagnosed in 23 fetuses or neonates (3.7%). Overall perinatal mortality was 1.14% (n = 7). CONCLUSION: This study presents the largest cohort of cases of FNAIT published. Our data show that antenatal treatment for FNAIT results in favourable perinatal outcome. Over time, in most centres, treatment for FNAIT changed from an invasive to a complete non-invasive procedure.

Brain structure, executive function and appetitive traits in adolescent obesity.

BACKGROUND: Children with obesity show differences in brain structure, executive function and appetitive traits when compared with lean peers. Little is known on the relationship between brain structure and these traits. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between differences in brain structure and executive function and appetitive traits, in obese and lean adolescents. METHODS: MRI was used to measure cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. Executive function was measured by a Stop Signal-and a Choice Delay Task. Appetitive traits were measured using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. RESULTS: Adolescents with obesity had greater volumes of the pallidum; 1.78 mL (SE 0.03, p=0.014), when compared with controls; 1.65 mL (SE 0.02). In the group with obesity, greater pallidum volume was positively associated with the ability to delay reward in the Choice Delay Task (p=0.012). CONCLUSION: The association between pallidum volumes and Choice Delay Task in obese adolescents supports the hypothesis that the pallidum plays an important role in executive dysfunction in obese children.