Prothrombotic gene polymorphisms: possible contributors to hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Gene polymorphisms involved in hemostasis have been associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events. The aim of this study was to assess whether prothrombotic gene polymorphism is a risk factor for hepatic vascular thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS: In a series of 421 transplant procedures, genomic DNA was available for genotyping in 381 donors (91%) and 382 recipients (91%). In donors and recipients, the presence of factor V Leiden mutation, the prothrombin G20210A, and the factor XIII G100T polymorphisms were identified. In recipients, the C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), the platelet glycoprotein integrin α2 C807T, the integrin ß3 C1565T, and the thrombospondin 4 A387P polymorphisms were identified. Clinical data were obtained from a prospectively maintained database and medical records. All recipients underwent screening for hepatic vascular thrombosis using Doppler ultrasonography, followed by catheter or computed tomography angiography if indicated. RESULTS: In an overall analysis, none of the polymorphisms were associated with hepatic vascular thrombosis. When thrombosis in the first 7 days after OLT was excluded, we found a 3- to 7-fold increased risk for hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) in association with factor V Leiden or factor XIII G100T (donor), and MTHFR C677T (recipient). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of factor V Leiden or factor XIII G100T in the donor liver or MTHFR C677T in the recipient is associated with an increased risk of HAT after OLT. However, because the prevalence of these polymorphisms is low and the overall impact on the incidence of HAT is minimal, routine screening for these genotypes seems not justified.

Lack of association of C-C chemokine receptor 5 Δ32 deletion status with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, and disease severity.

OBJECTIVE: C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) plays an important role in inflammation. A 32 base-pair (Δ32) deletion in the CCR5 gene leads to a nonfunctional receptor. This deletion has been reported to have a protective effect on the development and progression of several autoimmune diseases. We investigated whether the Δ32 deletion is associated with disease susceptibility in a population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and lupus nephritis (LN); and whether it is associated with disease severity. METHODS: DNA samples from 405 RA patients, 97 SLE patients, 113 LN patients, and 431 healthy controls were genotyped for the CCR5 Δ32 deletion. Differences in genotype frequencies were tested between patients and controls. Association of genotypes with disease severity was analyzed. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies of each group were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype frequencies of patients did not differ significantly from controls (CCR5/Δ32, Δ32/Δ32: RA 18.3% and 1.2%, respectively; SLE 17.5% and 2.1%; LN 13.3% and 1.8%; controls 20.0% and 2.8%). However, there was a trend for lower Δ32 deletion allele frequency in LN patients compared to controls (p = 0.08). There was no significant association between the CCR5 status and disease severity in RA, SLE, or LN. CONCLUSION: Although an association with LN cannot be excluded, the CCR5 Δ32 deletion does not seem to be a disease susceptibility genotype for RA, SLE, or LN. No significant effect of the Δ32 deletion on disease severity was demonstrated.

CD14 polymorphisms in mother and infant, soluble CD14 in breast milk and atopy development in the infant (KOALA Study).

Different CD14 polymorphisms have been associated with atopic phenotypes in infants. In addition, CD14 genotypes of breastfeeding mothers have been associated with soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels in breast milk. The role of CD14 genotypes of infant and mother and their interaction with sCD14 levels in breast milk in atopy development remain to be established. We aimed to study the associations of CD14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and their interaction with breast milk sCD14, with atopy development until age two. In addition, we assessed whether levels of sCD14 in breast milk associated with SNPs in CD14. Four SNPs in CD14 gene were investigated in 698 infants and 188 mothers. Associations between these SNPs, sCD14 and atopy development were analyzed in multiple logistic or linear regression models. The CD14/-1619 SNP was associated with eczema. CC homozygotes showed a lower risk of eczema vs. TT homozygotes (adjusted odds ratio = 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.96) in a co-dominant model. Breast milk sCD14 levels did not significantly modify the effect of the child's CD14 genotype on atopy development (p interaction > or =0.10). Maternal CD14 SNPs were not significantly associated with sCD14 levels in breast milk (anova, p > or = 0.48). We found only an association between CC homozygozity of SNP CD14/-1619 and eczema. Our data did not support a modifying role of breast milk sCD14 levels on the relationship between CD14 genotype and atopy development until age 2 yr.

Influence of common variants near INSIG2, in FTO, and near MC4R genes on overweight and the metabolic profile in adolescence: the TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey) Study.

BACKGROUND: Overweight is a complex trait in which both environmental and genetic factors play a role. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the influence of common genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies on overweight and the metabolic profile in adolescence. DESIGN: In a population-based cohort of 663 girls and 612 boys aged 16 y, weight, height, skinfold thicknesses, percentage body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and DNA were obtained. We defined overweight according to international criteria. We performed multiple linear and logistic regression analyses to assess the influence of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms near the INSIG2, in the FTO, and near the MC4R genes and repeated-measures analyses of available body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thickness data across 3 visits at ages 11, 13.5, and 16 y. RESULTS: A total of 15.1% of participants were overweight or obese at age 16 y. No associations with INSIG2 were found. Common variation in the FTO gene was associated with sex-specific z scores of BMI (B: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19), sum of skinfold thicknesses (B: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.20), percentage body fat (B: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19), waist circumference (B: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19), fasting glucose (B: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.20), and overweight (odds ratio: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.69) at age 16 y. Repeated-measures analyses confirmed the associations for BMI and sum of skinfold thicknesses, and physical activity did not modify these associations. Common variation near the MC4R gene was associated with BMI in cross-sectional (B: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20) and repeated-measures (B: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.20) analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Common variation in the FTO gene is associated with overall and abdominal adiposity. Variation near the MC4R gene is associated with BMI. These findings in adolescents strengthen and extend the results from previous research.

Level and course of FEV1 in relation to polymorphisms in NFE2L2 and KEAP1 in the general population.

BACKGROUND: The metabolism of xenobiotics plays an essential role in smoking related lung function loss and development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Like 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2) and its cytosolic repressor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (KEAP1) regulate transcription of enzymes involved in cellular detoxification processes and Nfe2l2-deficient mice develop tobacco-induced emphysema. We assessed the impact of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in both genes on the level and longitudinal course of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) in the general population. METHODS: Five NFE2L2 and three KEAP1 tagging SNPs were genotyped in the population-based Doetinchem cohort (n = 1,152) and the independent Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen cohort (n = 1,390). On average 3 FEV1 measurements during 3 surveys, respectively 7 FEV1 measurements during 8 surveys were present. Linear Mixed Effect models were used to test cross-sectional and longitudinal genetic effects on repeated FEV1 measurements. RESULTS: In the Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen cohort SNP rs11085735 in KEAP1 was associated with a higher FEV1 level (p = 0.02 for an additive effect), and SNP rs2364723 in NFE2L2 was associated with a lower FEV1 level (p = 0.06). The associations were even more significant in the pooled cohort analysis. No significant association of KEAP1 or NFE2L2 SNPs with FEV1 decline was observed. CONCLUSION: This is the first genetic study on variations in key antioxidant transcriptional regulators KEAP1 and NFE2L2 and lung function in a general population. It identified 2 SNPs in NFE2L2 and KEAP1 which affect the level of FEV1 in the general population. It additionally shows that NFE2L2 and KEAP1 variations are unlikely to play a role in the longitudinal course of FEV1 in the general population.

Association between donor MBL promoter haplotype and graft survival and the development of BOS after lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation is a well accepted therapy for end-stage lung disease, despite high mortality rates. Mortality after transplantation is mainly caused by allograft failure in the first years after transplantation. Mannose binding lectin (MBL), a recognition molecule of innate immunity, has been associated with transplant outcome in other solid organ transplantation. In this study, the effect of donor- and recipient-MBL genotype on lung transplant outcome was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All lung transplantations performed in our center, except from retransplantations and combined lung-liver or heart-lung transplantations, were included. Genotyping of the MBL2 variants (promoter: L/H, Y/X, and P/Q allele and exon 1: A/D, A/B, and A/C allele) was performed in donor and recipient DNA. Analyses on graft survival and the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome were performed with Kaplan-Meier (log rank) survival analysis. RESULTS: Of the 277 included cases, DNA was available from 189 donors and 200 recipients and genotyping of the promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms was successful in 184 donors and 198 recipients and of the exon 1 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 181 donors and 193 recipients. Patients who received a graft from a donor with an X-allele had better graft survival (P=0.007) and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome free survival (P=0.007). Recipient MBL genotype was not associated with transplant outcome. CONCLUSION: The donor X-allele, which corresponds to the LXPA haplotype is associated with superior lung transplant outcome. Our findings might prove to be important in finding ways to optimize outcome after lung transplantation.

Runt-related transcription factor 3 is associated with ulcerative colitis and shows epistasis with solute carrier family 22, members 4 and 5.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are intestinal inflammatory disorders with a complex genetic background. Mice deficient for the runt-domain-transcription-factor3 (Runx3) develop spontaneous colitis. Human RUNX3 resides in an IBD-susceptibility locus. We studied the association of RUNX3 in a cohort of IBD patients and analyzed the interaction with SLC22A4/5. RUNX3 and OCTN1 mRNA expression was assessed in inflamed and noninflamed mucosa from patients and controls. METHODS: 543 IBD patients (309 CD / 234 UC) and 296 controls were included. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 4 microsatellite markers were studied for RUNX3. Five SNPs (including SNP-207G-->C and SNP1672C-->T) were analyzed for SLC22A4/5. RUNX3, and OCTN1 expression in mucosal tissue from 30 patients (14 UC / 16 CD) and 6 controls were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A significant association between RUNX3-SNP rs2236851 and UC (OR 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-2.32, P = 0.020) was found. Carriership is associated with pancolitis (odds ratio [OR] 1.86; 95% CI 1.08-3.21). SLC22A4/5-SNPs rs272893 and rs273900 are associated with CD (OR 2.16; 95% CI 1.21-3.59 and OR 2.40; 95% CI 1.43-4.05). We found epistasis for carriership of a risk-associated allele in RUNX3 and SLC22A4/5 for UC patients versus CD patients (OR 3.83; 95% CI 1.26-11.67). RUNX3 mRNA expression is increased (P = 0.01) in inflamed colonic mucosa of UC patients compared to noninflamed mucosa and controls. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence for the genetic association of RUNX3 with UC and for CD with the IBD5 locus including SLC22A4/5. An epistatic effect of RUNX3 and SLC22A4 was associated with an increased risk for UC. Our data suggest a role for RUNX3 in UC susceptibility.

Possible association between telomere length and renal dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure.

Renal function impairment relates to poor outcome in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). Differences in biological aging could affect the susceptibility to develop renal dysfunction in chronic HF. In the present study, we explored the association of leukocyte telomere length with renal function in patients with chronic HF. We studied 610 patients with HF, aged 40 to 80 years, NYHA class II-IV, with left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.40 or less. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases (MDRD) formula, and telomere length of leukocytes was determined by a validated quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based method. Age-and gender-adjusted telomere length ratio decreased steadily with decreasing quartile of the MDRD formula (mean 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73 to 0.88; mean 0.74, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.81; 0.70 mean, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.76; mean 0.67, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.73; p <0.01). Telomere length of leukocytes correlated positively with the MDRD formula (correlation coefficient 0.141; p <0.001). These findings remained significant after adjustment for baseline differences and sensitivity analysis based on propensity score one-to-one matching. In conclusion, shorter leukocyte telomere length is associated with decreased renal function as estimated by the MDRD formula in patients with HF. Further studies will be needed to determine whether shorter leukocyte telomere length is the cause or consequence in this population and whether it plays a role in the prognosis of renal dysfunction in HF.

Variation in bleomycin hydrolase gene is associated with reduced survival after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell cancer.

PURPOSE: Response to chemotherapy may be determined by gene polymorphisms involved in metabolism of cytotoxic drugs. A plausible candidate is the gene for bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH), an enzyme that inactivates bleomycin, an essential component of chemotherapy regimens for disseminated testicular germ-cell cancer (TC). We investigated whether the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) A1450G of the BLMH gene (rs1050565) is associated with survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected on survival and BLMH genotype of 304 patients with TC treated with bleomycin-containing chemotherapy at the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands, between 1977 and 2003. Survival according to genotype was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank testing and Cox regression analysis with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS: BLMH gene SNP A1450G has a significant effect on TC-related survival (log-rank P = .001). The homozygous variant (G/G) genotype (n = 31) is associated with decreased TC related survival compared with the heterozygous variant (A/G; n = 133) and the wild-type (A/A; n = 140). With Cox regression the G/G genotype proves to be an unfavorable prognostic factor, in addition to the commonly used International Germ Cell Consensus Classification prognosis group, with a hazard ratio of 4.97 (95% CI, 2.17 to 11.39) for TC-related death. Furthermore, the G/G genotype shows a higher prevalence of early relapses. CONCLUSION: The homozygous variant G/G of BLMH gene SNP A1450G is associated with reduced survival and higher prevalence of early relapses in TC patients treated with bleomycin-containing chemotherapy. This association is hypothesis generating and may eventually be of value for risk classification and selection for alternative treatment strategies in patients with disseminated TC.

PROS1 analysis in 87 pedigrees with hereditary protein S deficiency demonstrates striking genotype-phenotype associations.

Hereditary protein S (PS) deficiency predisposes to venous thrombosis. Previously, we demonstrated a difference in risk of venous thrombosis between PS deficiency type I and type III. We used direct sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and linkage analysis to study whether this difference could be explained by molecular heterogeneity. The study contained two sets of families with PS deficiency type I (cohort 1; 35 probands, 155 relatives) or type III (cohort 2; 52 probands, 241 relatives). In cohort 1, a mixed type I/type III PS-deficient phenotype was observed in 66% of the pedigrees. A total of 34 probands carried a mutant PROS1 allele, compared to one proband in cohort 2 (P<10(-10)). The proband's mutation was identified in all type I, but only in 57% of type III PS deficient relatives. MLPA-analysis in the mutation negative families did not reveal PROS1 deletions or insertions. Linkage analysis in 16 families showed cosegregation of PROS1 markers in the family with type I deficiency, but not in the 15 families with type III deficiency. The genotype-phenotype associations point to differences in genetic architecture. Whereas PS deficiency type I is a monogenic disease due to PROS1 allelic heterozygosity, PS deficiency type III is most likely a more complex or heterogeneous disorder.

Serum chemokine levels in Hodgkin lymphoma patients: highly increased levels of CCL17 and CCL22.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by a minority of neoplastic Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells surrounded by a non-neoplastic reactive infiltrate. As immunological mechanisms appear to be crucial in classical HL pathogenesis, altered serum chemokine levels might be related to disease activity. Serum levels of nine chemokines were examined in 163 untreated HL patients and 334 controls. We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with serum CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, TARC) levels and HL susceptibility. Serum CCL17 and CCL22 (macrophage-derived chemokine, MDC) levels were significantly increased in 82% and 57% of the HL patients. Nodular sclerosis cases showed increased serum CCL17 and CCL22 levels (P < 0.001) and serum levels were correlated with Ann Arbor stage. Of nine patients with pre- and post-treatment serum samples, the majority showed decreased CCL17 and CCL22 levels after treatment. HRS cells expressed CCL17 and CCL22 in 77% and 75% of 74 cases. Three SNPs showed a trend of increased serum CCL17 levels with minor alleles in controls, but were not associated with HL susceptibility. CCL17 and CCL22 were the only chemokines with increased serum levels in the vast majority of HL patients, which provides further insight into the molecular mechanism(s) leading to infiltrations of reactive lymphocytes in HL.

Glucocorticoid replacement is associated with hypertriglyceridaemia, elevated glucose and higher non-HDL cholesterol and may diminish the association of HDL cholesterol with the -629C>A CETP promoter polymorphism in GH-receiving hypopituitary patients.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of glucocorticoid substitution on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome components (NCEP ATP III criteria) and serum lipid levels was determined in GH-replaced hypopituitary patients. As glucocorticoid replacement is associated with a pronounced decrease in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, we also tested associations of HDL cholesterol with the -629C>A CETP promoter polymorphism in subjects with and without ACTH deficiency. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: In a university setting, we retrieved protocolized clinical and laboratory data from 165 adult hypopituitary patients, who had received GH for 1 year. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex and smoking, non-HDL cholesterol (P = 0.05) and triglycerides (P = 0.004) were higher, but HDL cholesterol was not decreased in 117 glucocorticoid (mainly cortisone acetate in two divided doses) receiving subjects compared to 48 ACTH-sufficient subjects. The prevalence of elevated plasma glucose and/or diabetes (P = 0.04) and hypertriglyceridaemia (P = 0.005), but not of other metabolic syndrome components, was higher in glucocorticoid-replaced subjects. HDL cholesterol was higher in -629 A allele carriers compared to -629CC homozygotes in ACTH-sufficient subjects (P = 0.04), but not in glucocorticoid-treated subjects (P = 0.13). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that only in ACTH-sufficient subjects, HDL cholesterol was independently related to this CETP gene variation (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In GH- and glucocorticoid-replaced hypopituitary patients, serum non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides are higher and the prevalence of hyperglycaemia is increased, but HDL cholesterol is not decreased. Conventional glucocorticoid replacement appears to diminish the association of HDL cholesterol with a common CETP gene variation.

Novel association in chromosome 4q27 region with rheumatoid arthritis and confirmation of type 1 diabetes point to a general risk locus for autoimmune diseases.

Recently, association of celiac disease with common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in an extensive linkage-disequilibrium block of 480 kb containing the KIAA1109, Tenr, IL2, and IL21 genes has been demonstrated in three independent populations (rs6822844P combined=1.3 x 10(-14)). The KIAA1109/Tenr/IL2/IL21 block corresponds to the Idd3 locus in the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This block was recently found to be associated with T1D in a genomewide association study, although this finding lacks unequivocal confirmation. We therefore aimed to investigate whether the KIAA1109/Tenr/IL2/IL21 region is involved in susceptibility to multiple autoimmune diseases. We tested SNP rs6822844 for association with disease in 350 T1D-affected and 1,047 rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-affected Dutch patients and in 929 controls. We replicated the association with T1D (P=.0006; OR 0.64 [95% CI 0.50-0.83]), and revealed a similar novel association with RA (P=.0002; OR 0.72 [95% CI 0.61-0.86]). Our results replicate and extend the association found in the KIAA1109/Tenr/IL2/IL21 gene region with autoimmune diseases, implying that this locus is a general risk factor for multiple autoimmune diseases.

Renal function dependent association of AGTR1 polymorphism (A1166C) and electrocardiographic left-ventricular hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND: The association of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) polymorphisms and left-ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) may depend on the presence of risk factors for LVH, such as renal dysfunction. We studied whether renal function modulates the association between RAS polymorphisms and LVH in a cross-sectional study of 8592 inhabitants of Groningen. METHODS: Left-ventricular hypertrophy was determined with electrocardiograms, using the Cornell voltage-duration product. The following RAS polymorphisms were determined: angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AGTR1 A1166C), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D), and angiotensinogen (AGT G-6A). The AGTR1 A1166C and ACE I/D polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS: Electrocardiographic LVH was present in 417 (5.0%) subjects. Subjects with LVH were older (53 v 49 years) and overall had more cardiovascular risk factors. Using logistic regression, creatinine clearance interacted with the relationship between the AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism and LVH (beta, -0.19; P = .033). In subjects with the CC genotype, in contrast to carriers of an A allele, the prevalence of LVH increased with more pronounced renal dysfunction. Creatinine clearance also interacted with the relationship between the ACE I/D polymorphism and LVH (beta, 0.12; P = .037), although less strongly, and the other way around. Creatinine clearance did not influence the association between the AGT G-6A polymorphism and LVH (beta, -0.006; P = .491). CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study, the AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism was associated with LVH, dependent on concomitant renal dysfunction. A weaker renal function dependent association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and LVH was also observed. Renal function should be taken into account as a relevant environmental factor for the pathogenetic effects of RAS polymorphisms.

Association of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) and inflammatory bowel diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have a complex genetic background. The interleukin receptor associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) is a NF-kappaB-mediated, negative regulator of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. A functional mutation in a negative regulator might induce impaired endotoxin tolerance and increased inflammatory responses. IRAK-M is situated on chromosome 12q14, a susceptibility locus for IBD, which makes it a good candidate gene. The objective of the study was to analyze a large cohort of IBD patients for the association between IBD and IRAK-M. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 542 patients with IBD (309 Crohn's disease (CD), 233 ulcerative colitis (UC)) and 305 controls were studied. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (V147I and V270I) and six microsatellite markers were evaluated using association analysis and the haplotype sharing statistic. Results were stratified for CARD15 mutations R702W, G908R and 1007fsinsC. RESULTS: No significant differences in IRAK-M allele frequencies were observed between IBD, UC, CD or subgroups of CD or UC and controls. Five out of 36 UC patients (13.9%) with an IBD-associated CARD15 mutation were carriers versus 2/167 (1.2%) in non-carriers (OR 13.1, 95% CI 1.0-164.5). No interaction was observed for CD. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was found to suggest an association between IBD, CD, UC or subsets of CD and UC and IRAK-M. However, an interaction was found between IRAK-M and CARD15 in UC patients. In CARD15 mutant patients, the production of IRAK-M upon stimulation might be impaired. Further studies are needed to determine whether an impaired negative regulation of the TLR-signaling pathway might be partly responsible for the development of IBD.

Genetic susceptibility has a more important role in pediatric-onset Crohn's disease than in adult-onset Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Genetic susceptibility may play a more important role in the etiology of early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in late-onset IBD, and therefore pediatric-onset IBD patients can be expected to have a higher frequency of gene mutations. We aimed to determine genotypes and phenotypes of patients with pediatric-onset IBD, to compare them with those of patients with adult-onset IBD and with controls, and to identify genotype-phenotype associations. METHODS: Polymorphisms R702W, G908R, and 3020insC of CARD15 (caspase activating recruitment domain 15); Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile of TLR4; -207G-->C, 1672C-->T (L503F), rs3792876, rs274551, rs272893, and rs273900 of SLC22A4/5; and 113G-->A as well as rs2289311, rs1270912, and rs2165047 of DLG5 (Drosophila discs large homologue 5) were assessed in 103 pediatric-onset and 696 adult-onset IBD patients. Phenotypic classification was based on disease localization and behavior. RESULTS: Homozygosity for 3020insC in CARD15 was significantly higher in patients with pediatric-onset Crohn's disease (CD) than in patients with adult-onset CD (4.2% versus 0.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-42.0). Homozygosity for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3792876 in SLC22A4/5 was significantly higher in patients with pediatric-onset CD than in patients with adult-onset CD (6.1% versus 1.1%, P=0.02). Polymorphism 3020insC in CARD15 was associated with ileal involvement (1.9% versus 13.3%, CI 1.0-53.8) and a positive family history (6.1% versus 20%, CI 1.2-9.0). DLG5 SNP rs2165047 was significantly associated with perianal disease (50% versus 21.2%, CI 1.4-4). CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms 3020insC in CARD15 and SNP rs3792876 in SLC22A4/5 occurred statistically significantly more often in patients with pediatric-onset CD than in patients with adult-onset CD. Polymorphisms 3020insC in CARD15 and SNP rs2165047 in DLG5 were associated with specific phenotypes in this pediatric-onset CD cohort.

Telomere length of circulating leukocytes is decreased in patients with chronic heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to test the hypothesis that patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have shorter telomeres compared with age-balanced and gender-balanced healthy individuals. BACKGROUND: Telomere length is considered to be a marker of biological aging. Chronic heart failure might be viewed as a condition associated with accelerated biological aging. METHODS: The telomere length ratio of leukocytes was determined prospectively by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based method in a case-control setting involving 803 participants: 183 healthy individuals and 620 CHF patients, ages 40 to 80 years, New York Heart Association functional class II to IV, and left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.40 or less. RESULTS: The median telomere length ratio was 0.64 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.47 to 0.88) in CHF patients compared with 1.05 (IQR 0.86 to 1.29) in control patients (p < 0.001). The telomere length ratio in CHF patients related to severity of disease (median value [IQR] of patients with New York Heart Association class II, III, or IV function was 0.67 [0.48 to 0.92], 0.63 [0.46 to 0.86], and 0.55 [0.46 to 0.75], respectively; p for trend <0.05). In addition, telomeres were shorter in patients with an ischemic compared with a nonischemic etiology of CHF. Patients with none, 1 (coronary, cerebral, or peripheral vascular disease), 2 (any combination of the previous), or 3 atherosclerotic manifestations had a median (IQR) telomere length of 0.72 (0.51 to 1.01), 0.65 (0.48 to 0.87), 0.48 (0.39 to 0.72), and 0.43 (0.27 to 0.67), respectively (p for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Telomere length is shorter in patients with CHF compared with age-balanced and gender-balanced control patients, and related to the severity of disease. In addition, telomere length was incrementally shorter according to the presence and extent of atherosclerotic disease manifestations.

The human leukocyte antigen class I region is associated with EBV-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma: HLA-A and HLA complex group 9 are putative candidate genes.

Various studies have indicated that the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region is associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma. We recently showed a specific association of the HLA class I region with EBV-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma cases. One haplotype of two consecutive microsatellite markers (D6S265 and D6S510) was overrepresented in the patient group, whereas another haplotype was underrepresented. Here, we did fine mapping of this region of approximately 400 kb as a next step to find the causative single-nucleotide polymorphism(s) (SNP). To select candidate SNPs for screening the total study population, several known SNPs were determined by sequencing two individuals homozygous for either of the above-mentioned associated haplotypes. Seven SNPs displayed different alleles in these two individuals and were therefore analyzed in the total study population, including 238 Hodgkin's lymphoma patients and 365 family-based controls. All seven SNPs showed significant association with the EBV-positive patient group. Two of these SNPs were analyzed in a Scottish Hodgkin's lymphoma population and revealed significant associations as well. The associated SNPs are located nearby two putative candidate genes: HLA-A and HLA complex group 9. HLA-A represents the most interesting target because of its consistent expression in EBV-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma cases and its ability to present EBV-derived peptides to cytotoxic T cells.

Absence of association between the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene and inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: The multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene encodes for P-glycoprotein, a drug efflux pump. Mice deficient for the MDR1a gene spontaneously develop colitis. In humans, a polymorphism in exon 26 (C3435T) is associated with reduced expression levels and function of MDR1. Currently there are controversial data on the association between MDR1 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of this study was to examine the involvement of this gene in IBD in a large population of Dutch patients with IBD and family-based controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 781 IBD cases and 315 controls were investigated. CD phenotypes were determined according to the Vienna Classification. Individuals were genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) close to and in the MDR1 locus. This included the C3435T variant and six microsatellite markers close to and in the MDR1 locus. Single locus association analysis, haplotype association analysis and haplotype sharing statistic (HSS) were used to search for differences between patients and controls. RESULTS: No association was observed for any of the SNPs with IBD as a group, or for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and Crohn's disease phenotypes, either by single locus or haplotype association analysis or by HSS. CONCLUSIONS: No association was observed between the MDR1 gene and IBD. This suggests that it is unlikely that MDR1 plays a role in IBD susceptibility.