RESUMO
Scientists are usually good at teaching, sometimes even to lay audiences. But communicating with journalists, activists, or policymakers can be a different story - hesitancy to make mistakes as well as the temptation to disproportionally promote one's own case come into play. The multitude of social media and other web-based outlets has diversified and accelerated the communication of science. Real-time reactions, sharing of data, tools and results, increasing invitation of personal opinion, demand for transparency, political correctness, and loss of trust in experts are challenges to researchers in general. The field of alternatives to animal testing is more political and important to lay audiences than many others, so its scientists must be especially aware of these challenges. Public engagement offers the opportunity to form community and create wide support for non-animal research and its implementation. This requires scientists to step out of the ivory tower of higher education and engage with diverse interest groups by outreach activities, interviews, and press releases, etc. by employing tailored communication.
Assuntos
Alternativas aos Testes com Animais , Opinião Pública , AnimaisAssuntos
Alternativas aos Testes com Animais/legislação & jurisprudência , Alternativas aos Testes com Animais/tendências , Bem-Estar do Animal/legislação & jurisprudência , Bem-Estar do Animal/tendências , Animais , Biologia Computacional , Cosméticos , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , União Europeia , Projetos de Pesquisa , Testes de ToxicidadeAssuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos/farmacologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Legislação como Assunto , Medição de Risco/métodos , Terminologia como Assunto , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Sistema Endócrino/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , União Europeia , Contaminação de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Órgãos Governamentais , Humanos , Mutagênicos/farmacologia , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Farmacologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Farmacologia/métodos , Editoração , Medição de Risco/legislação & jurisprudência , Testes de Toxicidade/normas , Toxicologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Toxicologia/métodos , Recursos HumanosAssuntos
Alternativas aos Testes com Animais/legislação & jurisprudência , Cosméticos/efeitos adversos , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Moduladores de Receptor Estrogênico/efeitos adversos , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Pirogênios , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Testes de Toxicidade/normasRESUMO
Plasma lipoproteins such as LDL (low-density lipoprotein) are important therapeutic targets as they play a crucial role in macrophage biology and metabolic disorders. The impact of lipoprotein profiles on host defense pathways against Gram-positive bacteria is poorly understood. In this report, we discovered that human serum lipoproteins bind to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus and thereby alter the immune response to these bacteria. Size-exclusion chromatography and solid-phase-binding analysis of serum revealed the direct interaction of LTA with apolipoproteins (Apo) B100, ApoA1, and ApoA2. Only ApoB100 and the corresponding LDL exerted biological effects as this binding significantly inhibited LTA-induced cytokine releases from human and murine immune cells. Serum from hypercholesterolemic mice or humans significantly diminished cytokine induction in response to S. aureus or its LTA. Sera taken from the patients with familial hypercholesterolemia before and after ApoB100-directed immuno-apheresis confirmed that ApoB100 inhibited LTA-induced inflammation in humans. In addition, mice in which LDL secretion was pharmacologically inhibited, displayed significantly increased serum cytokine levels upon infection with S. aureus in vivo. The present study identifies ApoB100 as an important suppressor of innate immune activation in response to S. aureus and its LTA.