Spectralprint techniques coupled with chemometric tools for vinegar classifications.

Vinegar is a versatile product used for food preservation, cooking, healthcare, and cleaning. In this study, 80 vinegar of different raw materials, aging time, and for the first time by the agronomic method of raw material cultivation were classified by spectralprint techniques with chemometrics. Datasets were obtained by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transforms mid-infrared (FT-IR), near-infrared (NIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis); then evaluated by common dimension (ComDim) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). NMR with PLS-DA had the best prediction performance compared to other techniques, with accuracy values between 92.3 and 100 %, followed by FT-IR and UV-vis of 80.8 and 96.0 % and NIR between 69.2 and 84.0 %. The results indicated that the classification of vinegar according to the agronomic cultivation method is more complex than aging time or raw material. However, any of these spectralprint techniques have demonstrated that they can be used in the classification of vinegar.

Critical review and recent advances of 2D materials-Based gas sensors for food spoilage detection.

Many people around the world are concerned about meat safety and quality, which has resulted in the ongoing advancement of packaged food technology. Since the emergence of graphene in 2004, the number of studies on layered two-dimensional materials (2DMs) for applications ranging from food packaging to meat quality monitoring has been expanding quickly. Recently, scientists have been working hard to develop a novel class of 2DMs that keep the good things about graphene but don't have zero bandgaps at room temperature. Much work has been done on layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) like different metal sulfides and selenides for meat spoilage gas sensors. This review looks at (i) the main indicators of meat spoilage and (ii) the detection methods that can be used to find out if meat has been spoiled, such as chemiresistive, electrochemical, and optical methods. (iii) the role of 2DMs in meat spoilage detection and (iv) the emergence of advanced methods for selective classification of target analytes in meat/food spoilage detection in recent years. Thus, this review demonstrates the potential scope of 2DMs for developing intelligent sensor systems for food and meat spoilage detection with high viability, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and other multipurpose tools.

Development and characterization of photoprotective nanoemulsions containing Babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart. ) lipophilic extract

Abstract Oil-in-water photoprotective nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed using Babassu (BBS) lipophilic extract, nonionic surfactants, and low concentrations of organic sunscreens by ultrasonic processing. BBS extract was chosen due to its suitable physicochemical properties (acidity index, peroxide index, refraction index, and relative density) and predominance of saturated fatty acids, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which promote biological activities and high oxidative stability. NEs were characterized by mean droplet size, morphology, polydispersity index (PdI), pH, and organoleptic properties, and the physical stability of the NEs was evaluated for 120 days at room temperature. The sun protection factor (SPF) was determined, and the photostability and in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed for NEs. All NEs remained stable for 120 days, with a droplet size <150 nm and a monomodal distribution profile. The pH values were compatible with the skin's pH. NE3 showed a spherical morphology, with a mean droplet size of 125.15 ± 0.16 nm and PdI of 0.145 ± 0.032. NE3 containing BBS extract and sunscreens presented an SPF of 35.5 ± 3.0, was photostable after 6 h of radiation and was non-cytotoxic to fibroblast cells. Thus, NE3 could be considered a promising formulation for developing synergic plant-extract sunscreen photoprotective products for the market

Development of Microneedle Patch Loaded with Bacopa monnieri Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Effective Management of Parkinson's Disease.

The demand for drug delivery systems (DDS) to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) is still high, and microneedle (MN) assisted transdermal DDS offers enormous potential. Herbal products for PD have been shown to have antioxidant effects in reducing dopaminergic neurons from degeneration. Here, we attempted to incorporate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of Bacopa monnieri into dissolvable microneedle arrays and evaluate its neuroprotective activity. The bloodless and painless microneedle arrays through the transdermal route deliver the drug across the blood-brain barrier at the desired concentration. The quality by design (QbD) approach was employed for optimizing the SLNs formulations. The mechanical strength, in vitro release studies, ex-vivo permeation investigation, skin irritation test, histopathological studies, biochemical studies, and behavioural tests SLNs loaded microneedle arrays were performed. The microneedle patches obtained were shown to be mechanically robust and were also found to be nonirritant with a decreased degree of bradykinesia, high motor coordination, and balance ability. Compared to systemic delivery systems, such an MN method can achieve a considerably lower effective dose and allow long-term home-based treatment.

Thermal treatment alternatives for enzymes inactivation in fruit juices: Recent breakthroughs and advancements.

Fruit juices (FJs) are frequently taken owing to their nutritious benefits, appealing flavour, and vibrant colour. The colours of the FJs are critical indicators of the qualitative features that influence the consumer's attention. Although FJs' intrinsic acidity serves as a barrier to bacterial growth, their enzymatic stability remains an issue for their shelf life. Inactivation of enzymes is critical during FJ processing, and selective inactivation is the primary focus of enzyme inactivation. The merchants, on the other hand, want the FJs to stay stable. The most prevalent technique of processing FJ is by conventional heat treatment, which degrades its nutritive value and appearance. The FJ processing industry has undergone a dramatic transformation from thermal treatments to nonthermal treatments (NTTs) during the past two decades to meet the requirements for microbiological and enzymatic stability. The manufacturers want safe and stable FJs, while buyers want high-quality FJs. According to the past investigation, NTTs have the potential to manufacture microbiologically safe and enzymatically stable FJs with low loss of bioactive components. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that different NTTs combined with or without other NTTs or mild heating as a hurdle technology increase the synergistic effect for microbiological safety and stability of FJs. Concise information about the variables that affect NTTs' action mode has also been addressed. Primary inactivates enzymes by modifying the protein structure and active site conformation. NTTs may increase enzyme activity depending on the nature of the enzyme contained in FJs, the applied pressure, pH, temperature, and treatment period. This is due to the release of membrane-bound enzymes as well as changes in protein structure and active sites that allow substrate interaction. Additionally, the combination of several NTTs as a hurdle technology, as well as temperature and treatment periods, resulted in increased enzyme inactivation in FJs. Therefore, a combination of thermal and non-thermal technologies is suggested to increase the effectiveness of the process as well as preserve the juice quality.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic animals: a systematic review on analytical advances and challenges.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the main component of petroleum, are a concern due to their environmental persistence, long-range transport, and potential toxic effects on animal, human health, and the environment. PAHs are considered persistent compounds and can be bioaccumulated in sediments and aquatic biota. Determining PAHs in animals and environmental samples consists of three steps: extraction, clean-up or purification, and analytical determination. The matrix complexity and the diversity of environmental contaminants, such as PAHs resulted in the development of numerous analytical techniques and protocols for the extraction of these components and analysis in several samples. This systematic review article seeks to relate the extraction and preparation methods of complex samples from aquatic animals and the two main detection techniques of PAHs. For the elaboration of the research, 67 articles published between 2011 and 2021 were sought, which specifically contemplated the isolation of aquatic extracts and detection and quantification techniques of PAHs.

Can Socioeconomic, Health, and Safety Data Explain the Spread of COVID-19 Outbreak on Brazilian Federative Units?

Infinite factors can influence the spread of COVID-19. Evaluating factors related to the spread of the disease is essential to point out measures that take effect. In this study, the influence of 14 variables was assessed together by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) of the type Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), to verify the relationship between numbers of cases and deaths from COVID-19 in Brazilian states for 110 days. The SOM analysis showed that the variables that presented a more significant relationship with the numbers of cases and deaths by COVID-19 were influenza vaccine applied, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), ventilators, physicians, nurses, and the Human Development Index (HDI). In general, Brazilian states with the highest rates of influenza vaccine applied, ICU beds, ventilators, physicians, and nurses, per 100,000 inhabitants, had the lowest number of cases and deaths from COVID-19, while the states with the lowest rates were most affected by the disease. According to the SOM analysis, other variables such as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), tests, drugs, and Federal funds, did not have as significant effect as expected.

Instrumental color and oxidative stability of light and dark muscles of Nile tilapia / Cor instrumental e estabilidade oxidativa de músculos claros e escuros de tilápia do Nilo

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to compare the color and oxidative stability of light (LM) and dark (DM) muscles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stored at 4 °C for eight days. Five different trials of LM and DM samples were analyzed for instrumental color attributes (lightness, redness and yellowness), including the surface color stability through ratio of reflectance at 630/580 nm (R630/580), myoglobin concentration, total lipid content, fatty acid profile, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), pH, lipid oxidation and protein oxidation. Results of the present study indicated that DM of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) present lower oxidative and color stability during refrigerated storage than LM.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a estabilidade de cor e oxidativa de músculos claros (LM) e escuros (DM) de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) armazenados a 4° C por oito dias. Cinco repetições diferentes de amostras de LM e DM foram analisadas quanto aos atributos instrumentais de cor (luminosidade, teor de vermelho e teor de amarelo), incluindo a estabilidade de cor na superfície através da razão de refletâncias nos comprimentos de onda 630 e 580 nm (R630/580), concentração de mioglobina, lipídios totais, perfil de ácidos graxos, atividade de redução da metamioglobina (MRA), pH, oxidação lipídica e oxidação proteica. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que músculos escuros (DM) de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) apresentam menor estabilidade oxidativa e de cor durante o armazenamento refrigerado, quando comparados aos músculos claros (LM).

Milk from different species on physicochemical and microstructural yoghurt properties / Influência do leite de diferentes espécies nas propriedades físico-químicas e micro estruturais do iogurte

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present research was to evaluate differences in chemical properties and physical structure of yoghurt produced with milk from different species (sheep, cow, and goat). For each trial, whole raw sheep (S), cow (C), and goat (G) milk were used to manufacture 4L of yoghurts (Y) from each species (SY, CY, and GY, respectively). The SY demonstrated the greatest (P<0.05) values of total solids, protein, and lipid contents, reflecting on greater (P<0.05) firmness, apparent viscosity and water-holding capacity, and lower (P<0.05) syneresis index than CY and GY. Consequently, SY exhibited a more compact microstructure and homogeneous matrix with fewer pores. Furthermore, CY and GY microstructure contained a greater number of pores, which exhibited greater size heterogeneity than SY. Therefore, based on the evaluated physicochemical and microstructural properties of yoghurt, SY demonstrated the most desirable parameter values for dairy industry representing an alternative substitution for cow's milk yogurt.

RESUMO: O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar as diferenças nas propriedades químicas e na estrutura física do iogurte produzido com leite de diferentes espécies (ovinos, bovinos e caprinos). Para cada experimento, leite de ovelha cru (S), vaca (C) e cabra (G), foram usados para fabricar 4L de iogurtes (Y) de cada espécie (SY, CY e GY, respectivamente). O SY demonstrou os maiores (P<0,05) valores de sólidos totais, proteína e conteúdo lipídico, refletindo em maior (P<0,05) firmeza, viscosidade aparente e capacidade de retenção de água e menor (P<0,05) índice de sinérese do que CY e GY. Consequentemente, o SY exibiu uma microestrutura mais compacta e uma matriz homogênea com menos poros. Além disso, a microestrutura CY e GY continha um maior número de poros, que exibiam maior heterogeneidade de tamanho do que o SY. Portanto, com base nas propriedades físico-químicas e micro estruturais avaliadas do iogurte, o SY demonstrou os valores de parâmetros mais desejáveis para a indústria de laticínios, representando uma alternativa de produto adequada aos iogurtes à base de leite de vaca.

Metodologia de abate de girinos de rã-touro para obtenção de filés de cauda e subprodutos não comestíveis

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer uma metodologia para abate de girinos, com foco na obtenção de filés de cauda para a produção de alimentos e da parte não comestível para a fabricação de farinha animal. As operações de abate foram realizadas em planta industrial sob inspeção sanitária oficial. Um total de 1.600 girinos pesando 13,55±6,67g foram submetidos a um jejum de 24 horas e em seguida coletados e transportados até a planta industrial, onde foram transferidos para caixas plásticas para depuração. As etapas tecnológicas de abate foram pré-insensibilização, lavagem, inspeção, decapitação e corte de cauda, produção dos filés de cauda, lavagem, embalagem da cauda e da parte não comestível, selagem, pré-resfriamento, congelamento rápido, estocagem e distribuição. O rendimento da parte não comestível foi de 73,49±5,51% em relação ao peso total, enquanto que o rendimento dos filés de cauda representou 26,51±5,51% do peso total. O método desenvolvido mostrou-se eficaz para a obtenção dos produtos propostos, com bom rendimento percentual para ambas matrizes obtidas.

Aceitação sensorial e perfil de textura instrumental da carne cozida do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), do tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e do seu hibrido tambacu eviscerados e estocados em gelo

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar e avaliar o teste de aceitação sensorial e a análise de textura instrumental da carne do pacu, tambaqui e o seu híbrido tambacu eviscerados e estocados em gelo. Os testes de aceitação e análise do perfil de textura instrumental foram realizados na carne cozida dos peixes previamente estocadas em gelo nos dias 1, 5 e 10 dias para pacu e tambacu e estocado nos dias 1, 10 e 18 dias para tambaqui. Para todas as espécies, as análises foram realizadas com 120 consumidores. Nenhuma diferença significativa (p>0,05) na aceitação dos consumidores entre os três períodos de estocagem para todos os peixes nem dos atributos elasticidade, coesividade, mastigabilidade e resiliência na textura instrumental foi observada. Contudo, ocorreu variação dos atributos dureza e adesividade para todas as amostras estudadas nos diferentes períodos de estocagem. Os consumidores de peixe deste experimento apresentaram neofobia alimentar. Conclui-se que os três peixes eviscerados e estocados em gelo mantiveram as características sensoriais aceitáveis durante o tempo de estocagem.

Mercúrio total em pescado marinho do Brasil

O mercúrio (Hg) é um metal traço de relevância na área de alimentos em função da alta toxicidade, dos altos níveis de absorção e baixas taxas de excreção, sendo acumulado na cadeia alimentar, atingindo o homem, a partir do consumo de pescado, podendo representar risco à saúde humana. Considerando esses fatores, o objetivo deste estudo foi traçar um perfil do grau de contaminação mercurial em atum in natura (Thunnus albacares) e em conserva (Thunnus sp.), Meca (Xiphias gladius), corvina (Micropogonias furnieri), peixe-espada (Thichiurus lepturus), camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei) e raia (Pteroplatytrygon violacea). Os maiores teores médios de Hg foram observados nas amostras de Meca (0,393 + 0,637 g.g-1), seguido pela raia (0,224 + 0,074 g.g-1), atum in natura (0,187 + 0,112 g.g-1), atum em conserva (0,169 + 0,122 g.g-1), corvina (0,124 + 0,054 g.g-1), peixe-espada (0,078 + 0,034 g.g-1) e camarão (0,058 + 0,023 g.g-1). Considerando a amostragem de Meca (n=83), 2,4% ultrapassou o limite máximo recomendado para peixes predadores pela legislação nacional. Concluiu-se que, dependendo da frequência de consumo, com exceção do camarão, estas espécies podem constituir risco à saúde humana.

Biochemical changes in alternative poultry meat during refrigerated storage

The aim of this study was evaluated the physical and chemical changes in five types of alternative poultry meat keep at refrigerated conditions (4±1C) during 18 days. For this purpose, breast meat of conventional, organic and free-range chicken, duck and quail were purchase from markets of Niteroi city (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Levels of pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and biogenic amines (cadaverine and putrescine) were determinate. Statistic evaluation was performed using analyze of variance and Tukey test. The results showed a gradual and proportional increment of pH values (between 5.5 and 6.5) in all poultry meats during the storage time; an increment of TBARS values in the first days of storage, remaining stables to the end of experiment. A significant increment of putrescine values was observed after the sixth day remaining stable in conventional chicken and quail until the end of experiment while significant reduction was observed in the rest of poultry meats. Finally, only conventional andorganic chicken and quail showed a gradual increment during storage time. In conclusion, significant biochemical changes was observed during the storage time being that pH, cadaverine and putrescine values could be parameters using like deterioration indicators for these products.

Influência da adição de polifosfato em lingüiça de frango

Objetivou-se estudar a influência da adição de polifosfato em lingüiça frescal de frango sobre os padrões físico-químicos esensoriais, avaliando a aceitação dos consumidores e o prazo de vida comercial das formulações. Foram produzidas quatroformulações de lingüiça de frango: uma controle e três com diferentes concentrações de polifosfato: 0,1, 0,3 e 0,5%. Asamostras foram armazenadas sob refrigeração (0±1oC) e submetidas às análises de: atividade de água (aa); teor de umidade;produção de Bases Voláteis Totais (BVT); pH; substâncias reativas ao ácido 2-tiobarbitúrico (TBA) e sensorial. As análisesfísico-químicas foram realizadas, periodicamente, até o 15o dia de armazenamento. A análise sensorial (teste de aceitação emescala hedônica) foi realizada no 1o dia de armazenamento. Além da análise estatística descritiva, realizou-se a análise devariância e posterior teste de comparação entre médias (Tukey). A aa não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre asamostras. A produção de BVT nas amostras adicionadas de 0,5% de polifosfato foi menor que nas demais amostras. O pH,nas amostras com 0,5% de polifosfato mantiveram-se estáveis por um período maior em relação aos demais tratamentos. Aumidade foi maior nas amostras controle (70%) que nas adicionadas com 0,5% de polifosfato, o menor percentual (67%),ocorrendo diferença significativa (p 0,05) entre as duas formulações.

Efeitos da embalagem em atmosfera modificada sobre as alterações microbiológicas, químicas e sensoriais de pargo (Pagrus pagrus)

Para avaliar os efeitos da embalagem em atmosfera modificada na vida útil do pargo (Pagrus pagrus), 20 amostras foramsubmetidas a quatro diferentes tratamentos: 100% ar, 100% CO2, 100% N2, e 50/50 CO2/N2. Durante os 16 dias de estocagemforam coletadas amostras para contagem total de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas (CTBHAM), pH e avaliaçãosensorial de cor e odor. Os resultados obtidos foram organizados em tabelas e gráficos para realização de uma análiseestatística descritiva. O crescimento bacteriano foi mais acelerado, respectivamente, nas amostras embaladas em 100% ar,100% N2 e 50/50 CO2/N2, sendo os menores crescimentos observados nas embaladas em 100% CO2. As amostras emaerobiose apresentaram um aumento do pH, atingindo um máximo de 7,07 no 8o dia de estocagem, assim como as amostrasembaladas em 100% N2 atingiram um valor máximo de 7,49 no 16o dia. Os aspectos sensoriais da degradação foramprimeiramente observados no ar e mais tardiamente em 100% CO2. Pode-se concluir que a embalagem contendo 100% CO2se destacou das demais, mostrando bom desempenho na preservação da carne de pargo, aumentando sua vida útil e sendoa mais eficiente na manutenção dos parâmetros de qualidade.