Discerning the role of a site cation in ACoO3 perovskites for boosting Co3+/Co2+ redox cycle for pollutant degradation: DFT calculation, mechanism and toxicity evolution.

The degradation of persistent and refractory pollutants, particularly plastic and resins manufacturing wastewater, poses a significant challenge due to their high toxicity and high concentrations. This study developed a novel hybrid ACoO3 (A = La, Ce, Sr)/PMS perovskite system for the treatment of multicomponent (MCs; ACN, ACM and ACY) from synthetic resin manufacturing wastewater. Synthesized perovskites were characterized by various techniques i.e., BET, XRD, FESEM with EDAX, FTIR, TEM, XPS, EIS, and Tafel analysis. Perovskite LaCoO3 exhibited the highest degradation of MCs i.e., ACN (98.7%), ACM (86.3%), and ACY (56.4%), with consumption of PMS (95.2%) under the optimal operating conditions (LaCoO3 dose 0.8 g/L, PMS dose 2 g/L, pH 7.2 and reaction temperature 55 °C). The quantitative contribution (%) of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reveals that SO4•- are the dominating radical species, which contribute to ACN (58.3% for SO4•- radicals) and ACM degradation (46.4% for SO4•- radicals). The tafel plots and EIS spectra demonstrated that perovskites LaCoO3 have better charge transfer rates and more reactive sites that are favorable for PMS activation. Further, four major degradation pathways were proposed based on Fukui index calculations, as well as GC-MS characterization of intermediate byproducts. Based on a stability and reusability study, it was concluded that LaCoO3 perovskites are highly stable, and minimal cobalt leaching occurs (0.96 mg/L) after four cycles. The eco-toxicity assessment performed using QSAR model indicated that the byproducts of the LaCoO3/PMS system are non-toxic nature to common organism (i.e., fish, daphnids and green algae). In addition, the cost of the hybrid LaCoO3/PMS system in a single cycle was estimated to be $34.79 per cubic meter of resin wastewater.

Dissipation kinetics and the evaluation of dietary risks associated with deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin on bell pepper (Solanum annuum L.).

Bell peppers, a globally significant crop, face infestations from various pests. In a study, bell peppers were treated with deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin at recommended and double the doses, repeated twice with a 10-day interval. The QuEChERS method underwent validation for linearity, matrix match, accuracy, and precision in bell pepper matrices for residue analysis. The limit of detection for the tested pesticides on bell peppers was 0.01 mg/L, with a quantification limit of 0.05 mg/L. Recovery studies showed a range of 94.80% to 102.80%. Initial deposits of deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin on bell peppers at recommended doses were 0.371, 1.237, 0.617, and 0.640 mg/L, respectively, and at double doses were 0.712, 1.945, 1.221, and 1.189 mg/L, respectively. Safe waiting periods of 10, 11, 10, and 8 days were suggested for deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin, respectively. The corresponding half-lives for the pesticides were 1.96, 1.79, 2.06, and 1.69 days, all following first-order dissipation kinetics. Dietary risk assessment indicated Hazard Quotients (HQ) below 1 and Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) below Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and Maximum Permissible Intake (MPI) levels. Therefore, at their recommended doses, the pesticides were deemed safe for bell pepper cultivation.

Method validation, residue behaviour and dietary risk assessment of insecticides (cyantraniliprole, acetamiprid, flubendiamide and its metabolite, des-iodo flubendiamide) in or on broccoli using LC-MS/MS.

Residue behaviour and dietary risk assessment of cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid in broccoli were carried out using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) technique coupled with LC-MS/MS. The QuEChERS technique was validated on parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, matrix effects, limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, retention time and ion ratio as per SANTE (Directorate General for Health and Food Safety) guidelines to attest to the specificity, accuracy and precision of the analytical method in estimating insecticide residues in and on broccoli heads and cropped soil. The LOQ of the method for all three insecticides was 0.01 mg/kg. The initial deposits of cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid reduced to half of its concentration in 1.873-2.354, 1.975-2.484 and 1.371-1.620 days, respectively. No residues were detected in broccoli-cropped soil at harvest time (30 days after last spray). The proposed maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 1.5, 0.5-0.9 and 2.0-3 mg/kg for cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid were calculated using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development MRL calculator. The acute and chronic dietary risk assessment of the tested insecticides identified no appreciable dietary risk to the Indian population from the consumption of broccoli heads. The findings of no dietary risk highlight the importance of informed pesticide usage in broccoli and the proposed MRL derived from this study offers crucial guidelines for the regulatory authorities, ensuring the safety of broccoli consumption.

SpeedyPaddy: a revolutionized cost-effective protocol for large scale offseason advancement of rice germplasm.

BACKGROUND: Improving the rate of genetic gain of cereal crop will rely on the accelerated crop breeding pipelines to allow rapid delivery of improved crop varieties. The laborious, time-consuming traditional breeding cycle, and the seasonal variations are the key factor restricting the breeder to develop new varieties. To address these issues, a revolutionized cost-effective speed breeding protocol for large-scale rice germplasm advancement is presented in the present study. The protocol emphasises on optimizing potting material, balancing the double-edged sword of limited nutritional dose, mode and stage of application, plant density, temperature, humidity, light spectrum, intensity, photoperiod, and hormonal regulation to accelerate rice growth and development. RESULTS: The plant density of 700 plants/m2, cost-effective halogen tubes (B:G:R:FR-7.0:27.6:65.4:89.2) with an intensity of ∼ 750-800 µmol/m2/s and photoperiod of 13 h light and 11 h dark during seedling and vegetative stage and 8 h light and 16 h dark during reproductive stage had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on reducing the mean plant height, tillering, and inducing early flowering. Our results confirmed that one generation can be achieved within 68-75 days using the cost-effective SpeedyPaddy protocol resulting in 4-5 generations per year across different duration of rice varieties. The other applications include hybridization, trait-based phenotyping, and mapping of QTL/genes. The estimated cost to run one breeding cycle with plant capacity of 15,680 plants in SpeedyPaddy was $2941 including one-time miscellaneous cost which is much lower than the advanced controlled environment speed breeding facilities. CONCLUSION: The protocol offers a promising cost-effective solution with average saving of 2.0 to 2.6 months per breeding cycle with an integration of genomics-assisted selection, trait-based phenotyping, mapping of QTL/genes, marker development may accelerate the varietal development and release. This outstanding cost-effective break-through marks a significant leap in rice breeding addressing climate change and food security.

TREADS: Target Research for Anti-epileptic Drugs Using Data Science.

CONTEXT: Epilepsy is a common neurological disease and is classified into different types based on features such as the kind of seizure, age of onset, part of brain effected, etc. There are nearly 30 approved anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) for treating different epilepsies and each drug targets proteins exhibiting a specific molecular mechanism of action. There are many genes, proteins, and microRNAs known to be associated with different epileptic disorders. This rich information on epilepsy-associated data is not available at one single location and is scattered across multiple publicly available repositories. There is a need to have a single platform integrated with the data, as well as tools required for epilepsy research. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Text mining approaches are used to extract data from multiple biological sources. The data is curated and populated within an in-house developed epilepsy database. Machine-learning based models are built in-house to know the probability of a protein being druggable based on the significant protein features. A web interface is provided for the access of the epilepsy database as well as the ML-based tool developed in-house. RESULTS: The epilepsy-associated data is made accessible through a web browser. For a protein of interest, the platform provides all the feature values, and the results generated using different machine learning models are displayed as visualization plots. CONCLUSIONS: To meet these objectives, we present TREADS, a platform for epilepsy research community, having both database and an ML-based tool for the study of AED targets. TO ACCESS TREADS: https://treads-aer.cdacb.in.

Molecular pathways and therapeutic strategies in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP): unravelling the tumor's genetic landscape.

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma distinguished by its infiltrative growth pattern and recurrence potential. Understanding the molecular characteristics of DFSP is essential for enhancing its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies. The paper provides an overview of DFSP, highlighting the significance of its molecular understanding. The gene expression profiling has uncovered unique molecular signatures in DFSP, highlighting its heterogeneity and potential therapeutic targets. The Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptors (PDGFRs) and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) signaling pathways play essential roles in the progression and development of DFSP. The abnormal activation of these pathways presents opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Several emerging therapies, i.e., immunotherapies, immunomodulatory strategies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, offer promising alternatives to surgical resection. In DFSP management, combination strategies, including rational combination therapies, aim to exploit the synergistic effects and overcome resistance. The article consisting future perspectives and challenges includes the discovery of prognostic and predictive biomarkers to improve risk stratification and treatment selection. Preclinical models, such as Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and genetically engineered mouse models, help study the biology of DFSP and evaluate therapeutic interventions. The manuscript also covers small-molecule inhibitors, clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibitors for DFSP treatment, combination therapies, rational therapies, and resistance mechanisms, which are unique and not broadly covered in recent pieces of literature. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

The medicinal chemistry of piperazines: A review.

The versatile basic structure of piperazine allows for the development and production of newer bioactive molecules that can be used to treat a wide range of diseases. Piperazine derivatives are unique and can easily be modified for the desired pharmacological activity. The two opposing nitrogen atoms in a six-membered piperazine ring offer a large polar surface area, relative structural rigidity, and more acceptors and donors of hydrogen bonds. These properties frequently result in greater water solubility, oral bioavailability, and ADME characteristics, as well as improved target affinity and specificity. Various synthetic protocols have been reported for piperazine and its derivatives. In this review, we focused on recently published synthetic protocols for the synthesis of the piperazine and its derivatives. The structure-activity relationship concerning different biological activities of various piperazine-containing drugs has also been highlighted to provide a good understanding to researchers for future research on piperazines.

Development of CRID3-Based Anti-inflammatory Agents to Ameliorate Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Memory Impairment in Zebrafish Models.

Chronic hypoxic exposure triggers the onset and progression of cognitive dysfunction; however, the mechanisms underlying chronic hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation and its contribution to cognitive dysfunction remain poorly understood. Although inflammation and hypoxia are interdependent, numerous recent studies have linked the development of various human diseases to hypoxia-induced inflammation. In this study, we focused on the NLRP3 inflammasome with novel analogues of cytokine release inhibitory drug 3 (CRID3), a class of small molecule inhibitors for the NLRP3 inflammasome, to investigate their potential contribution to alleviating chronic hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation using the zebrafish model. The designed CRID3 analogues 6a-q were prepared from 2-methyl furan-3-carboxylate, following a four-step reaction sequence and fully characterized by NMR and mass spectral analysis. The administration of CRID3 analogues 6a-q led to a notable reduction in neuroinflammation and an increase in glial proliferation markers in both sexes. In addition, we investigated the potential effects of CRID3 analogues 6a-q through various behavioral tasks to assess their role in ameliorating post-hypoxic behavioral deficits and cognitive impairment. Notably, the study revealed that post-chronic hypoxia, male zebrafish exhibited significantly higher levels of inflammatory marker expression than females. Furthermore, we observed that the neurogenic response to treatment with CRID3 derivative 6o varied depending on the sex, with females showing a sex-specific differential increase in neurogenesis compared to males. This work emphasizes the significance of considering sex differences into account in developing therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders, as shown by the sex-specific molecular and behavioral changes in zebrafish cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation.

Pro-angiogenic Terbium Hydroxide Nanorods Improve Critical Limb Ischemia in Part by Amelioration of Ischemia-Induced Endothelial Injury.

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) refers to a severe condition resulting from gradual obstruction in the supply of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the limbs. The most promising clinical solution to CLI is therapeutic angiogenesis. This study explored the potency of pro-angiogenic terbium hydroxide nanorods (THNR) for treatment of CLI, with a major focus on their impact on ischemia-induced maladaptive alterations in endothelial cells as well as on vascularization in ischemic limbs. This study demonstrated that, in hypoxia-exposed endothelial cells, THNR improve survival and promote proliferation, migration, restoration of nitric oxide production, and regulation of vascular permeability. Based on molecular studies, these attributes of THNR can be traced to the stimulation of PI3K/AKT/eNOS signaling pathways. Besides, Wnt/GSK-3ß/ß-catenin signaling pathways may also play a role in the therapeutic actions of THNR. Furthermore, in the murine model of CLI, THNR administration can integrally re-establish blood perfusion with concomitant reduction of muscle damage and inflammation. Additionally, improvement of locomotor activities and motor coordination in ischemic limbs in THNR treated mice is also evident. Overall, the study demonstrates that THNR have the potential to be developed as an efficacious and cost-effective alternative clinical therapy for CLI, using a nanomedicine approach.

Structure of the human systemic RNAi defective transmembrane protein 1 (hSIDT1) reveals the conformational flexibility of its lipid binding domain.

In Caenorhabditis elegans, inter-cellular transport of the small non-coding RNA causing systemic RNAi is mediated by the transmembrane protein SID1, encoded by the sid1 gene in the systemic RNAi defective (sid) loci. SID1 shares structural and sequence similarity with cholesterol uptake protein 1 (CHUP1) and is classified as a member of the ChUP family. Although systemic RNAi is not an evolutionarily conserved process, the sid gene products are found across the animal kingdom, suggesting the existence of other novel gene regulatory mechanisms mediated by small non-coding RNAs. Human homologs of sid gene products-hSIDT1 and hSIDT2-mediate contact-dependent lipophilic small non-coding dsRNA transport. Here, we report the structure of recombinant human SIDT1. We find that the extra-cytosolic domain of hSIDT1 adopts a double jelly roll fold, and the transmembrane domain exists as two modules-a flexible lipid binding domain and a rigid transmembrane domain core. Our structural analyses provide insights into the inherent conformational dynamics within the lipid binding domain in ChUP family members.

A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study on the Histopathology of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Endoscopic Biopsy in Dyspeptic Patients.

Background Dyspepsia is one of the most common GI complaints encountered in clinical practice. Histopathological assessment of endoscopic gastric mucosa biopsy is crucial to delineate the exact cause of dyspepsia to guide patients' management. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological spectrum of upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract endoscopic biopsies and to study the age and sex distribution of the predominant upper GI lesions. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, from January 2022 to December 2023. All endoscopic mucosal biopsies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (first and second parts) lesions were examined under a microscope for histopathological findings. Results Out of 250 endoscopic biopsies studied, there were 76 cases of esophageal biopsies, 149 cases of gastric biopsies, and 25 cases of duodenal biopsies. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. Non-neoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions. The most common lesions encountered were esophagitis in the esophagus, gastritis in the stomach, and duodenitis in the duodenum. Conclusion The main organic cause of dyspepsia in our setting was chronic gastritis. We conclude that endoscopy of the upper GI tract and histopathological examination help in the earlier detection of both benign and malignant lesions. This aids in better timely management of the patients and improves the overall treatment provided resulting in a better prognosis.

The Catalysts-Based Synthetic Approaches to Quinolines: A Review.

The most common heterocyclic aromatic molecule with potential uses in industry and medicine is quinoline. Its chemical formula is C9H7N, and it has a distinctive double-ring structure with a pyridine moiety fused with a benzene ring. Various synthetic approaches synthesize quinoline derivatives. These approaches include solvent-free synthetic approach, mechanochemistry, ultrasonic, photolytic synthetic approach, and microwave and catalytic synthetic approaches. One of the important synthetic approaches is a catalyst-based synthetic approach in which different catalysts are used such as silver-based catalysts, titanium-based nanoparticle catalysts, new iridium catalysts, barium-based catalysts, iron-based catalysts, gold-based catalysts, nickel-based catalyst, some metal-based photocatalyst, α-amylase biocatalyst, by using multifunctional metal-organic framework-metal nanoparticle tandem catalyst etc. In the present study, we summarized different catalyst-promoted reactions that have been reported for the synthesis of quinoline. Hopefully, the study will be helpful for the researchers.

A Study of Ki-67 Immunostaining in Prostate Carcinomas and Its Correlation with Gleason's Score and Prognosis: An Experience at a Tertiary Centre in the Himalayan Foothills.

Prostate cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality among men worldwide, necessitating the exploration of prognostic biomarkers to aid in accurate risk assessment and treatment decision-making. This cross-sectional study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the role of Ki-67 as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer by examining its association with clinicopathological parameters. A total of 102 archived cases of prostate core biopsy specimens, histopathologically reported as prostate carcinoma, were included in this study. Histopathological grading was conducted using Gleason's scoring and grading system based on morphology. The statistical software "R" was utilized for data analysis. Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher's exact test were employed to analyze the association between Ki-67 expression and clinicopathological parameters. The study revealed significant correlations between Ki-67 expression and various clinicopathological parameters in prostate cancer cases. High Ki-67 expression levels were associated with higher Gleason scores, increased incidence of perineural invasion, advanced T stages, lymph node metastasis, presence of distant metastasis, and higher prognostic stage groups. The findings of this cross-sectional study support the potential of Ki-67 as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer. The significant associations observed between Ki-67 expression and clinicopathological parameters indicate its usefulness in risk stratification and treatment decision-making. The incorporation of histopathological grading, including Gleason scoring, and analysis of perineural invasion strengthens the validity of the study. Ki-67, in combination with morphological assessments, provides valuable prognostic information for prostate cancer patients.

Pleural effusion guidelines from ICS and NCCP Section 1: Basic principles, laboratory tests and pleural procedures.

Pleural effusion is a common problem in our country, and most of these patients need invasive tests as they can't be evaluated by blood tests alone. The simplest of them is diagnostic pleural aspiration, and diagnostic techniques such as medical thoracoscopy are being performed more frequently than ever before. However, most physicians in India treat pleural effusion empirically, leading to delays in diagnosis, misdiagnosis and complications from wrong treatments. This situation must change, and the adoption of evidence-based protocols is urgently needed. Furthermore, the spectrum of pleural disease in India is different from that in the West, and yet Western guidelines and algorithms are used by Indian physicians. Therefore, India-specific consensus guidelines are needed. To fulfil this need, the Indian Chest Society and the National College of Chest Physicians; the premier societies for pulmonary physicians came together to create this National guideline. This document aims to provide evidence based recommendations on basic principles, initial assessment, diagnostic modalities and management of pleural effusions.

Benign Lesion of the Common Bile Duct Mimicking a Malignant Tumor: an Entity Commonly Overdiagnosed Clinically.

Adenomyomatous hyperplasia and adenomyoma are rare benign inflammatory pseudotumors of the gallbladder arising from Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. Occurrence of these hyperplastic conditions in the Vaterian and biliary system is extremely rare and is a concern for gastroenterologists and surgeons in distinguishing them from primary malignancies of the biliary system. Definitive diagnosis by imaging or cytopathological examination is difficult; thus, surgical resection becomes the only choice in such cases to relieve the obstruction. Here, we report two extremely rare cases of adenomyomatous hyperplasia of the extrahepatic bile duct after an extensive diagnostic workup, followed by Whipple's procedure.

Development of Novel KASP Markers for Improved Germination in Deep-Sown Direct Seeded Rice.

BACKGROUND: The lack of stable-high yielding and direct-seeded adapted varieties with better germination ability from deeper soil depth and availability of molecular markers are major limitation in achieving the maximum yield potential of rice under water and resource limited conditions. Development of high-throughput and trait-linked markers are of great interest in genomics-assisted breeding. The aim of present study was to develop and validate novel KASP (Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR) markers associated with traits improving germination and seedling vigor of deep sown direct seeded rice (DSR). RESULTS: Out of 58 designed KASP assays, four KASP assays did not show any polymorphism in any of the eleven genetic backgrounds considered in the present study. The 54 polymorphic KASP assays were then validated for their robustness and reliability on the F1s plants developed from eight different crosses considered in the present study. The third next validation was carried out on 256 F3:F4 and 713 BC3F2:3 progenies. Finally, the reliability of the KASP assays was accessed on a set of random 50 samples from F3:F4 and 80-100 samples from BC3F2:3 progenies using the 10 random markers. From the 54 polymorphic KASP, based on the false positive rate, false negative rate, KASP utility in different genetic backgrounds and significant differences in the phenotypic values of the positive (desirable) and negative (undesirable) traits, a total of 12 KASP assays have been selected. These 12 KASP include 5 KASP on chromosome 3, 1 on chromosome 4, 3 on chromosome 7 and 3 on chromosome 8. The two SNPs lying in the exon regions of LOC_Os04g34290 and LOC_Os08g32100 led to non-synonymous mutations indicating a possible deleterious effect of the SNP variants on the protein structure. CONCLUSION: The present research work will provide trait-linked KASP assays, improved breeding material possessing favourable alleles and breeding material in form of expected pre-direct-seeded adapted rice varieties. The marker can be utilized in introgression program during pyramiding of valuable QTLs/genes providing adaptation to rice under DSR. The functional studies of the genes LOC_Os04g34290 and LOC_Os08g32100 possessing two validated SNPs may provide valuable information about these genes.

Mechanistic insights of PO43- functionalized carbon nitride homojunction hydrogels in photocatalytic-self-Fenton-peroxymonosulfate system for tetracycline degradation.

In this study, metal-free PO43- enriched g-C3N4/g-C3N4 (PGCN) homojunction alginate 3D beads were developed for in-situ H2O2 production under visible light. Later, the photocatalytic-self-Fenton system was integrated with peroxymonosulfate for tetracycline degradation. Initially, the PO43- enriched g-C3N4 (PCN) and a homojunction composed of PCN and g-C3N4 (GCN) were prepared via the wet-impregnation method. Later, PGCN homojunction was formulated into 3D alginate beads through the blend-crosslinking method. The comprehensive characterization of the homojunction beads affirmed the closer contact between the semiconductors, alteration of the bandgap, faster channelization of electron-hole pairs, and improved separation of charge carriers that attributed to higher catalytic efficacy. The PGCN beads exhibited a maximum H2O2 production of 535 ± 12 µM under visible light irradiation for 60 min. The homojunction hydrogels displayed 99 ± 0.25 % tetracycline degradation in 20 min in the photocatalytic-self-Fenton-PMS system. The experimental studies also claimed a maximum chemical oxygen demand removal of 81 ± 3.6 % in 20 min with maximum reusability of beads up to 20 cycles. The Z-scheme electron migration mechanism is proposed based on the results aided by scavenger and electron spin resonance analysis. Overall, the as-synthesized alginate-supported homojunction-based photocatalytic-self-Fenton-peroxymonosulfate system is highly versatile and reusable for energy and environmental remediation.

Spongy Scalp Swelling in a Middle-Aged Female: A Case Report of Lipedematous Scalp.

Lipedematous scalp is a rare cutaneous disorder, characterized by subtle but conspicuous scalp swelling, usually associated with dysesthesia. The chronic recalcitrant nature of this condition can be extremely debilitating for the patient. We report a case of boggy scalp swelling and dysesthesia in a 37­year­old female present for five years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain showed thickening of subcutaneous tissue of the scalp. Histopathological examination revealed thickened and edematous subcutaneous tissue, reaching up to the upper dermis. A diagnosis of lipedematous scalp was made. The patient was reassured about the benign nature of the disease and given symptomatic treatment for dysesthesia. Herein we discuss the approach to a case of boggy dysesthetic scalp swelling and the available treatment options.