Sex disparities of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality among patients living with tuberculosis in the United States.

Background: We aimed to determine the trend of TB-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: TB-related mortality data of decedents aged ≥25 years from 2006 to 2021 were analyzed. Excess deaths were estimated by determining the difference between observed and projected mortality rates during the pandemic. Results: A total of 18,628 TB-related deaths were documented from 2006 to 2021. TB-related age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) were 0.51 in 2020 and 0.52 in 2021, corresponding to an excess mortality of 10.22 and 9.19%, respectively. Female patients with TB demonstrated a higher relative increase in mortality (26.33 vs. 2.17% in 2020; 21.48 vs. 3.23% in 2021) when compared to male. Female aged 45-64 years old showed a surge in mortality, with an annual percent change (APC) of -2.2% pre-pandemic to 22.8% (95% CI: -1.7 to 68.7%) during the pandemic, corresponding to excess mortalities of 62.165 and 99.16% in 2020 and 2021, respectively; these excess mortality rates were higher than those observed in the overall female population ages 45-64 years in 2020 (17.53%) and 2021 (33.79%). Conclusion: The steady decline in TB-related mortality in the United States has been reversed by COVID-19. Female with TB were disproportionately affected by the pandemic.

Methyl jasmonate-induced bHLH42 mediates tissue-specific accumulation of anthocyanins via regulating flavonoid metabolism-related pathways in Caitai.

Anthocyanin is a type of plant secondary metabolite beneficial to human health. The anthocyanin content of vegetable and fruit crops signifies their nutritional quality. However, the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation, especially tissue-specific accumulation, in Caitai, as well as in other Brassica rapa varieties, remains elusive. In the present study, taking advantage of three kinds of Caitai cultivars with diverse colour traits between leaves and stems, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis and identified the molecular pathway of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Caitai leaves and stems, respectively. Our further investigations demonstrate that bHLH42, which is robustly induced by MeJA, closely correlates with tissue-specific accumulation of anthocyanins in Caitai; bHLH42 upregulates the expression of flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes to activate anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, importantly, overexpression of bHLH42 significantly improves the anthocyanin content of Caitai. Our analysis convincingly suggests that bHLH42 induced by jasmonic acid signalling plays a crucial role in tissue-specific accumulation of anthocyanins in Caitai.

Rab11b promotes M1-like macrophage polarization by restraining autophagic degradation of NLRP3 in alcohol-associated liver disease.

Macrophage polarization is vital to mounting a host defense or repairing tissue in various liver diseases. Excessive activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is related to the orchestration of inflammation and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) pathology. Rab GTPases play critical roles in regulating vesicular transport. In this study we investigated the role of Rab11b in ALD, aiming to identify effective therapeutic targets. Here, we first demonstrated a decreased expression of Rab11b in macrophages from ALD mice. Knockdown of Rab11b by macrophage-specific adeno-associated virus can alleviate alcohol induced liver inflammation, injury and steatosis. We found that LPS and alcohol stimulation promoted Rab11b transferring from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) cells. Rab11b specifically activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in BMDMs and RAW264.7 cells to induce M1 macrophage polarization. Rab11b overexpression in BMDMs inhibited autophagic flux, leading to the suppression of LC3B-mediated NLRP3 degradation. We conclude that impaired Rab11b could alleviate alcohol-induced liver injury via autophagy-mediated NLRP3 degradation.

Differences in the pathogenicity and molecular characteristics of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 epidemic strains in Guangxi Province, southern China.

Starting in 2015, the widespread prevalence of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) has led to considerable financial losses within China's poultry farming industry. In this study, pathogenicity assessments, whole-genome sequencing, and analyses were conducted on 10 new isolates of the novel genotype FAdV-4 during a HHS outbreak in Guangxi Province, China, from 2019 to 2020. The results indicated that strains GX2019-010 to GX2019-013 and GX2019-015 to GX2019-018 were highly virulent, while strain GX2020-019 exhibited moderate virulence. Strain GX2019-014 was characterized as a wild-type strain with low virulence, displaying no pathogenic effects when 0.5 mL containing 106 TCID50 virus was inoculated into the muscle of specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens at 4 weeks of age, while 107 TCID50 and 108 TCID50 resulted in mortality rates of 80 and 100%, respectively. The whole genomes of strains GX2019-010 to GX2019-013, GX2019-015 to GX2019-018, and GX2020-019 showed high homology with other Chinese newly emerging highly pathogenic FAdV-4 strains, whereas GX2019-014 was closer to nonmutant strains and shared the same residues with known nonpathogenic strains (B1-7, KR5, and ON1) at positions 219AA and 380AA of the Fiber-2 protein. Our work enriches the research on prevalent strains of FAdV-4 in China, expands the knowledge on the virulence diversity of the novel genotype FAdV-4, and provides valuable reference material for further investigations into the key virulence-associated genetic loci of FAdV-4.

Fluorinated Naphthalene Diimides as Buried Electron Transport Materials Achieve Over 23% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

Naphthalene diimides (NDI) are widely serving as the skeleton to construct electron transport materials (ETMs) for optoelectronic devices. However, most of the reported NDI-based ETMs suffer from poor interfaces with the perovskite which deteriorates the carrier extraction and device stability. Here, a representative design concept for editing the peripheral groups of NDI molecules to achieve multifunctional properties is introduced. The resulting molecule 2,7-bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl)benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2H,7H)-tetraone (NDI-C4F) incorporated with hydrophobic fluorine units contributes to the prevention of excessive molecular aggregation, the improvement of surface wettability and the formation of strong chemical coordination with perovskite precursors. All these features favor retarding the perovskite crystallization and achieving superior buried interfaces, which subsequently promote charge collection and improve the structural compatibility between perovskite and ETMs. The corresponding PSCs based on low-temperature processed NDI-C4F yield a record efficiency of 23.21%, which is the highest reported value for organic ETMs in n-i-p PSCs. More encouragingly, the unencapsulated devices with NDI-C4F demonstrate extraordinary stability by retaining over 90% of their initial PCEs after 2600 h in air. This work provides an alternative molecular strategy to engineer the buried interfaces and can trigger further development of organic ETMs toward reliable PSCs.

Novel prognostic alternative splicing events in colorectal Cancer: Impact on immune infiltration and therapy response.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to comprehensively analyze alternative splicing (AS) features in colorectal cancer (CRC) using integrative multi-omics and to elucidate their relationship with the CRC immune microenvironment. METHODS: Transcriptomic data, clinical information, and Percent Spliced In (PSI) values of AS events for CRC patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and TCGA SpliceSeq databases. Differentially expressed AS events were identified. Univariate Cox analysis was used to pinpoint prognosis-related AS events. A prognostic risk model was developed and validated using multivariate Cox analysis, patient survival analysis, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), immune infiltration, immunotherapy, chemotherapy sensitivity analyses, and regulatory relationships between AS events and splicing factors (SFs) were conducted. Single-cell sequencing was used to study the distribution of key factors. siRNA and overexpression vectors were utilized to silence/overexpress BCAS1 in CRC cells and evaluate their effects on cell growth, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, the interaction between BCAS1 and ANO7 pre-mRNA was investigated using RIP-PCR. RESULTS: 82 prognosis-related AS events were identified in CRC patients. A 15-AS prognostic model was constructed, which correlated with immune cell infiltration and showed differences in immunotherapy and chemotherapy sensitivity. BCAS1 was identified as a potential regulator of the ANO7|58341|AT splicing event in CRC. Single-cell sequencing analysis revealed the distribution of BCAS1 and ANO7 in cancer stem cells. In vitro experiments demonstrated that overexpression of BCAS1 and silencing of ANO7 inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells. Moreover, BCAS1 suppresses the progression of CRC by modulating ANO7 alternative splicing. CONCLUSION: This study provides new insights into the role of alternative splicing in colorectal cancer, particularly the potential regulatory action of BCAS1 on the ANO7|58341|AT splicing event. It also identifies the impact of alternative splicing on the tumor microenvironment and potential implications for immunotherapy, highlighting its relevance for the in-depth study and treatment of CRC.

The Anti-Biofilm Properties of Phloretin and Its Analogs against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Its Complex Flora.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is crucial for the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This research investigated the effects of the fruit-derived flavonoid phloretin and its analogs on the growth of pure P. gingivalis and the flora of P. gingivalis mixed with the symbiotic oral pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus mitis. The results showed that the tested flavonoids had little effect on the biofilm amount of pure P. gingivalis, but significantly reduced the biofilm amount of mixed flora to 83.6~89.1%. Biofilm viability decreased to 86.7~92.8% in both the pure- and mixed-bacterial groups after naringenin and phloretin treatments. SEM showed that phloretin and phlorizin displayed a similar and remarkable destructive effect on P. gingivalis and the mixed biofilms. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that biofilm formation was inhibited by these flavonoids, and phloretin significantly regulated the transcription of quorum sensing. Phlorizin and phloretin reduced AI-2 activity to 45.9% and 55.4%, respectively, independent of the regulation of related gene transcription. This research marks the first finding that these flavonoids possess anti-biofilm properties against P. gingivalis and its intricate bacterial community, and the observed performance variations, driven by structural differences, underscore the existence of intriguing structure-activity relationships.

Genomic variation induced by a low concentration of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in quinoa 'Longli-4' variety.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, 2n = 4x = 36), a super pseudocereal crop, has been introduced into China nearly 60 years. Many excellent varieties have been developed through massive selection; however, few are developed through mutagenesis breeding. In this study, the 'Longli-4' variety, locally cultivated in Gansu province, Northwest China, was selected for experimentation. The grains of 'Longli-4' were treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) at a concentration of 0.8% for 8 h. Nine plants from independent M2 families were randomly selected to investigate the mutagenesis effect of EMS on the quinoa genome. The results indicated that the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) induced by EMS were unevenly distributed across all 18 chromosomes, with an average mutation frequency of 91.2 SNPs/Mb, ranging from 4.5 to 203.5 SNPs/Mb. A significant positive correlation between the number of SNPs and chromosome length was identified through linear model analysis. Transitions from G/C to A/T were the most predominated in all variant categories, accounting for 34.4-67.2% of the mutations, and SNPs were significantly enriched in intergenic regions, representing 69.2-75.1% of the total mutations. This study provides empirical support for the application of low concentration EMS treatment in quinoa breeding.

High-Tcsuperconductivity in doped molecular superconductors ofK4B8-xMxH32(M = C, N) under high pressure.

Stabilized and metallic light elements hydrides have provided a potential route to achieve the goal of room-temperature superconductors at moderate or ambient pressures. Here, we have performed systematic DFT theoretical calculations to examine the effects of different light elements C and N atoms doped in cubic K4B8H32hydrides on the superconductivity at low pressures. As a result of various atoms substituting, we have found that metallic K4B_{8-x}MxH32(M = C, N) hydrides are dynamically stable at 50 GPa, band structures and density of states (DOS) indicate that sizeableTccorrelates with a high B-H DOS at the Fermi level. With the increasing of B atoms in K4B_{8-x}MxH32hydrides, the DOS values at Fermi level have been improved due to the delocalized electrons in B-H bonds, which result in strong electron-phonon coupling (EPC) interaction and increase theTcfrom 19.04 to 77.07 K for KC2H8and KB2H8at 50 GPa. The NH4unit in stable K4B7NH32hydrides has weakened the EPC and led to lowTcvalue of 21.47 K. Our results suggest the light elements hydrides KB2H8and K4B7CH32could estimate highTcvalues at 50 GPa, and the boron hydrides would be potential candidates to design or modulate hydrides superconductors with highTcat moderate or ambient pressures.

Photodetectors Based on MASnI3/MoS2 Hybrid-Dimensional Heterojunction Transistors: Breaking the Responsivity-Speed Trade-Off.

Hybrid-dimensional heterojunction transistor (HDHT) photodetectors (PDs) have achieved high responsivities but unfortunately are still with unacceptably slow response speeds. Here, we propose a MASnI3/MoS2 HDHT PD, which exhibits the possibility to obtain high responsivity and fast response simultaneously. By exploring the detailed photoelectric responses utilizing a precise optoelectronic coupling simulation, the electrical performance of the device is optimally manipulated and the underlying physical mechanisms are carefully clarified. Particularly, the influence and modulation characteristics of the trap effects on the carrier dynamics of the PDs are investigated. We find that the localized trap effect in perovskite, especially at its top surface, is primarily responsible for the high responsivity and long response time; moreover, it is normally hard to break such a responsivity-speed trade-off due to the inherent limitation of the trap effect. By synergistically coupling the photogating effect, trap effect, and gate regulation, we indicate that it is possible to achieve an enhancement of the responsivity-bandwidth product by about 3 orders of magnitude. This study facilitates a fine modulation of the responsivity-speed relationship of hybrid-dimensional PDs, enabling breaking the traditional responsivity-speed trade-off of many PDs.

In situ Blending For Co-Deposition of Electron Transport and Perovskite Layers Enables Over 24% Efficiency Stable Inverted Solar Cells.

Simplifying the manufacturing processes of multilayered high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is yet of vital importance for their cost-effective production. Herein, an in situ blending strategy is presented for co-deposition of electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite absorber by incorporating (3-(7-butyl-1,3,6,8-tetraoxo-3,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo- [lmn][3,8]phenanthrolin-2(1H)-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid (NDP) into the perovskite precursor solutions. The phosphonic acid-like anchoring group coupled with its large molecular size drives the migration of NDP toward indium tin oxide (ITO) surface to form a distinct ETL during perovskite film forming. This strategy circumvents the critical wetting issue and simultaneously improves the interfacial charge collection efficiencies. Consequently, n-i-p PSCs based on in situ blended NDP achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.01%, which is one of the highest values for PSCs using organic ETLs. This performance is notably higher than that of ETL-free (21.19%) and independently spin-coated (21.42%) counterparts. More encouragingly, the in situ blending strategy dramatically enhances the device stability under harsh conditions by retaining over 90% of initial efficiencies after 250 h in 100 °C or 65% humidity storage. Moreover, this strategy is universally adaptable to various perovskite compositions, device architectures, and electron transport materials (ETMs), showing great potential for applications in diverse optoelectronic devices.

Unveiling Energy Conversion Mechanisms and Regulation Strategies in Perovskite Solar Cells.

Despite recent revolutionary advancements in photovoltaic (PV) technology, further improving cell efficiencies toward their Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limits remains challenging due to inherent optical, electrical, and thermal losses. Currently, most research focuses on improving optical and electrical performance through maximizing spectral utilization and suppressing carrier recombination losses, while there is a serious lack of effective opto-electro-thermal coupled management, which, however, is crucial for further improving PV performance and the practical application of PV devices. In this article, the energy conversion and loss processes of a PV device (with a specific focus on perovskite solar cells) are detailed under both steady-state and transient processes through rigorous opto-electro-thermal coupling simulation. By innovatively coupling multi-physical behaviors of photon management, carrier/ion transport, and thermodynamics, it meticulously quantifies and analyzes energy losses across optical, electrical, and thermal domains, identifies heat components amenable to regulation, and proposes specific regulatory means, evaluates their impact on device efficiency and operating temperature, offering valuable insights to advance PV technology for practical applications.

Porphyrin metabolism and carbon fixation response of Skeletonema costatum at different growth phases to mixed emerging PFASs at environmental concentrations.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), especially as emerging compounds, have been widely detected in coastal seawater. However, the awareness of the interaction between PFASs at environmental concentrations and marine diatoms is still limited. In this study, Skeletonema costatum was exposed to three co-existing PFASs, namely hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), 6 : 2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFAES), and perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS) (15-300 ng L-1 in total), for 14 days. In the 300 ng L-1 test group, the significant down-regulation of chlorophyllide a in porphyrin metabolism, light-harvesting capacity and carbon fixation were the main inhibitory mechanisms of photosynthesis by emerging PFASs at the 14th day compared to the 8th day, which indicated that they may have a shading effect on S. costatum. Additionally, mixed PFASs could also activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by up-regulating gene gp91 and down-regulating genes CaM4 and NDPK2 to generate excessive ROS. This resulted in a decrease in the algal biomass, which would further weaken the primary productivity of S. costatum. Our findings illustrated that mixed emerging PFASs at environmental concentrations may interfere with the carbon balance of marine diatoms.

Unveiling the Hub Genes Involved in Cadmium-Induced Hepatotoxicity.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that can cause severe liver damage in both humans and animals. However, the specific genes responsible for Cd-induced hepatotoxicity are still not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the key genes associated with Cd-induced liver damage. To achieve this, we utilized the GSE19662 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which consisted of rat hepatocyte samples treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) as well as control groups. By focusing on rat hepatocytes treated with 0.10 ppm of CdCl2, the study identified 851 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 438 genes being upregulated and 413 genes being downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were primarily involved in inflammatory responses, xenobiotic metabolic processes, and the response to drugs and xenobiotic stimuli. Finally, the study identified several hub genes, including CYP2E1, CYP3A62, CYP2C11, CYP2C13, CYP2B3, HSP90B1, HSP90AA1, GSTA2, and MAPK8, which were associated with CdCl2-induced liver damage. Furthermore, pathway analysis demonstrated that these hub genes were mainly linked to pathways involved in chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic processes, steroid hormone biosynthesis, retinol metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, inflammatory mediator regulation, Ras, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. In conclusion, this study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd-induced liver damage.

Recent advances and prospects of constructed wetlands in cold climates: a review from 2013 to 2023.

Constructed wetland (CW), a promising, environmentally responsible, and effective green ecological treatment technology, is actively involved in the treatment of various forms of wastewater. Low temperatures will, however, lead to issues including plant dormancy, decreased microbial activity, and ice formation in CWs, which will influence how well CWs process wastewater. Applying CWs successfully and continuously in cold areas is extremely difficult. Therefore, it is crucial to find solutions for the pressing issue of increasing the CWs' ability to process wastewater at low temperatures. This review focuses on the effect of cold climate on CWs (plants, substrates, microorganisms, removal effect of pollutants). It meticulously outlines current strategies to enhance CWs' performance under low-temperature conditions, including modifications for the improvement and optimization of the internal components (i.e., plant and substrate selection, bio-augmentation) and enhancement of the external operation conditions of CWs (such as process combination, effluent recirculation, aeration, heat preservation, and operation parameter optimization). Finally, future perspectives on potential research directions and technological innovations that could strengthen CWs' performance in cold climates are prospected. This review aims to contribute valuable insights into the operation strategies, widespread implementation, and subsequent study of CWs in colder climate regions.

Simultaneous differential detection of H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of avian influenza viruses by a triplex fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.

H5, H7, and H9 are pivotal avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes that cause substantial economic losses and pose potential threats to public health worldwide. In this study, a novel triplex fluorescence reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TLAMP) assay was developed in which traditional LAMP techniques were combined with probes for detection. Through this innovative approach, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV can be simultaneously identified and differentiated, thereby offering crucial technical support for prevention and control efforts. Three primer sets and composite probes were designed based on conserved regions of the haemagglutinin gene for each subtype. The probes were labelled with distinct fluorophores at their 3' ends, which were detached to release the fluorescence signal during the amplification process. The detection results were interpreted based on the colour of the TLAMP products. Then, the reaction conditions were optimized, and three primer sets and probes were combined in the same reaction system, resulting in a TLAMP detection assay for the differential diagnosis of AIV subtypes. Sensitivity testing with in vitro-transcribed RNA revealed that the detection limit of the TLAMP assay was 205 copies per reaction for H5, 360 copies for H7, and 545 copies for H9. The TLAMP assay demonstrated excellent specificity, no cross-reactivity with related avian viruses, and 100% consistency with a previously published quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Therefore, due to its simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity, this TLAMP assay is suitable for epidemiological investigations and is a valuable tool for detecting and distinguishing H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV in clinical samples.

Enhancing the diagnostic accuracy of colorectal cancer through the integration of serum tumor markers and hematological indicators with machine learning algorithms.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer has a high incidence and mortality rate due to a low rate of early diagnosis. Therefore, efficient diagnostic methods are urgently needed. PURPOSE: This study assesses the diagnostic effectiveness of Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) serum tumor markers for colorectal cancer (CRC) and investigates a machine learning-based diagnostic model incorporating these markers with blood biochemical indices for improved CRC detection. METHOD: Between January 2019 and December 2021, data from 800 CRC patients and 697 controls were collected; 52 patients and 63 controls attending the same hospital in 2022 were collected as an external validation set. Markers' effectiveness was analyzed individually and collectively, using metrics like ROC curve AUC and F1 score. Variables chosen through backward regression, including demographics and blood tests, were tested on six machine learning models using these metrics. RESULT: In the case group, the levels of CEA, CA199, and CA125 were found to be higher than those in the control group. Combining these with a fourth serum marker significantly improved predictive efficacy over using any single marker alone, achieving an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.801. Using stepwise regression (backward), 17 variables were meticulously selected for evaluation in six machine learning models. Among these models, the Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) emerged as the top performer in the training set, test set, and external validation set, boasting an AUC value of over 0.9, indicating its superior predictive power. CONCLUSION: Machine learning models integrating tumor markers and blood indices offer superior CRC diagnostic accuracy, potentially enhancing clinical practice.

The investigation of the enrichment behavior of identified PFAS and unknown PFAA-precursors in water and suspended particulate matter of the surface microlayer: A case study in Tianjin (China).

The surface microlayer (SML) is an important air water interface layer, known as the skin of the ocean, which has chemical enrichment properties. Chemical enrichment in the SML can affect the occurrence of pollutants in the underlying water and air samples. Although the enrichment of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS), a class of persistent organic pollutants of high concern, has been reported in the SML, information on the behavior of unknown PFAA-precursors in SML is lacked, and it is not clear whether there is a similar PFAS enrichment in suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the SML. Therefore, to investigate these questions, we conducted a systematic survey of 24 PFAS in 11 paired water and SPM samples from the SML and underlying water (U50cm and U2m) from the Duliujian River, which flows to the Bohai sea in Tianjin, China. The ∑PFAS mean concentrations in the water and SPM samples were 38.2 ng/L and 64.6 ng/g dw, respectively. The PFAS concentrations of PFAS in the SML were higher than those in the underlying water, and the enrichment factors (EFs) were greater in the SPM than that in the water. The long-chain PFAS EFs were greater than those for short-chain PFAS, indicating that the EFs were positively correlated with the hydrophobicity. Moreover, by applying the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay, the unknown PFAA-precursors (C5-C12) in the water and SPM contributed 11.4∼86.4 mol% and 7.1∼88.0 mol% to total PFAS, respectively. The ecological risk of the targeted PFAS in the SML was relatively higher than that in the underlying water, indicating that PFAS in the SML require more attention. Preliminary estimates indicate that the PFAS-enriched SML is an important exposure route that poses a potential risk to wildlife in rivers and oceans.