Near 2π solid angle fluorescence collection for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

Detecting heavy metal and radioactive elements distributed in the environment and human body is crucial for life and environmental safety. A lens with a high numerical aperture (NA) is used in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to collect the plasma fluorescence as much as possible and improve the limit of detection. However, even a lens with NA up to 0.6, only the fluorescence in a solid angle of 0.4π can be collected. In this work, a novel, to our knowledge, fluorescence collecting scheme composed of a parabolic mirror and a lens is proposed which can collect the plasma fluorescence in a solid angle of ∼1.4π for an opaque material and ∼1.9π for a transparent material. Simulation results show that for opaque samples, this method can improve the fluorescence collection ability by 3.8 times compared to a single lens (NA = 0.5) collection scheme, and for transparent samples 4.5 times may be achieved. In experiments, a 2.8-fold enhancement in the fluorescence collection ability is demonstrated, and the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by 2.5 times for opaque samples.

Association Between Gestational Weight Gain and Delayed Onset of Lactogenesis II: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Gestational weight gain (GWG) may be associated with delayed onset of lactogenesis II (DOL II), but it is still unclear and controversial. Object: The study aims to evaluate the relationship between GWG and DOL II. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in 10 electronic databases from inception to May 21, 2023, for studies that reported outcomes in breastfeeding. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the pooled estimates of association using random-effect models with Review Manager (RevMan) software version 5.4. The primary outcome was the rate of DOL II. Results: In this study, 248,515 women were included in 16 eligible articles. Women with excessive GWG have a higher risk of DOL II (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.43). Specifically, prepregnancy overweight and obese women with GWG above recommendations (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 1.38-6.57) and underweight women with excessive GWG before pregnancy have a higher risk of DOL II (OR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.69-6.53). Nonetheless, there is no distinction between women with inadequate GWG and those with adequate GWG in DOL II(OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.88-1.33). In addition, the women whose GWG is above the recommendations also tend to stop exclusive breastfeeding 1 month postpartum (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.80-0.85). Conclusion: Excessive GWG has a negative influence on the timing of the onset of lactogenesis and exclusive breastfeeding within 1 month postpartum.

Less is more: Exploring neoadjuvant immunotherapy as a de-escalation strategy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treatment.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) constitutes a significant global cancer burden, given its high prevalence and associated mortality. Despite substantial progress in survival rates due to the enhanced multidisciplinary approach to treatment, these methods often lead to severe tissue damage, compromised function, and potential toxicity. Thus, there is an imperative need for novel, effective, and minimally damaging treatment modalities. Neoadjuvant treatment, an emerging therapeutic strategy, is designed to reduce tumor size and curtail distant metastasis prior to definitive intervention. Currently, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has optimized the treatment approach for a subset of HNSCC patients, yet it has not produced a noticeable enhancement in overall survival (OS). In the contemporary cancer therapeutics landscape, immunotherapy is gaining traction at an accelerated pace. Notably, neoadjuvant immunotherapy (NAIT) has shown promising radiological and pathological responses, coupled with encouraging efficacy in several clinical trials. This potentially paves the way for a myriad of possibilities in treatment de-escalation of HNSCC, which warrants further exploration. This paper reviews the existing strategies and efficacies of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), along with potential de-escalation strategies. Furthermore, the challenges encountered in the context of the de-escalation strategies of NAIT are explored. The aim is to inform future research directions that strive to improve the quality of life (QoL) for patients battling HNSCC.

Concentric hollow multi-hexagonal platelets from a small molecule.

The creation of well-defined hollow two-dimensional structures from small organic molecules, particularly those with controlled widths and numbers of segments, remains a formidable challenge. Here we report the fabrication of the well-defined concentric hollow two-dimensional platelets with programmable widths and numbers of segments through constructing a concentric multiblock two-dimensional precursor followed by post-processing. The fabrication of concentric multi-hexagons two-dimensional platelets is realized by the alternative heteroepitaxial growth of two donor-acceptor molecules. Upon ultraviolet irradiation, one of the two donor-acceptor molecules can be selectively oxidized by singlet oxygen generated during the process, and the oxidized product becomes more soluble due to increased polarity. This allows for selective removal of the oxidized segments simply by solvent dissolution, yielding hollow multiblock two-dimensional structures. The hollow two-dimensional platelets can be utilized as templates to lithograph complex electrodes with precisely controlled gap sizes, thereby offering a platform for examining the optoelectronic performance of functional materials.

CoS1.097 nanocrystals as new nanoplatforms for photothermal therapy of arterial inflammation.

Cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis (AS) seriously damage human health. Nano-photothermal technology has been proven to inhibit the development of vascular inflammation by inhibiting the proliferation of inflammatory macrophages. However, photothermal therapy can inhibit the enrichment of AS macrophages in the early stage, but the inhibitory effect is insufficient in the later stage. Herein, we designed and prepared CoS1.097 nanocrystals by a simple hydrothermal method as new nanoplatforms for efficient photothermal therapy of arterial inflammation. CoS1.097 nanocrystals exhibited the degradability to release the cobalt ions, and can inhibit the proliferation of macrophages both in vitro and in vivo resulting from the slowly released cobalt ions. Moreover, CoS1.097 nanocrystals showed intense absorption in the NIR region, thus showing excellent photothermal performance. When irradiated by an 808 nm laser, the photothermal effect of CoS1.097 nanocrystals can more efficiently kill the macrophages which play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. As far as we know, this is the first work on CoS1.097 nanocrystals for photothermal therapy of arterial inflammation.

Mechanism and use strategy of uric acid-lowering drugs on coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a serious cardiovascular illness, for which an elevated uric acid (UA) level presents as a considerable risk factor. This can be treated with UA-lowering drugs such as allopurinol and benzbromarone, which can reduce UA levels by the inhibition of UA production or by promoting its excretion. Such drugs can also be beneficial to CHD in other ways, such as reducing the degree of coronary arteriosclerosis, improving myocardial blood supply and alleviating ventricular remodeling. Different UA-lowering drugs are used in different ways: allopurinol is preferred as a single agent in clinical application, but in absence of the desired response, a combination of drugs such as benzbromarone with ACE inhibitors may be used. Patients must be monitored regularly to adjust the medication regimen. Appropriate use of UA-lowering drugs has great significance for the prevention and treatment of CHD. However, the specific mechanisms of the drugs and individualized drug use need further research. This review article expounds the mechanisms of UA-lowering drugs on CHD and their clinical application strategy, thereby providing a reference for further optimization of treatment.

Genome-Scale Multimodal Analysis of Cell-Free DNA Whole-Methylome Sequencing for Noninvasive Esophageal Cancer Detection.

PURPOSE: Simultaneous profiling of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation and fragmentation features to improve the performance of cfDNA-based cancer detection is technically challenging. We developed a method to comprehensively analyze multimodal cfDNA genomic features for more sensitive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enzymatic conversion-mediated whole-methylome sequencing was applied to plasma cfDNA samples extracted from 168 patients with ESCC and 251 noncancer controls. ESCC characteristic cfDNA methylation, fragmentation, and copy number signatures were analyzed both across the genome and at accessible cis-regulatory DNA elements. To distinguish ESCC from noncancer samples, a first-layer classifier was developed for each feature type, the prediction results of which were incorporated to construct the second-layer ensemble model. RESULTS: ESCC plasma genome displayed global hypomethylation, altered fragmentation size, and chromosomal copy number alteration. Methylation and fragmentation changes at cancer tissue-specific accessible cis-regulatory DNA elements were also observed in ESCC plasma. By integrating multimodal genomic features for ESCC detection, the ensemble model showed improved performance over individual modalities. In the training cohort with a specificity of 99.2%, the detection sensitivity was 81.0% for all stages and 70.0% for stage 0-II. Consistent performance was observed in the test cohort with a specificity of 98.4%, an all-stage sensitivity of 79.8%, and a stage 0-II sensitivity of 69.0%. The performance of the classifier was associated with the disease stage, irrespective of clinical covariates. CONCLUSION: This study comprehensively profiles the epigenomic landscape of ESCC plasma and provides a novel noninvasive and sensitive ESCC detection approach with genome-scale multimodal analysis.

Intermittent Fasting Targets Osteocyte Neuropeptide Y to Relieve Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent progressive joint disease that still requires an optimal therapeutic approach. Intermittent fasting is an attractive dieting strategy for improving health. Here this study shows that intermittent fasting potently relieves medial meniscus (DMM)- or natural aging-induced osteoarthritic phenotypes. Osteocytes, the most abundant bone cells, secrete excess neuropeptide Y (NPY) during osteoarthritis, and this alteration can be altered by intermittent fasting. Both NPY and the NPY-abundant culture medium of osteocytes (OCY-CM) from osteoarthritic mice possess pro-inflammatory, pro-osteoclastic, and pro-neurite outgrowth effects, while OCY-CM from the intermittent fasting-treated osteoarthritic mice fails to induce significant stimulatory effects on inflammation, osteoclast formation, and neurite outgrowth. Depletion of osteocyte NPY significantly attenuates DMM-induced osteoarthritis and abolishes the benefits of intermittent fasting on osteoarthritis. This study suggests that osteocyte NPY is a key contributing factor in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and intermittent fasting represents a promising nonpharmacological antiosteoarthritis method by targeting osteocyte NPY.

Application of multidisciplinary team-based integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in rotator cuff injury patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is a common surgical treatment for rotator cuff injuries (RCIs). Although this procedure has certain clinical advantages, it requires rehabilitation management interventions to ensure therapeutic efficacy. AIM: To investigate the effect of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine (TCM-WM) under the multidisciplinary team (MDT) model on the postoperative recovery of patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery for RCIs. METHODS: This study enrolled 100 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for RCIs at the Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between June 2021 and May 2024. They were divided into a control group (n = 48) that received routine rehabilitation treatment and an experimental group (n = 52) that received TCM-WM under the MDT model (e.g., acupuncture, TCM traumatology and orthopedics, and rehabilitation). The results of the Constant-Murley Shoulder Score (CMS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), muscular strength evaluation, and shoulder range of motion (ROM) assessments were analyzed. RESULTS: After treatment, the experimental group showed significantly higher CMS scores in terms of pain, functional activity, shoulder joint mobility, and muscular strength than the baseline and those of the control group. The experimental group also exhibited significantly lower VAS and SPADI scores than the baseline and those of the control group. In addition, the experimental group showed significantly enhanced muscular strength (forward flexor and external and internal rotator muscles) and shoulder ROM (forward flexion, abduction, and lateral abduction) after treatment compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: TCM-WM under the MDT model improved shoulder joint function, relieved postoperative pain, promoted postoperative functional recovery, and facilitated the recovery of muscular strength and shoulder ROM in patients with RCIs who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

LncRNA MEG3 Inhibits the Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition of Bladder Cancer Cells through the Snail/E-cadherin Axis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bladder cancer cells and the potential mechanisms. METHODS: Cell invasion, migration, and wound healing assays were conducted to assess the effects of MEG3 on the invasive and migratory capabilities of bladder cancer cells. The expression levels of E-cadherin were measured using Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and dual luciferase reporter assays. RNA immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays were performed to investigate the interactions between MEG3 and its downstream targets. RESULTS: MEG3 suppressed the invasion and migration of bladder cancer cells and modulated the transcription of E-cadherin. The binding of MEG3 to the zinc finger region of the transcription factor Snail prevented its ability to transcriptionally repress E-cadherin. Additionally, MEG3 suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and P38, thereby decreasing the expression of Snail and stimulating the expression of E-cadherin. CONCLUSION: MEG3 plays a vital role in suppressing the EMT in bladder cancer cells, indicating its potential as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Human yolk sac-derived innate lymphoid-biased multipotent progenitors emerge prior to hematopoietic stem cell formation.

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent lymphopoiesis has been elucidated in murine embryos. However, our understanding regarding human embryonic counterparts remains limited. Here, we demonstrated the presence of human yolk sac-derived lymphoid-biased progenitors (YSLPs) expressing CD34, IL7R, LTB, and IRF8 at Carnegie stage 10, much earlier than the first HSC emergence. The number and lymphopoietic potential of these progenitors were both significantly higher in the yolk sac than the embryo proper at this early stage. Importantly, single-cell/bulk culture and CITE-seq have elucidated the tendency of YSLP to differentiate into innate lymphoid cells and dendritic cells. Notably, lymphoid progenitors in fetal liver before and after HSC seeding displayed distinct transcriptional features, with the former closely resembling those of YSLPs. Overall, our data identified the origin, potential, and migratory dynamics of innate lymphoid-biased multipotent progenitors in human yolk sac before HSC emergence, providing insights for understanding the stepwise establishment of innate immune system in humans.

Antibiotic feeding changes the bacterial community of Chilo suppressalis and thereby affects its pesticide tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Owing to the widespread use of chemical pesticides to control agricultural pests, pesticide tolerance has become a serious problem. In recent years, it has been found that symbiotic bacteria are related to pesticides tolerance. To investigate the potential role of microorganisms in the pesticide tolerance of Chilo suppressalis, this study was conducted. RESULTS: The insect was fed with tetracycline and cefixime as the treatment group (TET and CFM, respectively), and did not add antibiotics in the control groups (CK). The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that antibiotics reduced the diversity of C. suppressalis symbiotic microorganisms but did not affect their growth and development. In bioassays of the three C. suppressalis groups (TET, CFM, and CK), a 72 h LC50 fitting curve was calculated to determine whether long-term antibiotic feeding leads to a decrease in pesticide resistance. The CK group of C. suppressalis was used to determine the direct effect of antibiotics on pesticide tolerance using a mixture of antibiotics and pesticides. Indirect evidence suggests that antibiotics themselves did not affect the pesticide tolerance of C. suppressalis. The results confirmed that feeding C. suppressalis cefixime led to a decrease in the expression of potential tolerance genes to chlorantraniliprole. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the impact of antibiotic induced changes in symbiotic microorganisms on the pesticide tolerance of C. suppressalis, laying the foundation for studying the interaction between C. suppressalis and microorganisms, and also providing new ideas for the prevention and control of C. suppressalis and the creation of new pesticides.

Nitrite-driven anaerobic ethane oxidation.

Ethane, the second most abundant gaseous hydrocarbon in vast anoxic environments, is an overlooked greenhouse gas. Microbial anaerobic oxidation of ethane can be driven by available electron acceptors such as sulfate and nitrate. However, despite nitrite being a more thermodynamically feasible electron acceptor than sulfate or nitrate, little is known about nitrite-driven anaerobic ethane oxidation. In this study, a microbial culture capable of nitrite-driven anaerobic ethane oxidation was enriched through the long-term operation of a nitrite-and-ethane-fed bioreactor. During continuous operation, the nitrite removal rate and the theoretical ethane oxidation rate remained stable at approximately 25.0 mg NO2 -N L-1 d-1 and 11.48 mg C2H6 L-1 d-1, respectively. Batch tests demonstrated that ethane is essential for nitrite removal in this microbial culture. Metabolic function analysis revealed that a species affiliated with a novel genus within the family Rhodocyclaceae, designated as 'Candidatus Alkanivoras nitrosoreducens', may perform the nitrite-driven anaerobic ethane oxidation. In the proposed metabolic model, despite the absence of known genes for ethane conversion to ethyl-succinate and succinate-CoA ligase, 'Ca. A. nitrosoreducens' encodes a prospective fumarate addition pathway for anaerobic ethane oxidation and a complete denitrification pathway for nitrite reduction to nitrogen. These findings advance our understanding of nitrite-driven anaerobic ethane oxidation, highlighting the previously overlooked impact of anaerobic ethane oxidation in natural ecosystems.

Advances in the Preparation, Structure and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Lycium ruthenicum Murr.: A Review.

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is rich in polysaccharides, and the polysaccharides in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (LRPS) have various bioactivities, such as antioxidant activity, anti-tumor activity, neuroprotective activity, and immunomodulatory activity. It has broad prospects in the development of functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Researchers have found that the structural characteristics of LRPS, such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, primary structure, etc., have a significant impact on their bioactivities. Therefore, studying the structure of LRPS is of great significance in revealing their bioactivities and mechanisms. This study, based on introducing the preparation methods of LRPS, focuses on reviewing the research progress on the main structural characteristics, various bioactivities, and mechanisms of action of LRPS. In addition, the study provides prospects for the development of LRPS in the fields of food and medicine, aiming to provide theoretical support for its deep processing and application.

Improved Classification Performance of Bacteria in Interference Using Raman and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning.

The rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic and suspicious bioaerosols are essential for public health protection. The impact of pollen on the identification of bacterial species by Raman and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra cannot be overlooked. The spectral features of the fourteen class samples were preprocessed and extracted by machine learning algorithms to serve as input data for training purposes. The two types of spectral data were classified using classification models. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model achieved classification accuracies of 78.57% and 92.85%, respectively. The Raman spectral data were accurately classified by the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, with a 100% accuracy rate. The two spectra and their fusion data were correctly classified with 100% accuracy by the random forest (RF) algorithm. The spectral processed algorithms investigated provide an efficient method for eliminating the impact of pollen interference.

Identification and Removal of Pollen Spectral Interference in the Classification of Hazardous Substances Based on Excitation Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Sensitively detecting hazardous and suspected bioaerosols is crucial for safeguarding public health. The potential impact of pollen on identifying bacterial species through fluorescence spectra should not be overlooked. Before the analysis, the spectrum underwent preprocessing steps, including normalization, multivariate scattering correction, and Savitzky-Golay smoothing. Additionally, the spectrum was transformed using difference, standard normal variable, and fast Fourier transform techniques. A random forest algorithm was employed for the classification and identification of 31 different types of samples. The fast Fourier transform improved the classification accuracy of the sample excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectrum data by 9.2%, resulting in an accuracy of 89.24%. The harmful substances, including Staphylococcus aureus, ricin, beta-bungarotoxin, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, were clearly distinguished. The spectral data transformation and classification algorithm effectively eliminated the interference of pollen on other components. Furthermore, a classification and recognition model based on spectral feature transformation was established, demonstrating excellent application potential in detecting hazardous substances and protecting public health. This study provided a solid foundation for the application of rapid detection methods for harmful bioaerosols.

The Perizonium Ultrastructure, Divided Apical Pore Fields, Various Pore Occlusions and Visible Intermissio of Cymbella (Bacillariophyceae) with Descriptions of Four New Species.

The initial valves of two Cymbella species are observed under a scanning electron microscope, and the perizonium ultrastructure of Cymbella is revealed for the first time. The perizonium is composed of alternate nodes and internodes and lacks transverse perizonium bands. Four new species, Cymbella apiculatophora sp. nov., C. hunanensis sp. nov., C. juglandis sp. nov. and C. menyuanensis sp. nov., are described using light and scanning electron microscopy based on epilithon samples collected from rivers in Hunan and Qinghai Provinces, China. Cymbella menyuanensis is a typical Cymbella species that closely resembles species in the group around C. cymbiformis Agardh, the type species of the genus. Cymbella apiculatophora is similar to C. sinensis Metzeltin & Krammer, while Cymbella hunanensis is closer to the C. hustedtii Krasske group. The last species, C. juglandis, has a cymbelloid valve outline, an obscured intermissio, internal occlusions of the areolae, dorsally deflected distal raphe fissures and a divided apical pore field at each apex, and it does not appear to belong to any group. In addition, new observations on C. cf. excisiformis Krammer and C. hustedtii are reported. The current concept of the genus Cymbella does not represent a monophyletic group as shown by molecular phylogenetic analyses. However, these analyses are still at the preliminary stage and are not yet sufficient to support a complete revision of the genus. Thus, although extremely diverse ultrastructural features are observed in the six Cymbella species investigated in this paper, we prefer to keep them within Cymbella at this moment for the sake of nomenclatural stability.

The value of D-dimer and platelet-lymphocyte ratio combined with CT signs for predicting intestinal ischemia in patients with bowel obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic value of D-dimer, platelet-lymphocyte rate (PLR) and CT signs for intestinal ischemia in patients with bowel obstruction. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and imaging data of 105 patients diagnosed with bowel obstruction, and performed univariate and multivariate analyses to determine the independent risk factors for intestinal ischemia in patients with bowel obstruction. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to examine the diagnostic value of D-dimer, PLR and CT signs in patients with bowel obstruction. Besides, Kappa tests were used to assess inter-observer agreement. RESULTS: We included 56 men (53%) and 49 women (47%) with mean age of 66.05 ± 16 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that D-dimer, PLR and two significant CT signs (i.e., increased unenhanced bowel-wall attenuation and mesenteric haziness) were independent risk factors for intestinal ischemia in patients with bowel obstruction. ROC analysis showed that the combined use of D-dimer, PLR and the said two CT signs had better performance than single indicators in predicting intestinal ischemia in patients with bowel obstruction. The area under the curve (AUC) of the joint model III was 0.925 [95%CI: 0.876-0.975], with a sensitivity of 79.2% [95CI%: 67.2-91.1] and a specificity of 91.2% [95%CI: 83.7-98.9]. CONCLUSION: The combined use of D-dimer, PLR and CT signs has high diagnostic value for intestinal ischemia in patients with bowel obstruction and will prompt surgical exploration to evaluate intestinal blood flow.

Evaluating rainfall erosivity on the Tibetan Plateau by integrating high spatiotemporal resolution gridded precipitation and gauge data.

High-precision rainfall erosivity mapping is crucial for accurately evaluating regional soil erosion on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) under the backdrop of climate warming and humidification. Although high spatiotemporal resolution gridded precipitation data provides the foundation for rainfall erosivity mapping, the increasing spatial heterogeneity of rainfall with decreasing temporal granularity can lead to greater errors when directly computing rainfall erosivity from gridded precipitation data. In this study, a site-scale conversion coefficient was established so that rainfall erosivity calculated using hourly data can be converted to rainfall erosivity calculated using per-minute data. A revised model was established for calculating the rainfall erosivity based on high-resolution hourly precipitation data from the Third Pole gridded precipitation dataset (TPHiPr). The results revealed a notable underestimation in the original calculation results obtained using the TPHiPr, but strong correlation was observed between the two sets of results. There was a significant improvement in the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (from -0.39 to 0.80) and the Percent Bias (from -63.95 % to 0.37 %) after model revision. The TPHiPr effectively depict the spatial characteristics of rainfall erosivity on the TP. It accurately reflected the rain shadow area on the northern flank of the Himalayas and the dry-hot valley in the Hengduan Mountains. It also showed high rainfall erosivity values in the tropical rainforest area on the southern flank of the eastern Himalayas. The overall trend of rainfall erosivity has increased on the TP during the period 1981 to 2020, with 65.91 % of the regions exhibiting an increasing trend and 22.25 % showing significant increases, indicating an intensified risk of water erosion. These findings suggest that the 40-year-high spatial resolution rainfall erosivity dataset can provide accurate data support for a quantitative understanding of soil erosion on the TP.

High expression of RUNX1 in colorectal cancer subtype accelerates malignancy by inhibiting HMGCR.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) presents a complex landscape, characterized by both inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity. RUNX1, a gene implicated in modulating tumor cell growth, survival, and differentiation, remains incompletely understood regarding its impact on CRC prognosis. In our investigation, we discerned a positive correlation between elevated RUNX1 expression and aggressive phenotypes across various CRC subtypes. Notably, knockdown of RUNX1 demonstrated efficacy in restraining CRC proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, primarily through inducing apoptosis and impeding cell proliferation. Mechanistically, we unveiled a direct regulatory link between RUNX1 and cholesterol synthesis, mediated by its control over HMGCR expression. Knockdown of RUNX1 in CRC cells triggered HMGCR transcriptional activation, culminating in elevated cholesterol levels that subsequently hindered cancer progression. Clinically, heightened RUNX1 expression emerged as a prognostic marker for adverse outcomes in CRC patients. Our findings underscore the pivotal involvement of RUNX1 in CRC advancement and its potential as a therapeutic target. The unique influence of RUNX1 on cholesterol synthesis and HMGCR transcriptional regulation uncovers a novel pathway contributing to CRC progression.