Genomic characterisation and dissection of the onset of resistance to acetyl CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides in a large collection of Digitaria insularis from Brazil.

An in-depth genotypic characterisation of a diverse collection of Digitaria insularis was undertaken to explore the neutral genetic variation across the natural expansion range of this weed species in Brazil. With the exception of Minas Gerais, populations from all other states showed high estimates of expected heterozygosity (HE > 0.60) and genetic diversity. There was a lack of population structure based on geographic origin and a low population differentiation between populations across the landscape as evidenced by average Fst value of 0.02. On combining haloxyfop [acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicide] efficacy data with neutral genetic variation, we found evidence of presence of two scenarios of resistance evolution in this weed species. Whilst populations originating from north-eastern region demonstrated an active role of gene flow, populations from the mid-western region displayed multiple, independent resistance evolution as the major evolutionary mechanism. A target-site mutation (Trp2027Cys) in the ACCase gene, observed in less than 1% of resistant populations, could not explain the reduced sensitivity of 15% of the populations to haloxyfop. The genetic architecture of resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides was dissected using a genome wide association study (GWAS) approach. GWAS revealed association of three SNPs with reduced sensitivity to haloxyfop and clethodim. In silico analysis of these SNPs revealed important non-target site genes belonging to families involved in herbicide detoxification, including UDPGT91C1 and GT2, and genes involved in vacuolar sequestration-based degradation pathway. Exploration of five genomic prediction models revealed that the highest prediction power (≥0.80) was achieved with the models Bayes A and RKHS, incorporating SNPs with additive effects and epistatic interactions, respectively.

ACCase inhibitor fractionation and glyphosate addition improve perennial sourgrass control / O fracionamento de inibidores da ACCase e a adição de glyphosate melhoram o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado

Glyphosate-resistant sourgrass is difficult to control, particularly when perennial, and strategies that improve the control efficiency against this grass and preserve the useful life of graminicides are warranted. Therefore, the present study aimed to answer the following questions: (i) Does fractionating the doses of ACCase inhibitors improve the control of perennial sourgrass? (ii) Does alternating the chemical groups cyclohexanediones (DIMs) and aryloxyphenoxypropanoates (FOPs) improve the control of perennial sourgrass, and does the order of their application affect sourgrass control efficiency? (iii) Does the addition of glyphosate to ACCase inhibitors improve to the control of perennial sourgrass resistant to 5-enol-pyruvyl-shiquime-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors? Two field experiments (I and II) were performed in 2018 and repeated in 2019. In experiment I, the treatments included a single or fractional application clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (216 + 108 g a.i. ha-1), clethodim (216 g a.i. ha-1), and quizalofop-P-tefuryl (108 g a.i. ha-1), applied in the order of clethodim followed by quizalofop-P-tefuryl and vice versa, as well as a control treatment. In experiment II, the treatments included a single or fractional application of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl (216 + 108 g a.i. ha-1) and clethodim (108 g a.i. ha-1), isolated or associated with glyphosate, as well as a control treatment. In both experiments, the interval between the fractional applications was 7 days. Percentage of control, number of tillers per plant, and height of sourgrass plants were determined. Compared with the unfractionated application, the fractionation of clethodim + quizalofop-P-ethyl and clethodim increased control by respectively 20-24 and 25-30%. Fractionated clethodim has greater control, and less regrowth and height of the sourgrass plants. The order of application of the chemical groups FOPs and DIMs affected control efficiency, and better results were obtained with the application of quizalofop-P-tefuryl followed by clethodim. The addition of glyphosate potentiates the action of graminicides, particularly when fractionated, even on resistant sourgrass, with a 26% increase in efficiency and resulting in satisfactory control (>80%).(AU)

O capim-amargoso resistente ao glyphosate é difícil de controlar, principalmente quando perenizado, e estratégias que aumentem a eficiência de controle dessas plantas e preservem a vida útil dos graminicidas são necessárias. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo responder as seguintes perguntas: (i) O fracionamento de doses de inibidores da ACCase melhora o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado? (ii) Alternar os grupos químicos ciclohexanodionas (DIMs) e ariloxifenoxipropanoatos (FOPs) melhora o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado, e a ordem de sua aplicação afeta a eficiência do controle de capimamargoso? (iii) A adição de glyphosate a inibidores da ACCase melhora o controle de capim-amargoso perenizado resistente aos inibidores da 5-enol-piruvil-shiquimato-3-fosfato-sintase? Foram realizados dois experimentos de campo (I e II) em 2018 e repetidos em 2019. No experimento I, os tratamentos incluíram aplicação única ou fracionada de clethodim + quizalofop-P-etílico (216 + 108 g i.a. ha-1), clethodim (216 g i.a. ha-1), e quizalofop-P-tefuril (108 g i.a. ha-1), aplicação de clethodim seguida de quizalofop-P-tefuril e viceversa, além de um tratamento controle. No experimento II, os tratamentos incluíram à aplicação única ou fracionada de clethodim + quizalofop-P-etílico (216 + 108 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim (108 g i.a. ha-1), isolados ou associados ao glyphosate, além de um tratamento controle. Em ambos os experimentos o intervalo entre as aplicações fracionadas foi de 7 dias. Determinou-se à porcentagem de controle, o número de perfilhos por planta, e à altura das plantas de capim-amargoso. Em comparação com a aplicação não fracionada, o fracionamento de clethodim + quizalofop-P-etílico e clethodim aumentou o controle em 20- 24 and 25-30%, respectivamente. O clethodim fracionado apresentou maior controle, e menor rebrote e altura das plantas de capim-amargoso. A ordem de aplicação dos grupos químicos FOPs e DIMs afetou a eficiência do controle, e melhores resultados foram obtidos com a aplicação de quizalofop-P-tefuril seguido de clethodim. A adição de glyphosate potencializa a ação dos graminicidas, principalmente quando fracionados, mesmo sobre capim-amargoso resistente, com acréscimo de 26% na eficiência e resultando em controle satisfatório (>80%).(AU)

Efficacy and interaction of dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures / Interação e eficácia de mistura em tanque dos herbicidas dicamba e haloxyfop

The application of herbicide tank mixtures is a common practice in agricultural settings, especially for controlling weed communities with mono and eudicotyledons species occurring simultaneously. Therefore, thisstudy was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness and interaction of dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures used to control four weed species. For this, four different experiments were conducted, each with one of the plant species, namely: sourgrass (Digitaria insularis), horseweed (Conyza spp.), morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). In each experiment, the experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, in a 4x4 factorial scheme of treatments, totaling 16 treatments with five replications, i.e., 80 plots of each species. Four doses of the herbicide dicamba (480, 240, 120 and 0 g ha-1) and four doses of the herbicide haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 and 0 g ha-1) were adopted. Percentage control was evaluated at 14 and 28 days after application (DAA) and mass of dry matter was evaluated at 28 DAA. Antagonistic, additive and synergistic effects were observed for dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures, with a greater preponderance of additive effects. Considering all four plant species, in different doses and dates of evaluation, 72 dicamba-haloxyfop interactions were evaluated, in which 50 were considered additives.(AU)

A aplicação de misturas de herbicidas é uma prática recorrente no ambiente agrícola, sobretudo para controle de comunidades mistas de plantas daninhas, quando há ocorrência simultânea de espécies mono e eudicotiledôneas. Assim sendo, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e a interação de misturas dos herbicidas haloxyfop (graminicida) e dicamba (latifolicida) para controle de quatro espécies de plantas daninhas.  Para tanto, quatro experimentos distintos foram realizados, cada um com uma espécie vegetal, a saber: capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis), buva (Conyza spp.), corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba) e capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica). Em cada experimento, foi adotado modelo experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 4x4, totalizando 16 tratamentos e cinco repetições, ou seja, 80 parcelas de cada espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro doses do herbicida dicamba (480, 240, 120 e 0 g ha-1) e quatro doses do herbicida haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 e 0 g ha-1). Foi avaliado o controle percentual das parcelas aos 14 e 28 dias após aplicação (DAA) e massa seca residual aos 28 DAA. Foram observados efeitos antagônicos, aditivos e sinérgicos para misturas entre dicamba e haloxyfop, com maior preponderância de efeitos aditivos. Considerando-se todas as quatro espécies vegetais, em diferentes doses e datas de avaliação, foram avaliadas 72 misturas(AU)

Efficacy and interaction of dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures / Interação e eficácia de mistura em tanque dos herbicidas dicamba e haloxyfop

The application of herbicide tank mixtures is a common practice in agricultural settings, especially for controlling weed communities with mono and eudicotyledons species occurring simultaneously. Therefore, thisstudy was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness and interaction of dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures used to control four weed species. For this, four different experiments were conducted, each with one of the plant species, namely: sourgrass (Digitaria insularis), horseweed (Conyza spp.), morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). In each experiment, the experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, in a 4x4 factorial scheme of treatments, totaling 16 treatments with five replications, i.e., 80 plots of each species. Four doses of the herbicide dicamba (480, 240, 120 and 0 g ha-1) and four doses of the herbicide haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 and 0 g ha-1) were adopted. Percentage control was evaluated at 14 and 28 days after application (DAA) and mass of dry matter was evaluated at 28 DAA. Antagonistic, additive and synergistic effects were observed for dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures, with a greater preponderance of additive effects. Considering all four plant species, in different doses and dates of evaluation, 72 dicamba-haloxyfop interactions were evaluated, in which 50 were considered additives.

A aplicação de misturas de herbicidas é uma prática recorrente no ambiente agrícola, sobretudo para controle de comunidades mistas de plantas daninhas, quando há ocorrência simultânea de espécies mono e eudicotiledôneas. Assim sendo, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e a interação de misturas dos herbicidas haloxyfop (graminicida) e dicamba (latifolicida) para controle de quatro espécies de plantas daninhas.  Para tanto, quatro experimentos distintos foram realizados, cada um com uma espécie vegetal, a saber: capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis), buva (Conyza spp.), corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba) e capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica). Em cada experimento, foi adotado modelo experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 4x4, totalizando 16 tratamentos e cinco repetições, ou seja, 80 parcelas de cada espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro doses do herbicida dicamba (480, 240, 120 e 0 g ha-1) e quatro doses do herbicida haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 e 0 g ha-1). Foi avaliado o controle percentual das parcelas aos 14 e 28 dias após aplicação (DAA) e massa seca residual aos 28 DAA. Foram observados efeitos antagônicos, aditivos e sinérgicos para misturas entre dicamba e haloxyfop, com maior preponderância de efeitos aditivos. Considerando-se todas as quatro espécies vegetais, em diferentes doses e datas de avaliação, foram avaliadas 72 misturas

Detecting acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase resistance gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Herbicides inhibiting acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) are very effective in controlling grass weeds including weedy-rice in paddy rice production systems. The ACCase inhibitor affects the enzyme by blocking fatty acid biosynthesis resulting in plant death. The herbicide resistance in rice is conferred by a single point mutation with an amino acid substitution of the carboxyl transferase domain of the ACCase gene. An assay based on the tetra-primer ARMS-PCR method was developed to detect the SNP G2027T that causes a tryptophan-cysteine substitution in the gene encoding chloroplastic ACCase in rice. The protocol was tested in 453 rice samples from a segregant population for validation of the assay. This technique can be exploited to monitor resistant lines in rice breeding programs to detect homozygous or heterozygous resistant genotypes and homozygous susceptible genotypes. The presence of resistant ACCase allele(s) can be detected with rapidity, simplicity, at low cost and can be used in any molecular biology laboratory with minimal equipment.

Controle químico em pós-emergência de espécies de Brachiaria em três estádios vegetativos / Chemical control in post-emergence of species of Brachiaria in three vegetative stages

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relacionar a eficiência do controle químico em pós-emergência de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. (capim-braquiária) e Brachiaria plantaginea Hitchc. (capim-marmelada) por meio de herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase em função do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta, visando fornecer subsídios para o manejo químico dessas espécies daninhas. A semeadura de B. decumbens e B. plantaginea foi feita em vasos plásticos contendo solo e mantidos em casa de vegetação. Para a avaliação do controle químico foram testados os herbicidas (g ha-1): fluazifop-p-butil a 150, haloxyfop-methyl a 50 e sethoxydim a 230. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em três estádios de desenvolvimento da planta: estádio 1 (plantas com 4-6 folhas aos 15 dias após a emergência), estádio 2 (plantas com 3-4 perfilhos aos 23 dias após a emergência) e estádio 3 (plantas adultas no início do florescimento aos 48 dias após a emergência). As avaliações de controle foram feitas 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. O estádio de desenvolvimento das duas espécies de Brachiaria foi determinante na eficiência de controle proporcionado pelos diferentes herbicidas estudados. Verificou-se que o herbicida sethoxydim foi mais eficiente no controle das espécies de Brachiaria, nos três estádios de desenvolvimento estudados.

The aim of this study was to correlate the chemical control efficacy in post-emergence of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. (signal grass) and Brachiaria plantaginea Hitchc. (alexandergrass) through ACCase-inhibitor enzyme herbicide application in function of the stage of development of the plant in order to contribute to the chemical management of these weed species. B. decumbens and B. plantaginea were sown in plastic pots filled with soil and kept in a greenhouse. For chemical control evaluation, the following herbicides were tested (g ha-1): fluazifop-p-butyl at 150, haloxyfop-methyl at 50, and sethoxydim at 230. The herbicides were applied in all three plant development phases: stage 1 (plants presenting 4-6 leaves at 15 days after emergence), stage 2 (plants presenting 3-4 tillers at 23 days after emergence), and stage 3 (adult plants in the beginning of flowering at 48 days after emergence). Evaluations were done at 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28 days after herbicide application. The developmental stage of the two Brachiaria species was instrumental in the efficiency of the control provided by different herbicides. Sethoxydim was the most efficient herbicide in controlling Brachiaria species in the three evaluated development stages.

CONTROLE QUÍMICO EM PÓS-EMERGÊNCIA DE ESPÉCIES DE BRACHIARIA EM TRÊS ESTÁDIOS VEGETATIVOS

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to correlate the chemical control efficacy in post-emergence of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. (signal grass) and Brachiaria plantaginea Hitchc. (alexandergrass) through ACCase-inhibitor enzyme herbicide application in function of the stage of development of the plant in order to contribute to the chemical management of these weed species. B. decumbens and B. plantaginea were sown in plastic pots filled with soil and kept in a greenhouse. For chemical control evaluation, the following herbicides were tested (g ha-1): fluazifop-p-butyl at 150, haloxyfop-methyl at 50, and sethoxydim at 230. The herbicides were applied in all three plant development phases: stage 1 (plants presenting 4-6 leaves at 15 days after emergence), stage 2 (plants presenting 3-4 tillers at 23 days after emergence), and stage 3 (adult plants in the beginning of flowering at 48 days after emergence). Evaluations were done at 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28 days after herbicide application. The developmental stage of the two Brachiaria species was instrumental in the efficiency of the control provided by different herbicides. Sethoxydim was the most efficient herbicide in controlling Brachiaria species in the three evaluated development stages.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relacionar a eficiência do controle químico em pós-emergência de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. (capim-braquiária) e Brachiaria plantaginea Hitchc. (capim-marmelada) por meio de herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase em função do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta, visando fornecer subsídios para o manejo químico dessas espécies daninhas. A semeadura de B. decumbens e B. plantaginea foi feita em vasos plásticos contendo solo e mantidos em casa de vegetação. Para a avaliação do controle químico foram testados os herbicidas (g ha-1): fluazifop-p-butil a 150, haloxyfop-methyl a 50 e sethoxydim a 230. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em três estádios de desenvolvimento da planta: estádio 1 (plantas com 4-6 folhas aos 15 dias após a emergência), estádio 2 (plantas com 3-4 perfilhos aos 23 dias após a emergência) e estádio 3 (plantas adultas no início do florescimento aos 48 dias após a emergência). As avaliações de controle foram feitas 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. O estádio de desenvolvimento das duas espécies de Brachiaria foi determinante na eficiência de controle proporcionado pelos diferentes herbicidas estudados. Verificou-se que o herbicida sethoxydim foi mais eficiente no controle das espécies de Brachiaria, nos três estádios de desenvolvimento estudados.