Breaking the Curse: Opening Students' Eyes to Pathology and Oncology Research.

Research is a particularly underexplored professional activity for physicians, leaving many medical students compelled to pursue a clinical career. However, the XXI century requires that physicians innovate and perform research that fuels their practice; students should have early exposure to research to explore it as a career path. It should be encouraged in the undergraduate program by having students take part in case reports, short communication presentations, and research seminars. As part of an educational strategy, students worked with faculty members to deliver a gynecologic oncology pathology case report as a poster for the Oncology Conference of Medical Students. We used a quantitative approach with a descriptive and cross-sectional design to assess the effect of poster presentations on developing student's research skills. The sample comprised 118 medical students enrolled in the Pathology courses that presented a total of 23 posters. The judges who assessed had a medical specialty in Pathology, Radio-oncology, and Gynecologic Oncology. The results show that students exceeded expectations on the use of language, as it was both formal and technical; and they used relevant bibliographic support and references. However, students performed less well in the clinical case summary. The judges found that although it was coherent and chronologically ordered, they did not include all the relevant laboratory tests and analyses, nor a full description of the diagnosis. This educational strategy has proven to be valuable in promoting Pathology and Oncology Research in students; it allowed participants to adopt a systematic approach and methodologies to document, analyze, and share knowledge.

Gender Differences in the Authorship of Original Research in Pediatric Journals, 2001-2016.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the gender of authors of original research in 3 high-impact pediatric journals between 2001 and 2016, given the importance of publishing on academic promotion, and to compare authorship gender with the percentage of women on editorial boards and with academic faculty composition. STUDY DESIGN: We assessed the prevalence of female first and senior (last-listed) authorship of original research articles published in 3 pediatric-focused journals Pediatrics, JAMA Pediatrics (entitled Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine until 2013), and The Journal of Pediatrics. We also examined the gender breakdown of the main editors and the broader editorial boards of these journals. In addition, we examined whether junior female faculty co-authored with male or female senior faculty. RESULTS: Of 3895 original articles, 22 were excluded because the gender of either the first or senior author could not be determined from the name. An analysis of authorship by year showed increasing female representation across the selected journals in both first (39.8% in 2001, 57.7% in 2016) and senior (28.6% in 2001, 38.1% in 2016) authors, respectively. Editorial boards also showed increasing female representation (17.8% in 2001 to 39.8% in 2016). Junior female faculty were more likely to co-author with senior female women (female first and last author); the gap remained unchanged despite the increasing number of women entering pediatrics. CONCLUSIONS: Women are underrepresented as authors and editors, although the gap is closing. Junior women are less likely to co-author with senior men, which may be a disservice given current gender disparities in promotion and leadership.

Status of underrepresented minority and female faculty at medical schools located within Historically Black Colleges and in Puerto Rico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of medical school location in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) and Puerto Rico (PR) on the proportion of underrepresented minorities in medicine (URMM) and women hired in faculty and leadership positions at academic medical institutions. METHOD: AAMC 2013 faculty roster data for allopathic medical schools were used to compare the racial/ethnic and gender composition of faculty and chair positions at medical schools located within HBCU and PR to that of other medical schools in the United States. Data were compared using independent sample t-tests. RESULTS: Women were more highly represented in HBCU faculty (mean HBCU 43.5% vs. non-HBCU 36.5%, p=0.024) and chair (mean HBCU 30.1% vs. non-HBCU 15.6%, p=0.005) positions and in PR chair positions (mean PR 38.23% vs. non-PR 15.38%, p=0.016) compared with other allopathic institutions. HBCU were associated with increased African American representation in faculty (mean HBCU 59.5% vs. non-HBCU 2.6%, p=0.011) and chair (mean HBCU 73.1% vs. non-HBCU 2.2%, p≤0.001) positions. PR designation was associated with increased faculty (mean PR 75.40% vs. non-PR 3.72%, p≤0.001) and chair (mean PR 75.00% vs. non-PR 3.54%, p≤0.001) positions filled by Latinos/Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: Women and African Americans are better represented in faculty and leadership positions at HBCU, and women and Latino/Hispanics at PR medical schools, than they are at allopathic peer institutions.

A trajetória de médicos e barbeiros no Rio de Janeiro da segunda metade do século XIX / The trajectory of physicians and barber-surgeons in Rio de Janeiro during the second half of the nineteenth century

O trabalho analisa aspectos do exercício dos ofícios de cura de médicos e barbeiros-sangradores no Rio de Janeiro, entre 1840 e 1889, com base em nomes e endereços encontrados no Almanaque Laemmert. Além de localizar geograficamente os espaços de atuação desses agentes na cidade, são identificados os anunciantes que se repetiram ao longo do tempo e aqueles que mudaram de endereço. O cruzamento com dados das fontes cartoriais e eclesiásticas, que indicam objetos relacionados à prática terapêutica, como sarjetas, globos para sangrar e navalhas, permite compreender melhor as mudanças na atuação desses terapeutas em contexto caracterizado pela desqualificação das artes de cura populares, a crise da escravidão e mudanças nas concepções acadêmicas sobre as doenças.

This work analyzes aspects of the healing work performed by doctors and barber- surgeons in Rio de Janeiro between 1840 and 1889, based on the names and addresses in the Laemmert Almanaque. This not only provided the geographic location of where these agents were active within the city, but also identified the advertisers who featured repeatedly and those who moved to other locations. By cross-referencing this data with notary public sources and church records, which identified objects used in therapeutic practices, such as fleams, cupping-glasses and lancets, one can to better understand the way these therapists worked in a context characterized by the disqualification of the popular arts of healing, the slavery crisis and changes in academic concepts about diseases.