RESUMO
En la actualidad, los temas de carácter económico y financiero se han convertido en tópicos de gran importancia social, considerando los conceptos teóricos, las habilidades y actitudes que una persona debe poseer para desenvolverse de manera adecuada en una sociedad dominada por el consumo. Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo describir las prácticas de consumo y endeudamiento informal, actitudes hacia el endeudamiento, materialismo y susceptibilidad a la influencia de los pares y en adolescentes rurales, según género y nivel socioeconómico de una comuna semi-rural de la Región de La Araucanía-Chile. El estudio se realizó en dos etapas, la primera cualitativa en la cual se realizaron entrevistas grupales y una fase cuantitativa, en la que se aplicaron instrumentos que medían cada una de las variables mencionadas; además fueron comparadas con variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados indican que las fuentes de dinero de estos adolescentes son principalmente de los padres, becas o trabajos informales. Presentan deudas informales y se caracterizan por la presencia de emocionalidad positiva vinculada al éxito de sus conductas de compra y fuertes sentimientos negativos asociados al fracaso de ello. En relación a diferencias de género, los hombres se muestran más materialistas e influenciables por sus pares que las mujeres. Los resultados del estudio reflejan los cambios sociales transversales, ligados al modelo neoliberal que han tenido que experimentar los adolescentes al insertarse en el mundo de la economía, independientemente de si provienen del mundo urbano o rural.
Due to the economic and technological globalization derived from the incorporation of the neoliberal model in Latin America and mainly in Chile, has implied the need to achieve new abilities. That is how currently economic and financial topics have been considering as social relevant issues. This points as much to the theoretical concepts as the abilities and attitudes that a person must have for his development of a suitable way in a society dominated by the consumption and in the global market. In addition, several authors suggest that consumption becomes a source for the self's construction. In this way, adolescents are being in a process of identity's definition according to their evolutionary stage, which is currently linked to consumption, they become big important subjects for the market, advertising and marketing. Thus, this research has as main objective to describe the practices of consumption and informal indebtedness, attitudes towards indebtedness, materialism and susceptibility to the influence of peers in rural adolescents by gender and socioeconomic level of a semi-rural commune of the Region of La Araucanía-Chile. The study was conducted in two stages, first a qualitative phase in which group interviews were conducted with a multiple case design and a quantitative phase with a correlation-multivariate design, where instruments were applied that measured each of the aforementioned variables; They were also compared with sociodemographic variables such as gender and socioeconomic level. The results were grouped into two phases, the first phase grouped according to three central nuclei, the first core are consumption practices, this indicates that the money sources of these adolescents are mainly from parents, scholarships or informal jobs, this is usually used in personal expenses, leisure and food. They are also characterized by considering their personal opinion, family and friends. In relation to the second core refers to the practices of indebtedness, it is characterized by the presence of informal debts, mainly with their parents, friends and family. Regarding the third core refers to the emotions related to the purchase, this is characterized by the presence of positive emotionality linked to the success of their buying behaviors and strong negative feelings associated with the failure of it. Regarding the second phase, it was found that adolescents are characterized by being more austere than hedonistic and at a gender level; men have a greater average in materialism and greater influence of their peers than women do. There are no significant differences according to Socioeconomic Level. On the other hand, there are positive correlations between materialism and peer influence and between hedonism and materialism. Finally, there are no significant differences according to ethnicity. The results show that subjects have high levels of inclusion and digital access similar to that of urban adolescents. There is also a tendency towards early debt behavior that is consistent with the national surveys' numbers. In relation to savings, the adolescents of the study shows that they give more importance to saving than urban ones, especially in the long term. In relation to the emotions related to the purchase, are a concern issue, because of how they could involve the creation of an identity based on consumption, as well as imply problems in their satisfaction with life and in their mental health. The results of the study reflect the transversal social changes linked to the neoliberal model, that adolescents have had to experience when enter to the economics world, regardless of whether they come from the urban or rural world.
RESUMO
El número de estudiantes universitarios que presentan un endeudamiento temprano se ha incrementado en los últimos años, lo que representa un riesgo potencial para su estabilidad financiera. La presente investigación analiza la validez factorial de la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Endeudamiento (Denegri et al., 1999) y determina la existencia de tipología de perfiles actitudinales hacia el endeudamiento, en una muestra de 984 estudiantes universitarios chilenos con edades entre 18 y 25 años. Los resultados señalan la presencia de dos factores independientes denominados Hedonismo y Austeridad, a partir de los cuales se determinaron cuatro perfiles de actitudes hacia el endeudamiento llamados: austero, difuso, hedonista y ambivalente, que podrían estar a la base de comportamientos de aceptación o rechazo del endeudamiento.
The number of university students who present an early indebtedness has increased in the last years, which represents a potential risk for his financial stability. This study examined validity factorial of the Scale of Attitudes toward the Indebtedness (Denegri et al., 1999) and determines the existence of profile attitudinal typology towards the indebtedness in a sample of 984 university Chilean students with ages between 18 and 25 years. The results indicate the presence of two independent factors named Hedonism and Austerity, from which four profiles of attitudes decided towards the indebtedness named: austere, diffuse, hedonistic and ambivalent those who might be to the base of his behaviors of acceptance or rejection of the indebtedness.