Person, Population, Mechanism. A Rejoinder to Critics and an Elaboration of the Three-Branch Model.

In a previous paper (Lundh, 2023), it was argued that psychological science can be seen as having three main branches, corresponding to three levels of research: research at the person level, at the population level, and at the mechanism level. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the critique that has been raised against this model by Lamiell (2024) and Nilsson (2024) and to elaborate and specify the three-branch model in more detail. This is done by an incorporation of Nilsson's concept of person-sensitivity into the model, and by a clearer differentiation between the two contrasts involved: (1) the methodological focus either on individual persons or on populations of individuals; and (2) the theoretical focus either on whole-person functioning or on sub-personal mechanisms.

Dairy farming technologies and the agency of cows.

Studies on animal cognition, emotion, language, culture, and politics have shown that non-human animals are agents who engage in self-willed actions and have an interest in shaping their own lives. In today's world, however, animals' lives are affected significantly by circumstances that humans have created, including animal farming systems. The current paper explores how the agency of cows relates to technology by reporting on fieldwork performed in the Dutch dairy sector. Multi-species ethnography was used as a flexible methodology that allowed readjusting questions and methods as our research developed. In the first research phase, observations and informal talks were held on six farms which had been recruited on the basis of convenience sampling and which were each visited for one full day. In the second research phase, five more farms were selected for 1-day visits through theoretical and snowball sampling, and one farm was visited repeatedly for in-depth observations. The observational strategies used included following individual actors (farmers, cows or technologies) and documenting their interactions with other actors; participating in daily routines such as feeding cows roughage and scraping manure; witnessing cows' responses to non-routine events such as the introduction of new technologies or new cows; and sometimes waiting for notable occurrences by just 'hanging out' with cows. Observations and informal talks were in this research phase complemented by a small number of interviews with farmers, cow shed designers, and technology developers. Our main conclusion is that the agency of dairy cows is presupposed and mediated by dairy farming technologies. Dairy farming technologies presuppose cow in the 'scripts' and 'programs of action' which they enforce: they require cows to act in specific ways, anticipate some ways in which cows could disrupt technological routines, and (successfully or unsuccessfully) attempt to ensure cows' cooperation by appealing to their wants and desires and their ability to learn. Dairy farming technologies thus assign to cows not only the ability to perform 'metabolic labour' but also the capacity to act purposively and learning abilities. Technologies mediate cow agency by (co-)shaping how cows express agency in relation to other entities, including other cows, humans, other non-human animals, material entities including technologies, and the world at large. That technologies can be relevant for animal agency in various ways raises the question of how technologies can be designed for agency - although the concept of animal agency also challenges us to reconsider animal agriculture more fundamentally.

In spite of patriarchy: Pathways from school to wage work and careers among adolescent girls in Bihar.

BACKGROUND: In the context of rural Bihar where few women work outside the home, what scope do adolescent girls and young women have to transition into wage work and careers? While the mobility of girls is still widely restricted to secure their marriageability, the spread of higher schooling and the internet has inflated aspirations and levelled them out across boys, girls and social classes. METHODS: The present study drew on 45 focus group discussions and 73 in-depth interviews among adolescent girls and young women and related stakeholders to develop 32 cases of transitioning girls across four districts of rural Bihar in India. The qualitative data were collected in 2022 and analysed using a combination of thematic and comparative narrative analyses. RESULTS: The analysis identified some common features of transitioning girls and their pathways. Many girls had been forced by circumstance-household shocks or chronic poverty-to earn money, thereby building their skills and self-efficacy. Others were from families where progressive values ensured their mobility and exposure. Yet others transitioned "by stealth." But all girls had the backing of at least one parent and all had to learn to navigate public space while safeguarding their reputations. By researching actual pathways (rather than distant dreams), the study identifies a variety of transition outcomes, including "good" jobs as teachers, nurses, and police officers, "low entry" jobs in factories and new services, and full-time businesses built from scratch. CONCLUSION: The paper suggests that interventions be designed separately for these distinct outcomes and that efforts are best directed towards girls already "self-transitioning" and demonstrating the requisite resolve and self-efficacy.

Teacher agency in the times of crisis: a situational analysis of school environment after the 2022 Russian invasion in Ukraine.

From February to May 2022, the war in Ukraine prompted Poland to accommodate 3.37 million refugees from conflict zones, in addition to 850 thousand Ukrainian economic migrants already residing in the country. A substantial proportion of these refugees, primarily mothers with children, swiftly integrated into the Polish educational system, with some children commencing schooling within a week of their arrival. This influx significantly diversified the then predominantly monolingual landscape of Polish schools. Given the uniqueness of this situation and the fact that Poland has historically remained mono-national and monolingual for decades, Polish teachers suffered from a lack of preparedness, resources and expertise to effectively navigate their teaching practices in multilingual classes. To understand the specificity of this situation, taking especially into account the perspective of educators, we have designed a qualitative study drawing on focus group and individual interview reports. We were particularly interested in determining how teachers' agency was activated in times of crisis. The findings reveal how the newly-emerging linguistic and cultural heterogeneity is perceived by teachers, how it is manifested in school and home environments, and the extent to which possibilities for synergies exist between the two. The findings also highlight the fact that, despite teachers' inexperience and unpreparedness for the new educational context, they instantly responded to the challenges that emerged. This can be exemplified by teachers' collaboration in material design as well as the willingness to participate in courses sensitizing to migrant students' needs (e.g., linguistic, educational, or emotional ones).

The EMERGE framework to measure empowerment for health and development.

RATIONALE: Women's empowerment is a UN Sustainable Development Goal and a focus of global health and development but survey measures and data on gender empowerment remain weak. Existing indicators are often disconnected from theory; stronger operationalization is needed. OBJECTIVE: We present the EMERGE Framework to Measure Empowerment, a framework to strengthen empowerment measures for global health and development. METHOD: We initiated development of this framework in 2016 as part of EMERGE - an initiative designed to build the science of survey research and availability of high-quality survey measures and data on gender empowerment. The framework is guided by existing theories of empowerment, evidence, and expert input. We apply this framework to understand women's empowerment in family planning (FP) via review of state of the field measures. RESULTS: Our framework offers concrete measurable constructs to assess critical consciousness and choice, agency and backlash, and goal achievement as the empowerment process, recognizing its operation at multiple levels-from the individual to the collective. Internal attributes, social norms, and external contexts and resources create facilitators or barriers to the empowerment process. Review of best evidence FP measures assessing empowerment constructs, social norms, and key influencers (e.g., partners and providers) show a strong landscape of measures, including those with women, partners, and providers, but they are limited in assessing translation of choice to agency to achievement of women's self-determined fertility or contraceptive goals, instead relying on assumption of contraceptive use as the goal. We see no measures on collective empowerment toward women's reproductive choice and rights. CONCLUSION: The EMERGE Framework can guide development and analysis of survey measures on empowerment and is needed as the current state of the field shows limited coverage of empowerment constructs even in areas which have received more study, such as family planning.

Primary care and community partnerships to promote age-friendly care for Hispanic older adults.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare and community collaborations have the potential to address health-related social needs. We examined the implementation of an educational initiative and collaborative intervention between a geriatric clinic and Area Agency on Aging (AAA) to enhance age-friendly care for a Hispanic patient population. METHODS: As part of a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)-funded Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Program, a geriatric clinic partnered with AAA to embed an English- and Spanish-speaking Social Service Coordinator (SSC). The SSC met with patients during new and annual visits or by referral to address What Matters and Mentation in the patient's primary language, provide education, and make social service referrals. Patients aged 60 and older, who received SSC services during a 12-month period, were defined as the intervention group (n = 112). Using a retrospective chart review, we compared them to a non-intervention group (n = 228) that received primary care. We examined available demographic and clinical data within the age-friendly areas of What Matters and Mentation. Measures included cognitive health screenings, advance care planning, patient education, and community referrals. RESULTS: Most of the intervention groups were eligible for AAA services and had the opportunity for service referrals to address identified needs. A higher proportion of patients within the intervention group completed screenings for cognitive health and advance care planning discussions. CONCLUSION: Interagency partnerships between ambulatory care settings and community-based organizations have the potential to expand access to linguistically and culturally competent age-friendly primary care for older adults.

Sense of agency at a gaze-contingent display with jittery temporal delay.

Introduction: Inconsistent jittery temporal delays between action and subsequent feedback, prevalent in network-based human-computer interaction (HCI), have been insufficiently explored, particularly regarding their impact on the sense of agency (SoA). This study investigates the SoA in the context of eye-gaze HCI under jittery delay conditions. Methods: Participants performed a visual search for Chinese characters using a biresolutional gaze-contingent display, which displayed a high-resolution image in the central vision and a low-resolution in the periphery. We manipulated the delay between eye movements and display updates using a truncated normal distribution (µ to µ + 2 σ) with µ ranging from 0 to 400 ms and σ fixed at 50 ms. Playback of recorded gaze data provided a non-controllable condition. Results: The study revealed that both reported authorship and controllability scores, as well as the fixation count per second, decreased as µ increased, aligning with trends observed under constant delay conditions. The subjective authorship weakened significantly at a µ of 94 ms. Notably, the comparison between jittery and constant delays indicated the minimum value (µ) of the distribution as a critical parameter influencing both authorship perception and visual search time efficiency. Discussion: This finding underscores the importance of the shortest delay in modulating SoA. Further examining the relative distribution for fixation duration and saccade amplitude suggests an adaptation in action planning and attention distribution in response to delay. By providing a systematic examination of the statistical attributes of jittery delays that most significantly affect SoA, this research offers valuable implications for the design of efficient, delay-tolerant eye-gaze HCI, expanding our understanding of SoA in technologically mediated interactions. Moreover, our findings highlight the significance of considering both constant and variable delay impacts in HCI usability design, marking a novel contribution to the field.

A systematic literature review of the stereotype content model in the fields of psychology and marketing: main themes examined in the literature and an agenda for future research in marketing.

The stereotypes content model indicates that two traits (i.e., warmth and competence) govern individuals' impression formation. The great variety of research that has used this theory since the early 2000s leads to a need for a structured overview of prior findings. The goal of this study is to provide a concise map of research streams and present a research agenda. We conducted a systematic literature review of 955 articles. A bibliographic coupling analysis showed four clusters, i.e., (1) the general theoretical foundations of the SCM, (2) the societal impact of key stereotypes (with emphasis on gender), (3) research in clinical psychology and child development, and (4) marketing. Taking a closer look at research in marketing (using co-occurrence analysis), six research streams were identified, including research on branding, country-of-origin, front-line service providers, prosocial consumer behavior, perception of endorsers, and, more recently, on artificial intelligence (AI). The review presents key findings and research gaps across these topics. Finally, we reviewed the few articles that, although not falling into these streams, opened important research veins. This process provided the essential information to present a promising and complete research agenda, to continue building knowledge with impactful implications in different contexts.

Comprehensive analysis of college students' autonomous fitness behavior-a narrative review.

Although the physical health of college students is increasingly receiving attention, their autonomous fitness behavior has not been thoroughly investigated. This narrative review conducted a comprehensive literature search through databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), reviewing studies published up to December 2023. We explored the constructs of autonomy, fitness behavior, and agency, and discussed their integration within the autonomous fitness model. Our findings indicate a lack of comprehensive studies exploring the multifaceted factors influencing autonomous fitness behaviors. Future research should strive to deepen conceptual understanding and further explore the complex dynamics of the transition from autonomy to persistence, employing technological and interdisciplinary methodological perspectives to enhance understanding and promote sustainable fitness habits.

Loss and Return of Ticklishness in Functional Neurological Disorder.

BACKGROUND: People with functional neurological disorder (FND) have abnormalities in sensory processing. Loss of ticklishness has been rarely reported. OBJECTIVES: To describe associated clinical features in people with FND and loss of ticklishness and explore correlations with sensory changes. METHODS: Retrospective audit of clinical letters of people diagnosed with FND in a tertiary clinic and further cases identified in a general neurology clinic. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients with loss of ticklishness are described, of which most had other functional sensory symptoms and signs. It was more often localized to one limb, rather than generalized, in those with pain or weakness. Dissociation for the affected body part was often described. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of ticklishness in FND is frequently described and offers insights into mechanisms of agency, sensory processing and interoception, which are known to be altered in FND.

Legislative Intent and Agency: A Rational Unity Account.

Realist theories of legislative intent can be divided between aggregative theories (on which legislative intent is what some proportion of legislators intend) and common intent theories (on which legislative intent is a unanimous intent among legislators). In this article, we advance and defend an alternative realist conception of legislative intent: the rational unity account. On this account, the legislature is an agent with a distinctive 'rational point of view'-a concept we adopt from social ontology. The legislature's rational point of view is shaped by its procedures and structures, in ways not determined by either a common intention held by legislators or an aggregation of the intentions of legislators. We explain how our view improves on existing accounts. We then apply it to three cases to demonstrate its implications for legal interpretation. Importantly, on the proposed account, legislative intent can depart from what individual legislators think or know.

Why publish? An interview study exploring patient innovators' reasons for and experiences of scientific publishing.

BACKGROUND: Scientific publications featuring patient-driven innovations (i.e., innovations that are developed and driven by patients or informal caregivers) are increasing. By understanding patient innovators' experiences of research publication, the scientific community may be better prepared to support or partner with patient innovators. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore patient innovators' reasons for and experiences of authoring scientific publications about their innovations. METHODS: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 international patient innovators from three continents who had published in scientific journals. Participants were identified through a scoping review on patient-driven innovations and snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted from June to October 2022 and the data was analyzed using the Framework Method. FINDINGS: Participants' reasons for publishing in scientific journals were to strengthen the roles and voices of patients and informal caregivers, and to get recognition for their innovations. Some published as a response to serendipitous opportunities. Several positive experiences were reported: collaborations defined by transparency, mutual respect, and meaningful participation; learning and competence development; and gained confidence regarding the value of lived experiences in research. Participants also reported negative experiences, such as cultural barriers manifested as conservatism in academia and power imbalances between participants and researchers, and structural barriers regarding academic affiliations and research funding. CONCLUSIONS: Despite progress in increasing patient and public involvement in research and publication, our study found that patient innovators still experience barriers. This suggests that continued efforts are needed to facilitate contributions from patient innovators and other public actors to the production of relevant and meaningful research.

Rapid technological advances over the past decades have resulted in many health innovations that enable persons living with chronic conditions to better manage their health conditions in self-care. Similarly, caregivers can provide more advanced informal care. Do-it-yourself health innovations, such as automatic insulin dosing for diabetes patients, have been developed by patients and informal caregivers whom we in this study defined as patient innovators. There is an increasing trend of research focusing on such patient-driven innovations. However, we know little about the driving forces of patient innovators to contribute to scientific publications about their innovations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore patient innovators' reasons for publishing and their experiences thereof. We interviewed 15 international patient innovators who had experience of scientific publishing. Their main driving forces were to make patients' voices heard and receive recognition for their innovations, which could facilitate spread to other patients. The patient innovators in our study had positive experiences and meaningful collaborations with researchers that contributed to developing their scientific skills. However, they also faced challenges, such as managing their health and professional occupations besides research, being questioned by peer reviewers, and difficulties tackling the research and publication system without academic affiliation or funding. Our findings suggest that despite strong driving forces and positive experiences of scientific publishing, patient innovators face barriers that need to be addressed to facilitate the publication process for contributors without academic experience.

Pilot study of the relation between various dynamics of avatar experience and perceptual characteristics.

In recent years, due to the prevalence of virtual reality (VR) and human-computer interaction (HCI) research, along with the expectation that understanding the process of establishing sense of ownership, sense of agency, and limb heaviness (in this study, limb heaviness is replaced with comfort level) will contribute to the development of various medical rehabilitation, various studies have been actively conducted in these fields. Previous studies have indicated that each perceptual characteristics decrease in response to positive delay. However, it is still unclear how each perceptual characteristic changes in response to negative delay. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to deduce how changes occur in the perceptual characteristics when certain settings are manipulated using the avatar developed in this study. This study conducted experiments using an avatar system developed for this research that uses electromyography as the interface. Two separate experiments involved twelve participants: a preliminary experiment and a main experiment. As observed in the previous study, it was confirmed that each perceptual characteristics decreased for positive delay. In addition, the range of the preliminary experiment was insufficient for the purpose of this study, which was to confirm the perceptual characteristics for negative delay, thus confirming the validity of conducting this experiment. Meanwhile, the main experiment showed that the sense of ownership, sense of agency, and comfort level decreased gradually as delay time decreased, (i.e., this event is prior to action with intention, which could not be examined in the previous study). This suggests that control by the brain-machine interface is difficult to use when it is too fast. In addition, the distribution of the most strongly perceived settings in human perceptual characteristics was wider in regions with larger delays, suggesting this may lead to the evaluation of an internal model believed to exist in the human cerebellum. The avatar developed for this study may have the potential to create a new experimental paradigm for perceptual characteristics.

Find the Gap: AI, Responsible Agency and Vulnerability.

The responsibility gap, commonly described as a core challenge for the effective governance of, and trust in, AI and autonomous systems (AI/AS), is traditionally associated with a failure of the epistemic and/or the control condition of moral responsibility: the ability to know what we are doing and exercise competent control over this doing. Yet these two conditions are a red herring when it comes to understanding the responsibility challenges presented by AI/AS, since evidence from the cognitive sciences shows that individual humans face very similar responsibility challenges with regard to these two conditions. While the problems of epistemic opacity and attenuated behaviour control are not unique to AI/AS technologies (though they can be exacerbated by them), we show that we can learn important lessons for AI/AS development and governance from how philosophers have recently revised the traditional concept of moral responsibility in response to these challenges to responsible human agency from the cognitive sciences. The resulting instrumentalist views of responsibility, which emphasize the forward-looking and flexible role of agency cultivation, hold considerable promise for integrating AI/AS into a healthy moral ecology. We note that there nevertheless is a gap in AI/AS responsibility that has yet to be extensively studied and addressed, one grounded in a relational asymmetry of vulnerability between human agents and sociotechnical systems like AI/AS. In the conclusion of this paper we note that attention to this vulnerability gap must inform and enable future attempts to construct trustworthy AI/AS systems and preserve the conditions for responsible human agency.

"Like another human being in the room": a community case study of smart speakers to reduce loneliness in the oldest-old.

This community case study examined the potential benefits of smart speakers to tackle loneliness in the oldest old adults living in supported accommodation. The program was established as a collaboration between the supported accommodation provider and a technology company to explore the feasibility of smart speakers to alleviate resident loneliness. Loneliness in later life often accompanies a shrinking social circle, loss of a spouse or increased disability. People aged 85 years of age and over are increasingly likely to experience these life events, leading to an increased risk of social isolation and loneliness. Five older people, mean age 90 years of age, who resided in supported accommodation, were given a smart speaker for 8 weeks to examine their experience with the voice assistant. The experiences of the five older adults are explored as case studies, with each person interviewed both before and after receiving the smart speaker. All five valued their smart speaker, recognised its potential for tackling loneliness, and wanted to keep it. The three most lonely individuals reported that their smart speaker made them feel less lonely and isolated through two mechanisms: (i) creating a presence and (ii) having some control over their situation. Although only a small study, these experiences suggest providing smart speakers for lonely and isolated oldest-old people, could be one way to help combat loneliness in community settings.

Mobilize Is a Verb: The Use of Verbs and Concrete Language Is Associated With Authors' and Readers' Perceptions of a Text's Action Orientation and Persuasiveness.

In three studies, we investigated the role of linguistic features characterizing texts aiming to mobilize others. In Study 1 (N = 728), participants produced a leaflet either mobilizing others to engage in an action or expressing their thoughts about that action, and evaluated how action-oriented their text was. Mobilizing texts included more verbs and concrete words, and the presence of these linguistic characteristics was positively linked to participants' evaluations of their messages as action-oriented. In Studies 2 and 3 (N = 557 and N = 556), independent groups of participants evaluated texts produced in Study 1. Readers' perceptions of texts as action-oriented were associated with the same linguistic features as in Study 1 and further positively linked to perceived message effectiveness (Study 2) and behavioral intention (Study 3). The studies reveal how encoding and decoding of verbs and concrete words serve as distinct persuasive tools in calls to action.

Board attributes and sustainability reporting of selected listed nonfinancial firms in anglophone Sub-Saharan African countries: A multinomial logistic regression.

Resource depletion, social inequality, and climate change are key among the global issues affecting the modern corporate world. Corporate sustainability is a major agenda at corporate boards. Stakeholders are increasingly demanding corporate responsibility in the wake of global resource depletion. Sustainability reporting has been experienced differently in different regions, with emerging economies being adversely stuck. Combating the bearing effects has been difficult due to a lack of synergy among the nations as well as a lack of harmonized corporate disclosure. Understanding the global socioeconomic and environmental concerns requires a close examination of the major determinants of sustainability reporting. Grounded on the agency, stakeholders, and legitimacy theory, this study aims to evaluate the influence of board attributes on sustainability reporting. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, the study assessed 110 nonfinancial firms listed in 10 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2016 to 2021. The study analyzed the influence of board attributes on sustainability reporting. The result indicates that board size, board meetings, board independence, and board gender diversity have a positive influence on sustainability reporting. The finding provides policy implications and insight into the need for more representative boards with increased gender diversity and independence. Additionally, an optimal frequency of board meetings is needed to strengthen oversight, efficacy, and transparency of sustainability reporting initiatives in SSA. Larger representative board sizes could be rewarded with tax concessions.

Willingness and ability of existing mosquito control and public health agencies in New Jersey to assume responsibilities for management of ticks and tick-borne disease.

We conducted surveys of New Jersey mosquito control and public health agencies to determine their willingness and ability to expand or create and maintain publicly funded tick and tick-borne disease (T/TBD) management programs. Nearly all (86%) of 21 county mosquito control agencies (MCAs) completed the survey, while only 25% of the 102 health departments (HDs) responded, probably reflecting traditional agency responsibilities. Although few of either group had formal programs, many were engaged in T/TBD-related activities. Many MCAs rated their ability to assume T/TBD responsibilities as high or moderate, while most HDs rated their capabilities as low. With the exceptions of lack of sustainable funding and possible legal constraints, the groups differed regarding perceived barriers to program creation and maintenance. Both groups envisioned comprehensive programs emphasizing public education, but program priorities differed between the groups. MCAs were willing to include most program activities, while HDs felt that some activities should be the responsibility of other agencies. MCAs were generally more familiar than HDs with tick control methods and while both groups would include control in a comprehensive program, both would limit control to public lands. Estimated program costs varied widely, probably reflecting responding agency size and complexity of envisioned programs. These results in a state with a system of existing agencies staffed by highly competent professionals suggest that more than simply additional funding (e.g., established guidelines for tick control and surveillance) is needed to create a network of practice necessary to address the growing incidence of TBD.

Enhancing children's participation in dental research: A commentary.

The concept of childhood has evolved over the years, inspired by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, shifting from developmental models to a conception of childhood that recognizes children as moral agents. This evolution highlights the importance of respecting children's agency and their right to be heard in matters that are related to them. In conventional health research, however, children's voices are often inadequately accessed. In this commentary, we discuss the imperative to recognize children's agency in dental research and a shift from research on children to research with and by children. Moreover, we underscore the importance of actively seeking and listening to children's voices and recognizing their agency in shaping research and healthcare practices in the field of dentistry. Further, we explore the application of participatory research approaches in dental research and provide examples of studies that have involved children in various capacities. We conclude this commentary by emphasizing the potential benefits of participatory research in both qualitative and quantitative dental studies to promote deeper understanding, clearer communication, and stronger advocacy regarding children's interests. Primarily, we call for greater recognition of children's agency in dental research and advocate for more inclusive and child-centred research methodologies.

Dissociative Symptoms and Interoceptive Integration.

Dissociative symptoms and disorders of dissociation are characterised by disturbances in the experience of the self and the surrounding world, manifesting as a breakdown in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, and perception. This paper aims to provide insights into dissociative symptoms from the perspective of interoception, the sense of the body's internal physiological state, adopting a transdiagnostic framework.Dissociative symptoms are associated with a blunting of autonomic reactivity and a reduction in interoceptive precision. In addition to the central function of interoception in homeostasis, afferent visceral signals and their neural and mental representation have been shown to shape emotional feeling states, support memory encoding, and contribute to self-representation. Changes in interoceptive processing and disrupted integration of interoceptive signals into wider cognition may contribute to detachment from the body and the world, blunted emotional experience, and altered subjective recall, as experienced by individuals who suffer from dissociation.A better understanding of the role of altered interoceptive integration across the symptom areas of dissociation could thus provide insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying dissociative disorders. As new therapeutic approaches targeting interoceptive processing emerge, recognising the significance of interoceptive mechanisms in dissociation holds potential implications for future treatment targets.