Lyophilized Avocado Paste Improves Corn Chips' Nutritional Properties and Sensory Acceptability.

Avocado paste (AP) is an industrial byproduct and a potential source of bioactive compounds, so there is great interest in its valorization. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of adding AP to corn chips regarding their nutritional profile and sensory acceptability. Three AP-supplemented corn chip samples were prepared (C-2%, C-6%, and C-10%), along with a control chip (C), whose total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids, and sensory acceptability were evaluated. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, significant increases were found between all samples (p < 0.05), particularly between C and C-10% (from 0.93 to 3.56 mg GAE/g dw and 1.17 to 6.61 mg QE/g dw, respectively). Their antioxidant capacity also increased significantly (p < 0.05) with all methods used (FRAP, DPPH, ORAC, and TEAC). Regarding the sensory analysis, no significant differences were found (p > 0.05) between C and C-2% in the parameters of smell, color, flavor, and overall acceptability; however, the texture of C-2% was better evaluated. The C-2% sample also had the highest acceptability; 82% of the participants mentioned that they would buy the C-2%, higher than the rest of the samples. These results suggest the feasibility of adding 2% AP as a strategy to improve the nutritional properties of corn chips without compromising their sensory acceptability; therefore, AP may be used as a food ingredient.

Physicochemical characterization of the pod husk of Theobroma cacao L. of clones CCN51, FEAR5, and FSV41 and its agroindustrial application.

In cocoa production, the harvest and postharvest processes tend to generate residues that, if not properly treated or disposed of, become a source of pests or diseases for the crop and the farmer. The residues are environmental contaminants, which are equivalent to 70%-80% of the total fruit (husk, placenta, leachates). In the case of cacao pod husk (CPH), it is hollow form contributes to the accumulation of water or leachates. These residues with no apparent profitable use may have components of agroindustrial interest, such as pectins, cellulose, and starches, in products with high added value. Thus, the physicochemical characterization CPH of clones Castro Naranjal Collection 51 (CCN51), FEDECACAO Arauquita 5 (FEAR5), and FEDECACAO San Vicente 41 (FSV41) is presented to identify different applications such as biopolymers, bioremediation, and renewable energies and their potential biotechnological use in contributing to the circular economy according to the characteristics of each clone. In conclusion, it is important to continue with the research on CPHs of the different clones and to promote the sustainable development of cocoa in the Department of Risaralda, Colombia.

Evolution of physico-chemical parameters, microorganism diversity and volatile organic compound of apple pomace exposed to ambient conditions.

In apple processing, waste material known as apple pomace amounts to 45% of production volumes. When this residue is stored in open-air for its stabilization and potential uses, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are produced, resulting in environmental and odor pollution, and must be managed to avoid their impact. This work aims to study the emission of VOCs utilizing TD-GC/MS and its relationship with changes in physico-chemical (moisture, pH, proteins, among others) and biological (bacteria and fungi using Illumina MiSeq) parameters under three environmental conditions: open-air (outdoors), under-roof (indoors) and oxygen-free. The 8-month study results showed a gradual increase in odorous VOCs and microbial diversity, a product of chemical and biological transformation processes in the samples. A 30% increase in odorant compounds responsible for the unpleasant smell was observed, especially esters, aldehydes and hydrocarbons in samples stored in oxygen-free and Open-air conditions. Increases in VOCs over time were associated with changes in physico-chemical and biological parameters, as well as fluctuations in environmental variables (temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation). The results of this research allow establishing a relationship between storage conditions and the production of VOCs. In addition, recommendations for waste storage time are provided for the most common uses of apple pomace based on the physico-chemical parameters observed, in order to avoid the generation of odorous compounds. Of all storage methods analyzed, under-roof is the most adequate in practice. This study's findings are pertinent for managing agribusiness waste and its potential environmental pollution.

From purposeless residues to biocomposites: A hyphae made connection.

Biocomposites create attractive alternatives to match packing needs with available agricultural residues. Growing native fungal strains developed a mycelium biocomposite over a mixture of Peach Palm Fruit Peel Flour and Sugar Cane Bagasse Wet Dust. A methodology was proposed to analyze their main characteristics: 1) morphological, 2) chemical, and 3) biodegradability. 1) SEM analysis evidenced the structural change of the dried vs pressed material and mycelium morphology for both species. 2) The ratio lignin:carbohydrate showed that P. ostreatus degrades the cellulose-hemicellulose fraction of the substrate at a higher rate than T. elegans, and 3) the curve BMP indicated that these materials are readily biodegradable with a maximum yield of 362,50 mL biogas/g VS. An innovative tangible valorization strategy based on mass balances is also presented: from just 50 kg of peel flour, up to 1840 units can be manufactured, which could pave the way for a more sustainable future.

Alkaline Modification of Arabica-Coffee and Theobroma-Cocoa Agroindustrial Waste for Effective Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solutions.

Arabica-coffee and Theobroma-cocoa agroindustrial wastes were treated with NaOH and characterized to efficiently remove Pb(II) from the aqueous media. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacities, qmax, of Arabica-coffee (WCAM) and Theobroma-cocoa (WCTM) biosorbents (qmax = 303.0 and 223.1 mg·g−1, respectively) were almost twice that of the corresponding untreated wastes and were higher than those of other similar agro-industrial biosorbents reported in the literature. Structural, chemical, and morphological characterization were performed by FT-IR, SEM/EDX, and point of zero charge (pHPZC) measurements. Both the WCAM and WCTM biosorbents showed typical uneven and rough cracked surfaces including the OH, C=O, COH, and C-O-C functional adsorbing groups. The optimal Pb(II) adsorption, reaching a high removal efficiency %R (>90%), occurred at a pH between 4 and 5 with a biosorbent dose of 2 g·L−1. The experimental data for Pb(II) adsorption on WACM and WCTM were well fitted with the Langmuir-isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models. These indicated that Pb(II) adsorption is a chemisorption process with the presence of a monolayer mechanism. In addition, the deduced thermodynamic parameters showed the endothermic (ΔH0 > 0), feasible, and spontaneous (ΔG0 < 0) nature of the adsorption processes studied.

Application of Orange Peel Waste as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue and Cd2+ Simultaneous Remediation.

Pollution by dyes and heavy metals is one of the main concerns at the environmental level due to their toxicity and inefficient elimination by traditional water treatment. Orange peel (OP) without any treatment was applied to effectively eliminate methylene blue (MB) and cadmium ions (Cd2+) in mono- and multicomponent systems. Although the single adsorption processes for MB and Cd2+ have been investigated, the effects and mechanisms of interactions among multicomponent systems are still unclear. Batch experiments showed that in monocomponent systems, the maximum adsorption capacities were 0.7824 mmol g-1 for MB and 0.2884 mmol g-1 for Cd2+, while in multicomponent systems (Cd2+ and MB), both contaminants competed for the adsorption sites on OP. Particularly, a synergic effect was observed since the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ increased compared to the monocomponent system. Results of desorption and adsorbent reuse confirmed that the adsorbent presents good regeneration performance. The low cost of this material and its capacity for the individual or simultaneous removal of Cd2+ and MB in aqueous solutions makes it a potential adsorbent for polluted water treatment processes.

Use of Anthracophyllum discolor and Stereum hirsutum as a Suitable Strategy for Delignification and Phenolic Removal of Olive Mill Solid Waste.

This study evaluated the use of the white-rot fungi (WRF) Anthracophyllum discolor and Stereum hirsutum as a biological pretreatment for olive mill solid mill waste (OMSW). The WRF strains proposed were added directly to OMSW. The assays consisted of determining the need to add supplementary nutrients, an exogenous carbon source or use agitation systems, and evaluating WRF growth, enzyme activity, phenolic compound removal and lignin degradation. The highest ligninolytic enzyme activity was found at day 10, reaching 176.7 U/L of manganese-independent peroxidase (MniP) produced by A. discolor, and the highest phenolic removal (more than 80% with both strains) was reached after 24 days of incubation. The confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis (CLSM) confirmed lignin degradation through the drop in lignin relative fluorescence units (RFU) from 3967 for untreated OMSW to 235 and 221 RFU, showing a lignin relative degradation of 94.1% and 94.4% after 24 days of treatment by A. discolor and S. hirsutum, respectively. The results demonstrate for the first time that A. discolor and S. hirsutum were able to degrade lignin and remove phenolic compounds from OMSW using this as the sole substrate without adding other nutrients or using agitation systems. This work indicates that it could be possible to design an in situ pretreatment of the valorization of OMSW, avoiding complex systems or transportation. In this sense, future research under non-sterile conditions is needed to evaluate the competition of WRF with other microorganisms present in the OMSW. The main drawbacks of this work are associated with both the low reaction time and the water addition. However, OMSW is seasonal waste produced in one season per year, being stored for a long time. In terms of water addition, the necessary optimization will be addressed in future research.

Impact of using cocoa bean shell powder as a substitute for wheat flour on some of chocolate cake properties.

The cocoa bean shell is a residue rich in bioactive compounds and its use as an ingredient in the food industry has been studied. This work had the objective of proposing the elaboration of chocolate cake with substitution of wheat flour by cocoa bean shell powder (CSp). Five formulations with different percentages of CSp were used: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 0% (control). The cakes were evaluated by technological characteristics (volume, texture profile, firmness and colour), antioxidant profile (DPPH, ß-carotene/linoleic acid system, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and tannins) and sensory tests (TDS and acceptance). The technological characteristics and antioxidant activity of the cakes were influenced by the different concentrations of CSp compared to the control sample. The cakes containing up to 75% CSp presented satisfactory sensory acceptance. Therefore, CSp has been revealed to be a prominent alternative substitute ingredient to be used promisingly in the food industry.

Development and Characterization of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Flour-Based Biopolymer Films Reinforced with Plantain Fibers.

Agroindustrial wastes are a cheap and abundant source of natural fibers and macromolecules that can be used in the manufacturing of biocomposites. This study presents the development and thermo-mechanical characterization of a bio-composite film (TPF/PF), made of thermoplastic banana flour (TPF) matrix and plantain fibers (PF). Fabricated materials were characterized by physical analysis, chemical composition, Fourier-transformed spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA), mechanical analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The physical analysis showed that TPF and PF have a low density and high affinity to water resulting in a lightweight, renewable, and biodegradable TPF/PF composite. The chemical composition and spectra analysis of the fiber showed that PF is a potential candidate for reinforcing composites due to its high α-cellulose and low lignin content. The thermal analysis determined that TPF degrades at a lower temperature than PF, therefore the matrix sets the processing temperature for TPF/PF composite films. The mechanical test showed an improvement in the tensile properties of the composite in comparison to neat TPF. Tensile strength and Young's modulus were improved by 345% and 1196%, respectively, when PF fibers was used. Good bonding and mechanical interlocking of PF to the TPF were identified by SEM. Therefore, potential biocomposites can be developed using natural fibers and thermoplastic starches obtained from plantain agroindustrial wastes.

Agro-Industrial Fruit Byproducts as Health-Promoting Ingredients Used to Supplement Baked Food Products.

One of the biggest problems faced by food industries is the generation of large amounts of agro-industrial byproducts, such as those derived from fruit processing, as well as the negative effects of their inadequate management. Approximately 1/3 of the food produced worldwide is unused or is otherwise wasted along the chain, which represents a burden on the environment and an inefficiency of the system. Thus, there is growing interest in reintroducing agro-industrial byproducts (both from fruits and other sources) into the processing chain, either by adding them as such or utilizing them as sources of health-promoting bioactive compounds. The present work discusses recent scientific studies on the nutritional and bioactive composition of some agro-industrial byproducts derived from fruit processing, their applications as ingredients to supplement baked foods, and their main biological activities on the consumer's health. Research shows that agro-industrial fruit byproducts can be incorporated into various baked foods, increasing their fiber content, bioactive profile, and antioxidant capacity, in addition to other positive effects such as reducing their glycemic impact and inducing satiety, all while maintaining good sensory acceptance. Using agro-industrial fruit byproducts as food ingredients avoids discarding them; it can promote some bioactivities and maintain or even improve sensory acceptance. This contributes to incorporating edible material back into the processing chain as part of a circular bioeconomy, which can significantly benefit primary producers, processing industries (particularly smaller ones), and the final consumer.

Lipid Digestibility and Polyphenols Bioaccessibility of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Containing Avocado Peel and Seed Extracts as Affected by the Presence of Low Methoxyl Pectin.

In this study, the digestibility of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions using low methoxyl pectin (LMP) as surfactant and in combination with avocado peel (AP) or seed (AS) extracts was assessed, in terms of its free fatty acid (FFA) release and the phenolic compound (PC) bioaccessibility. With this purpose, AP and AS were characterized by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS before their incorporation into O/W emulsions stabilized using LMP. In that sense, AP extract had a higher content of PCs (6836.32 ± 64.66 mg/100 g of extract) compared to AS extract (1514.62 ± 578.33 mg/100 g of extract). Both extracts enhanced LMP's emulsifying properties, leading to narrower distributions and smaller particle sizes compared to those without extracts. Similarly, when both LMP and the extracts were present in the emulsions the FFA release significantly increased. Regarding bioaccessibility, the PCs from the AS extracts had a higher bioaccessibility than those from the AP extracts, regardless of the presence of LMP. However, the presence of LMP reduced the bioaccessibility of flavonoids from emulsions containing either AP or AS extracts. These results provide new insights regarding the use of PC extracts from avocado peel and seed residues, and the effect of LMP on emulsion digestibility, and its influence on flavonoids bioaccessibility.

Green-based active packaging: Opportunities beyond COVID-19, food applications, and perspectives in circular economy-A brief review.

The development of biodegradable packaging, based on agro-industrial plant products and by-products, can transform waste into products with high added value and reduce the use of conventional nonrenewable packaging. Green-based active packaging has a variety of compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, aromatics, among others. These compounds interact with packaged products to improve food quality and safety and favor the migration of bioactive compounds from the polymeric matrix to food. The interest in the potential hygienic-sanitary benefit of these packages has been intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, which made the population more aware of the relevant role of packaging for protection and conservation of food. It is estimated that the pandemic scenario expanded food packaging market due to shift in eating habits and an increase in online purchases. The triad health, sustainability, and circular economy is a trend in the development of packaging. It is necessary to minimize the consumption of natural resources, reduce the use of energy, avoid the generation of waste, and emphasize the creation of social and environmental values. These ideas underpin the transition from the emphasis on the more subjective discourse to the emphasis on the more practical method of thinking about the logic of production and use of sustainable packaging. Presently, we briefly review some trends and economic issues related to biodegradable materials for food packaging; the development and application of bio-based active films; some opportunities beyond COVID-19 for food packaging segment; and perspectives in circular economy.

Agroindustrial Wastes as a Support for the Immobilization of Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: Synthesis of Hexyl Laurate.

As a consequence of intense industrialization in the last few decades, the amount of agro-industrial wastes has increasing, where new forms of valorization are crucial. In this work, five residual biomasses from Maranhão (Brazil) were investigated as supports for immobilization of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). The new biocatalysts BM-TLL (babaçu mesocarp) and RH-TLL (rice husk) showed immobilization efficiencies >98% and hydrolytic activities of 5.331 U g-1 and 4.608 U g-1, respectively, against 142 U g-1 by Lipozyme® TL IM. High esterification activities were also found, with 141.4 U g-1 and 396.4 U g-1 from BM-TLL and RH-TLL, respectively, against 113.5 U g-1 by TL IM. Results of porosimetry, SEM, and BET demonstrated BM and RH supports are mesoporous materials with large hydrophobic area, allowing a mixture of hydrophobic adsorption and confinement, resulting in hyperactivation of TLL. These biocatalysts were applied in the production of hexyl laurate, where RH-TLL was able to generate 94% conversion in 4 h. Desorption with Triton X-100 and NaCl confirmed that new biocatalysts were more efficient with 5 times less protein than commercial TL IM. All results demonstrated that residual biomass was able to produce robust and stable biocatalysts containing immobilized TLL with better results than commercial preparations.

Study of new reinforcing materials for cementitious panel production.

The development of building materials using new types of raw materials is currently on demand by society and the industry. It is intended to reduce production costs, improve properties and obtain ever-increasingly sustainable processes and products. In this respect, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of new types of reinforcement material on the physical-mechanical and thermal properties of cement-based panels. Cement-based panels reinforced with pine wood, coffee husk waste, rice husk and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were evaluated. The panels were produced with 1.30 g.cm-3nominal density; 1:2.5 reinforcement material: cement ratio; 1:1.5 water:cement ratio; 0.25 cement hydration rate using Portland ARI V cement and 3% calcium chloride (CaCl2) as additive. The panels' physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated before and after accelerated aging. PET bottle wastes showed great potential for use in cement-based panel production, obtaining the best physical and mechanical results, and showing superior performance to pine wood panels. Cement-based panels reinforced with coffee husk and rice husk waste obtained lower physical-mechanical performance, presenting usage limitations, however, with the lowest values of thermal conductivity.

Evaluation of Tahiti lemon shell flour (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) as a fat mimetic.

The citrus juice industry produces a significant amount of peel residues; it can represent between 18 and 30% of the total weight of the fruit. In recent years, there has been an increase in its use as a source of fiber. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Tahiti lemon peel flour (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) as a fat mimetic (10, 20 and 30%) in a cake. The chemical and nutritional characterization of the lemon peel, the determination of the drying conditions to obtain the flour of the lemon peel, and the physical, chemical, and nutritional characterization of the lemon peel flour and cake was evaluated. A high content of dietary fiber for Tahiti lemon peel (89.15 ± 0.00 g/100 g) and flour (85.30 ± 0.06 g/100 g) was obtained. For the drying conditions to obtain the lemon peel flour, a temperature of 60 °C during 16 h was selected. The cake with greater acceptability had a 10% fat replacement with lemon peel flour, which presented a reduction of 19.16% in the fat content and an approximately double increase in the dietary fiber content. This study suggests that the flour obtained from Tahiti lemon flavedo can be used as a mimetic of fat in cakes, contributing to the nutritional characteristics of the food in which it is included.

Sugarcane biomass colonized by Pleurotus ostreatus for red 4B dye removal: a sustainable alternative.

Biosorption of the red 4B dye was evaluated using non-colonized sugarcane bagasse and colonized by Pleurotus ostreatus. The fungal colonization caused an increase in the acid and phenolic groups, making the biosorbent surface more positive, with lower thermal stability due to decomposition of lignocellulosic compounds, lower pHpcz, and smaller pores. The biosorbents showed better adsorption at pH 2.0 and required 260 min to reach equilibrium. The kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order mathematical model, which predicts strong chemical interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. The mathematical models that best fit the isothermal data were the combination of Langmuir for low dye concentrations and Freundlich for high dye concentrations in the solution for the non-colonized biosorbent, which predict that adsorption occurs in monolayer and multilayer, respectively. For the colonized biosorbent, the model that best fits the isothermal data (25°C and 40°C) was the Freundlich model, showing that the adsorption for this case occurs in multilayers. Thermodynamic studies (25°C, 40°C and 50°C) show that increasing temperature decreases the biosorption capacity (exothermic process for both biosorbents), and the system shows low spontaneity with increasing concentration. Also, the entropy for non-colonized sugarcane bagasse increases at low concentrations, however after fungal colonization, it decreases for both. In industrial effluent, the non-colonized biosorbent presented a higher biosorption capacity, but fungal colonization demonstrates greater sustainability by initially allowing the production of mushrooms.

Study of Ganoderma lucidum in Laccase Production using Corncob and Paddies Straw Substrates on Submerged Fermentation System.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Ganoderma lucidum a white rot fungi, produce laccase which capable to degrade lignin due to its activity as ligninolytic enzymes. The production of laccase by G. lucidum using various agroindustrial wastes, including corncob and paddies straw, as substrates have been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine substrate that able to produce the highest activity of the laccase from the G. lucidum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method used an experimental design followed by descriptive analysis using 4 treatments with duplication including treatment G. lucidum growth into A (control, Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB)), B (PDB+corncob), C (PDB+rice straw) and D (PDB+corncob+rice straw). This study includes; (1) Qualitative assay determination of laccase, (2) Extraction and laccase activity, (3) Cell concentration of G. lucidum measurement and (4) pH measurement. RESULTS: Laccase qualitative assay showed brownish red ring on PDA media that indicated a positive of the laccase enzyme secreted by G. lucidum. Enzyme activity under submerged fermentation condition was achieved by the treatment of adding corncobs with the highest activity accounting 68.75 U mL-1. The fermentation process causes a decrease in pH during the incubation time to pH 4.83. The results of pH measurements showed that the laccase enzyme from G. lucidum worked optimally at pH 4-5 achieved after 5 day of incubation. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that G. lucidum has potential to produce laccase enzyme by using substrate comprising corncob and rice straw on submerged fermentation.

Evaluation of new environmental friendly particulate soil fertilizers based on agroindustry wastes biopolymers and sugarcane vinasse.

This study evaluated the physicochemical and morphological properties of pectin and chitosan particles combined with sugarcane vinasse for soil fertilization applications. Particles were obtained by adding the biopolymeric solutions (pectin or chitosan solution) dropwise into the crosslinking solutions (calcium chloride 1% in ethanolic solution or tripolyphosphate 5% aqueous solution) followed by drying. Vinasse enhanced pectin gel stability improving pectin/vinasse particle properties. Physicochemical characterization indicated that vinasse nutrients were properly incorporated in both pectin and chitosan matrices. Particles showed spherical shape, with an average diameter of 3 and 2 mm for the pectin and chitosan particles with vinasse, respectively. Chitosan particles, compared to pectin, showed lower swelling capacity and solubility and higher mechanical resistance indicating a denser and more compact polymer network. Both particles were able to hinder water evaporation rates from sandy soil under water stress conditions. Biobased particles with vinasse added show potential to be applied as soil fertilizer representing an alternative to use and disposal of this expressive wastewater from sugar and alcohol industries.

Characterization of acerola (Malpighia emarginata) industrial waste as raw material for thermochemical processes.

Brazil stands out as one of the largest world powers in the agribusiness sector, and with the increase of production capacity, an enormous amount of waste is generated that cause serious environmental problems. Acerola is evidenced as one of the fruits of growing and important commercialization, contributing significantly to regional development through the export of concentrated powder product. Thus, in order to minimize the environmental impacts generated by the local fruit processing industry, the proximate analysis of its residue after drying in a convective oven at temperatures of 50, 75 and 100 °C was carried out in this work, aiming at the reuse of this residue for thermochemical processes. Moisture, ash, volatile matter (VM), and fixed carbon (FC) content were analyzed, as well as characterizations, such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (CHNO), calorific value (HHV) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). The results showed a significant difference in the moisture contents, VM, FC and elemental carbon for the dry residue at 50 °C compared to the temperatures of 75 and 100 °C, while for the ash content there was no significant difference between the temperatures. The dry acerola residue at the three temperatures studied presented adequate properties for thermochemical application, with lignocellulosic compounds that can be converted by thermochemical route, good levels of calorific power, low moisture and ash content, associated with high amount of volatile matter.

Reutilization of residual glycerin for the produce ß-carotene by Rhodotorula minuta.

This study aimed to evaluate the production of carotenoid pigments by Rhodotorula spp. in submerged fermentation, using residual glycerin from biodiesel production as a carbon source. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC showed that the residual glycerin used as substrate was 57.88% composed of glycerol. The best growth conditions were found in the fermentation medium composed of residual glycerin at a concentration of 30 g/L and pH 9. From all the Rhodotorula strains tested, R. minuta URM6693 was selected because of their performance and adaptation in all culture media assayed. The maximum volumetric production of carotenoids was found at 48 h (equivalent to 17.20 mg/L, for the R. minuta). The production of ß-carotene since the first 24 h of fermentation reach a final concentration of 1.021 mg/L. The yeast Rhodotorula minuta proved its capability to efficiently convert the substrate (mainly at the concentration of 50 g/L), obtaining products of biotechnological interest.