Amyand's hernia, case report and review of current literature

ABSTRACT Introduction: Amyand's hernia (appendix trapped within an inguinal hernia) is a rare clinical condition that groups two common surgical diseases: acute appendicitis and inguinal hernia. Its preoperative diagnosis is difficult, so it should be considered in cases of inguinal hernia before an inflammatory process occurs in the appendix to avoid complications. Although there is no consensus on its treatment, current classifications serve as a guide for a timely surgical resolution. Case presentation: A 57-year-old male patient from the southern coast of Ecuador consulted the emergency department of a secondary level health care institution due to a 24-hour history of painful and irreducible mass in the right inguinal region associated with hyporexia. The patient was diagnosed with incarcerated inguinal hernia and underwent a right inguinal hernioplasty, during which the appendix and cecum were found inside the hernia sac. Hernioplasty and appendectomy were performed using the Lichtenstein technique. The patient was discharged in good conditions and did not have any complications at 8- and 15-day follow-up. Conclusions: Amyand's hernia is increasingly reported. It is difficult to diagnose preoperatively due to its nonspecific symptoms. When suspected, imaging studies help its visualization and guide an individualized and early treatment, together with the current classifications of this type of hernias.

RESUMEN Introducción. La hernia de Amyand es una condición clínica infrecuente que agrupa a dos patologías quirúrgicas habituales: apendicitis aguda y hernia inguinal; en esta entidad el apéndice vermiforme se encuentra en el interior del saco de una hernia inguinal. Su diagnóstico preoperatorio es difícil, por lo que debe tenerse en cuenta en casos de hernia inguinal antes de que se presente un proceso inflamatorio, el cual puede traer más complicaciones; además, aunque no existe un consenso para el manejo según las clasificaciones actuales, estas sirven de guía para una resolución quirúrgica oportuna. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 57 años procedente de la costa sur de Ecuador, quien consultó al servicio de emergencias de una institución de segundo nivel de atención por un cuadro clínico de 24 horas de evolución que inició con la aparición de una masa dolorosa e irreductible en la región inguinal derecha asociada a hiporexia. El paciente fue diagnosticado con hernia inguinal incarcerada y se le practicó una hernioplastia inguinal derecha en la que se encontró el apéndice y el ciego dentro del saco herniario; durante este procedimiento también se realizó apendicectomía y hernioplastia con técnica de Lichtenstein. El paciente fue dado de alta en buenas condiciones y en controles posteriores, a los 8 y 15 días de la cirugía, no presentó complicaciones. Conclusiones. La hernia de Amyand es una entidad cada vez más frecuente que tiene un difícil diagnóstico preoperatorio debido a su cuadro clínico inespecífico. Ante la sospecha de esta patología se deben realizar estudios de imagenología que ayuden a su visualización y orienten, junto con las clasificaciones actuales de este tipo de hernias, un manejo individualizado y temprano.

Bilateral congenital inguinal hernia with right-sided Amyand's hernia in a premature twin: Case report and a summary of clinical presentations, management and outcomes in neonates and infants with Amyand's hernia.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Congenital hernias occur 70% on the right side, 25% on the left side, and approximately 5% bilaterally. The finding of a congenital Amyand's hernia is of interest, especially in patients who do not present risk factors associated with connective tissue disorders, ascitic conditions, fetal developmental disorders or any condition that increases abdominal pressure. CASE PRESENTATION: Male patient, 6 months old, was brought to the pediatric surgery department due to a visible mass in the bilateral inguinal region, which protruded with crying. The parents report that he was a 36-week preterm, low birth weight, monochorionic monoamniotic twin with bilateral congenital inguinal hernia. An open herniorrhaphy was performed, showing a left communicating hydrocele with an indirect left inguinal hernia and right communicating hydrocele with indirect inguinal hernia containing cecal appendix with no signs of inflammation. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: The most common clinical presentation is the presence of a reducible or irreducible mass, erythema and/or inguino-scrotal edema, irritability manifested by crying and recurrent pain in older infants. This condition may be associated with cryptorchidism, intrauterine structural developmental disorder, and the presence of fistulas. Appendectomy and traditional hernia reduction are the most common surgical approach. The evolution of this condition is favorable with extremely low complication rates. CONCLUSION: Amyand's hernia in the neonate is a rare presenting condition, which frequently involves nearby structures with risk of inflammation, incarceration and perforation, so repair should be performed early.

Hernia de Amyand tipo 2: apendicectomía y hernioplastia con malla de baja densidad / Amyand's hernia type 2: appendectomy and hernioplasty withlow density mesh

La incidencia de las hernias inguinales en Colombia es de aproximadamente 15 por cada 1000 habitantes, y el riesgo de presentar una hernia inguinal durante la vida es del 27 % en hombres y del 3 % en mujeres. Existen presentaciones poco frecuentes como la hernia de Amyand que consiste en la protrusión del apéndice cecal, inflamada o no, dentro del contenido del saco herniario. A nivel global, tiene una incidencia del 0,13 % al 1 % y su tratamiento se realiza basándose en la clasificación de Losanoff y Basson. Sin embargo, una de las controversias aún existentes respecto al manejo quirúrgico, es la indicación del uso o no de mallas al momento de realizar la hernioplastia y el resultado final del mismo, así que este es el punto donde se centra la revisión de nuestro artículo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 79 años con una hernia de Amyand tipo 2, a quien se le practicó hernioplastia con malla de baja densidad absorbible, con adecuada evolución posquirúrgica

The incidence of inguinal hernias in Colombia is approximately 15 per 1000 inhabitants, and the risk of presenting an inguinal hernia during life is 27% in men and 3% in women. There are rare presentations such as Amyand's hernia, which consists of the protrusion of the cecal appendix, inflamed or not, within the content of the hernial sac. At a global level, it has an incidence of 0.13% to 1% and its treatment is based on the Losanoff and Basson classification. However, one of the still existing controversies regarding surgical management is the indication of the use or not of meshes at the time of performing the hernioplasty, and the final result of it, this is the point where the review of our article focuses. We present the case of a 79-year-old patient with a type 2 Amyand hernia who underwent hernioplasty with a low-density absorbable mesh, with adequate postoperative evolution

Amyand's hernia during laparoscopy hernioplasty. Case eport

Amyand's hernia refers to a rare occurrence in which the vermiform appendix, either inflamed or normal, happens to be found in an inguinal hernia sac. Due to its rarity and unspecific clinical evidence, it is most commonly presented as an intra-operative finding. A laparoscopic approach becomes both a way to confirm the diagnosis and a therapeutic tool. Case report: We hereby report a case of a 62-year-old patient presenting with an asymptomatic bilateral inguinal hernia, previously treated on his right side in 2011 with an open approach. The elective laparoscopic surgery, during the right groin exploration, revealed a vermiform appendix, with no signs of inflammation, within the hernia sac. . A prosthetic laparoscopic hernioplasty without appendicectomy was performed and both early outpatient follow-up and 30-day outcome demonstrated excellent recovery. Conclusions: Appendicectomy, when necessary, and primary hernia repair at the same time can be safely performed by laparoscopy which may be considered an advantageous management giving its role in diagnosing, in confirming an Amyand's hernia, in exploring the abdominal cavity and in being a therapeutic tool at the same time(AU)

La hernia de Amyand se refiere a una ocurrencia rara en la que el apéndice vermiforme, ya sea inflamado o normal, se encuentra dentro de un saco inguinal herniario. Debido a su rareza y evidencia clínica inespecífica, se presenta más comúnmente como un hallazgo intraoperatorio. Un abordaje laparoscópico se convierte tanto en una forma de confirmar el diagnóstico como en una herramienta terapéutica. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 62 años que presenta una hernia inguinal bilateral asintomática, previamente tratada en su lado derecho en 2011 con un abordaje convencional abierto. La cirugía laparoscópica electiva, durante la exploración de la ingle derecha, reveló un apéndice vermiforme, sin signos de inflamación, dentro del saco de la hernia. Se realizó una hernioplastia laparoscópica protésica sin apendicectomía y tanto el seguimiento ambulatorio temprano como el resultado a 30 días demostraron una excelente recuperación. Conclusión: La apendicectomía, cuando es necesario, y la reparación de la hernia primaria al mismo tiempo se pueden realizar de forma segura por laparoscopia que puede considerarse una gestión ventajosa dando su papel en el diagnóstico, en la confirmación de una hernia de Amyand, explorando la cavidad abdominal y siendo una herramienta terapéutica al mismo tiempo(AU)

Type 2 myocardial infarction in a patient with acute abdomen due to an incarcerated Amyand's Hernia.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 myocardial infarction (MIT2) is characterized by higher mortality rates compared to conventional type 1 infarction according to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2018. The purpose of this case is to identify appropriate therapeutic measures. A case of an Amyand's Hernia that produced an MIT2 is described in this work. CASE REPORT: A 77-year-old male was admitted to our emergency department for acute abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant associated with the presence of an ipsilateral inguinal hernia with signs of peritoneal irritation, while complaining of chest pain. A positive troponin indicated the presence of myocardial infarction. A laparotomy was performed with the finding of an incarcerated right inguino-scrotal hernia that contained the gangrenous and perforated cecal appendix (Amyand hernia type 3). The treatment consisted of surgical correction of the hernia, an appendectomy, antibiotics and support in the intensive care unit with a positive outcome. The diagnosis of Amyand hernia type 3 was established intraoperatively, and by imaging, confirming the presence of an MIT2 according to the criteria of the fourth definition of ECS infarction. CONCLUSION: In the surgical environment it is strange to find patients who present with acute abdominal pain and a myocardial infarction at the same time. It is necessary for the consultant to recognize these two entities to make a correct diagnosis and provide timely treatment to reduce any possibility of patient mortality.

Emergent groin hernia repair at a County Hospital in Guatemala: patient-related issues vs. health care system limitations.

BACKGROUND: The rate of emergent groin hernia repair in developing countries is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of groin hernia repairs performed at a county hospital in Guatemala [Hospital Nacional de San Benito (HSNB)] was undertaken and compared to a literature review in developed countries. Patients with incarcerated hernias were interviewed to determine factors related to late presentation. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of patients with groin hernias in this analysis presented at HNSB emergently (vs. 2.5-7.7% in developed countries). Most patients were male in their fifth decade of life. Ten percent of hernias were femoral. There was no delay in scheduling patients for surgery presenting for elective repair. Most patients lived within 20 miles of the hospital, but only 50% of patients returned for their follow-up appointment. Most patients with an incarcerated inguinal hernia (56%) did not seek medical attention because of family obligations, but when they did, this decision was influence by their children (66%). None of the patients presenting with an incarcerated hernia had education past secondary school. In fact, most (56%) did not have any form formal education. Nearly 90% of patients who had an incarcerated hernia repaired thought that the hospital provided good-to-excellent care. CONCLUSION: A high number of patients present emergently for groin hernia repair at a county hospital in Guatemala compared to developed countries. Our data suggest that emergent hernias are likely the result of patient-related issues rather than health care system limitations.

Hernia de Amyand tipo 3. Reporte de caso / Amyand hernia type 3. Case report

Se describe a la hernia de Amyand como la presencia del apéndice cecal dentro de un saco herniario inguinal con un proceso inflamatorio-infeccioso o no, cuya frecuencia <1% de los casos de hernias inguinales. Exponer caso clínico y revisión bibliográfica de la hernia de Amyand tipo 3. Paciente masculino de 65 años de edad con enfermedad actual de inicio 10 días previo a su ingreso cuando posterior a esfuerzo físico presenta aumento de volumen no reductible en región inguinal derecha dolorosa, posteriormente 24 horas previo a su ingreso presenta dolor de fuerte intensidad en región inguinal derecha, persistencia del aumento de volumen y signos de flogosis, náuseas y alzas térmicas no cuantificadas, por lo cual acude a nuestra institución. Examen fisico: Abdomen blando depresible, doloroso a la palpación profunda en fosa ilíaca derecha, sin signos de irritación peritoneal, se apreciaba aumento de volumen en region inguinal derecha, no reductible, doloroso a la palpación con rubor y calor local, genitales masculinos con dolor a la palpación del testìculo derecho. Hernia inguinal derecha atascada. Intervención quirúrgica: Hernioplastia inguinal por técnica de cierre preperitoneal, sin colocación de malla, apendicectomía atípica por técnica de Pouchet. La hernia de Amyand es una patología poco frecuente, que se presenta <1% y acompañada de complicaciones <0,1%, debe sospecharse en pacientes que presente una patología herniaria derecha con leucocitosis y neutrofilia sin otro foco infeccioso demostrado, donde el diagnóstico principalmente se hace intraoperatorio como lo expone el presente caso(AU)

Amyand's hernia is described as the presence of the cecal appendix within an inguinal hernial sac with an inflammatory-infectious process or not, the frequency of which is <1% of cases of inguinal hernias. To present a clinical case and a bibliographic review of Amyand hernia type 3. A 65-year-old male patient with current disease that started 10 days before admission when, after physical effort, he presented a non-reducible increase in volume in the right inguinal region. Painful, later 24 hours before admission, he presented pain of strong intensity in the right inguinal region, persistence of increased volume and signs of phlogosis, nausea and thermal increases not quantified, for which he came to our institution. Physical exam: painful depressible soft abdomen on deep palpation in the right iliac fossa without signs of peritoneal irritation, volume increase was observed in the right inguinal region, not reducible, painful on palpation with flushing and local heat, male genitalia with pain on palpation of the right testicle. Stuck right inguinal hernia. Surgical intervention: Inguinal hernioplasty by preperitoneal closure technique without mesh placement, atypical appendectomy by Pouchet technique. Amyand's hernia is a rare pathology, which presents <1% and accompanied by complications <0.1%, it should be suspected in patients presenting a right hernia pathology with leukocytosis and neutrophilia without another proven infectious focus, where the diagnosis is mainly made intraoperatively as exposed in the present case(AU)

Las hernias de Amyand y Garengeot como expresión del apéndice cecal en la región inguinofemoral / Amyand's Hernia and Garengeot's Hernia as Onset Manifestations of Cecal Appendix in the Inguinofemoral Region

RESUMEN La reparación de la hernia en la región inguinocrural es una de las operaciones más frecuentes en la práctica quirúrgica. Pueden encontrarse hallazgos inusuales, como el apéndice cecal parcial o completamente contenido en el saco herniario, lo que se denomina hernias de Amyand y Garengeot. Se presentan en aproximadamente el 1 por ciento de los pacientes con hernia inguinocrural, mientras que representan cerca del 0,1 por ciento de los casos de apendicitis. Clínicamente se presentan como una hernia inguinocrural incarcerada, y la ecografía o la tomografía axial computarizada pueden ayudar en el diagnóstico preoperatorio. El estado del apéndice cecal determina el acceso quirúrgico y el tipo de reparación herniaria. El objetivo de este artículo es desarrollar un material de apoyo a los profesionales implicados en la atención de estas raras entidades quirúrgicas(AU)

ABSTRACT Hernia repair in the inguinocrural region is one of the most frequent interventions in the surgical practice. Unusual findings can be found, such as the cecal appendix partially or completely contained within the hernial sac, called Amyand and Garengeot hernias. They occur in approximately 1 percent of patients with inguinocrural hernia, while they represent about 0.1 percent of the cases of appendicitis. Clinically, they present as an incarcerated inguinocrural hernia; ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) can assist in the preoperative diagnosis. The state of the cecal appendix determines surgical access and type of hernia repair. The objective of this article is to develop a support material for the professionals involved in the care of these rare surgical entities(AU)

Hernia de Amyand / Amyand’s hernia

La presencia del apéndice cecal en el saco de una hernia inguinal se denomina hernia de Amyand1,2. Su incidencia varía ‒según distintos autores‒ del 0,13% al 1,7%. Es una rara patología que se diagnostica intraoperatoriamente, ya que su diagnóstico preoperatorio es excepcional. No obstante, en citas bibliográficas se han descripto pocos casos de diagnóstico intraoperatorio, por lo que es importante tener la sospecha clínica en hernias incarceradas de cara al diagnóstico diferencial y a valorar la solicitud de estudios diagnóstico. Su tratamiento es la apendicectomía o reducción del apéndice cecal a la cavidad abdominal asociada a herniorrafia o hernioplastia³.

Amyand’s hernia is defined as an inguinal hernia containing the vermiform appendix1,2. This rare condition, with an incidence between 0.13% and 1.7%, is diagnosed during surgery, as the preoperative diagnosis is exceptional. Few cases of intraoperative diagnosis have been described in the literature. The diagnosis should be suspected in cases of incarcerated hernias so as to order the specific tests. The surgical management includes appendectomy or appendix reduction to the abdominal cavity associated to mesh repair or primary hernia repair without mesh³.

Hernia de Amyand en un neonato de 22 días de vida con masa inguinal derecha / Amyand's hernia in a newborn of 22 days of life with right inguinal mass

Se trató de un paciente masculino, con 22 días de vida, nacido de 40 semanas de gestación y sin problemas durante el embarazo o el parto. Fue transferido desde otra casa de salud, por presentar una masa ínguinoescrotal derecha irreductible, de tres días de evolución. Al examen físico se observó una hernia inguinal derecha incarcerada, por lo cual se decidió intervención quirúrgica de emergencia. Se realizó incisión transversa inguinal derecha, a través de la cual se identifcó el canal inguinal derecho y tejidos circundantes con importante edema. Debido a la imposibilidad de reducir el contenido herniario, se exteriorizó el testículo y se abrió el saco herniario, evidenciándose la apéndice cecal perforada. Se realizó apendicectomía, cierre de conducto peritoneo vaginal y orquidopexia. La evolución postquirúrgica fue adecuada, tolerando la alimentación al segundo día postoperatorio y presentando tránsito intestinal al tercer día. Fue dado de alta del hospital al séptimo día postoperatorio

It was a male patient, with 22 days of life, born of 40 weeks of gestation and without problems during pregnancy or childbirth. He was transferred from another health house, due to an irreducible right-insoluble right and left mass, three days old. At the physical examination observed an incarcerated right inguinal hernia, which is why it was decided emergency surgical intervention. Inguinal transverse incision right, through which the right inguinal canal and tissues were identified surrounding with important edema. Due to the impossibility of reducing the hernial content, the testicle was externalized and the hernia sac was opened, evidencing the perforated cecal appendix. It has been made appendectomy, vaginal peritoneal duct closure and orchiopexy. Postoperative evolution was adequate, tolerating food at second postoperative day and presenting intestinal transit on the third day. He was discharged from the hospital on the seventh postoperative day

Controversias en el tratamiento de la hernia de Amyand / Controversies in the treatment of Amyand´s hernia

La hernia de Amyand tiene baja incidencia (0,1 a 1 %) pero, en caso de complicación, puede asociarse con una alta tasa de mortalidad. A pesar de haber sido descrita hace más de 200 años por Claudius Amyand, siguen existiendo ciertas controversias sobre su correcto tratamiento en determinadas situaciones. La práctica o la evitación de la apendicectomía en ausencia de apendicitis y la técnica para reparar el defecto herniario según el grado de contaminación de la zona, son temas tratados en el presente artículo. Ante la falta de consenso global en la literatura científica, la individualización de cada caso y el buen juicio del cirujano deben primar a la hora de decidir el tratamiento más adecuado. Se presentan dos casos clínicos que, a pesar de tratarse de la misma enfermedad, tuvieron formas de presentación, manejo y evolución dispares. Asimismo, se adjunta la iconografía de un excepcional caso de hernia de Amyand, izquierda, junto con el hallazgo de una hernia de Littré no complicada en el mismo saco herniario

Amyand's hernia has a low incidence (0.1%-1.0%) but it may be associated with high mortality rates. Despite having been described more than 200 years ago by Claudius Amyand, there are still controversies regarding treatment in some particular situations. Performing or not appendectomies in the absence of appendicitis, or how to perform the hernia repair depending on the degree of contamination, are topics discussed in this article. There is not a global consensus in the literature yet. The individualization of each case and the surgeon´s proper judgment should be the priority for selecting the most appropriate treatment. Two clinical cases of Amyand's hernia are reported with very different clinical presentations, management and evolution. Also, an image of a left sided Amyand's hernia together with a Littre's hernia in the same hernia sac is shown

Hernia de Amyand: presentación de un caso / Amyand hernia. Case report / Hérnia de Amyand. apresentação de um caso

RESUMEN La hernia inguinal es la protrusión de un órgano o fascia a través de la pared de la cavidad que lo contiene y es una de las situaciones más frecuentes que debe enfrentar el cirujano. Por lo general, el contenido de las hernias es epiplón o intestino delgado, pero ocasionalmente se puede observar el apéndice cecal, condición que se denomina "Hernia de Amyand". Esta es una situación infrecuente y de difícil diagnóstico, que generalmente se hace durante la intervención quirúrgica. Se presenta el caso de una hernia de Amyand en un hombre de 40 años que consultó por un cuadro de 10 horas de dolor en la región inguinal derecha, con masa palpable, dolorosa e irreductible; en la cirugía se encontró una hernia que contenía epiplón y el apéndice cecal con cambios inflamatorios. Se hicieron apendicectomía y hernioplastia inguinal por vía preperitoneal con aplicación de malla. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias y la evolución fue satisfactoria.

SUMMARY Inguinal hernia is the protrusion of an organ or fascia through the wall of the cavity that contains it. It is one of the most frequent situations that surgeons must face. Typically, the content of herniary sac is omentum or small bowel, but occasionally it includes the cecal appendix, a condition called "Amyand hernia". Diagnosis is usually established during surgical intervention. We present the case of an Amyand hernia in a 40 year-old male, who consulted by pain in the right inguinal region, lasting 10 hours. On physical examination a palpable, painful and irreducible mass was found. During surgery, the sac was observed to contain omentum and the cecal appendix, the latter with inflammatory changes. Pre-peritoneal inguinal hernia repair with application of a mesh was performed. No intra-operatory complications occurred and the outcome was satisfactory.

RESUMO A hérnia inguinal é a protrusão de um órgão ou fáscia através da parede da cavidade que os contém e é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais frequentes aos que vai enfrentar o cirurgião. Comumente o conteúdo das hérnias é Epiplon ou intestino delgado e em poucas ocasiões se pode observar a apêndice cecal, condição que se denomina "Hérnia de Amyand". Esta é uma situação pouco frequente e de difícil diagnóstico, que geralmente se diagnostica durante a intervenção cirúrgica. Se apresentou o caso de uma hérnia de Amyand em um paciente masculino de 40 anos de idade que consultou por quadro de 10 horas de dor na região inguinal direita, com massa palpável, dolorosa e irredutível; foi levado a cirurgia e foi durante a qual se encontrou uma hérnia com conteúdo de Epiplon e apêndice cecal com câmbios inflamatórios, se realizou apendicectomia e hernioplastia inguinal por via pré-peritoneal com aplicação de malha. Não se apresentaram complicações intraoperatórias e a evolução foi satisfatória.

Hernia de Amyand. Reporte de caso / Amyand's hernia. Case report

La incidencia de la hernia de Amyand es muy baja. Siempre es diagnosticada en el transoperatorio, resulta casi imposible de realizar durante el pre-operatorio. Paciente femenina de 75 años de edad, con antecedentes de hernia inguinal derecha recidivante. Comenzó con dolor en epigastrio y en región inguinal derecha, además de náuseas y vómitos. Se identificó cicatriz quirúrgica y aumento de volumen en región inguinal derecha. Se decidió intervenir quirúrgicamente con el diagnóstico clínico de hernia inguinal derecha recidivante encarcelada. Durante el acto operatorio se identificó apendicitis aguda supurada como contenido del saco herniario inguinal. Se procedió a la realización de la apendicetomía y reparación de la hernia, en el mismo tiempo quirúrgico, y colocó la malla de polipropilenoe. Se aplicó antibióticos de amplio espectro. La paciente evolucionó de forma favorable. La biopsia confirmó el diagnóstico. El siguiente caso se presentó, pues a pesar de ser conocido, su incidencia es muy baja, por lo que existen dificultades para su diagnóstico (AU).

The incidence of Amyand's hernia is very low. It is always diagnosed in the trans-operatory period, being almost impossible during the pre-operatory period. This is the case of a female patient, aged 75 years, with antecedents of recidivist right inguinal hernia. It began with pain in epigastrium and in the right inguinal region in addition to nausea and vomits. Surgical scar and volume increase in the right inguinal region were identified. It was decided to make a surgery with the clinical diagnosis of incarcerated recidivist right inguinal hernia. During the surgery an acute suppurated appendicitis was identified as the content of the inguinal hernial sac. The appendectomy was carried out and hernia was repaired in the same surgical time; a polypropylene mesh was placed. Broad spectrum antibiotics were applied. The evolution of the patient was satisfactory. The biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. The case was presented because despite of being known, its incidence is very low, so there are difficulties for diagnosing it (AU).

Hernia de Amyand en un infante / Amyand´s hernia in an infant

Se describe el caso clínico de un infante de 5 años de edad, atendido en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital N´Gola Kimbanda, provincia Namibe en Angola, quien fue operado de urgencia por presentar dolor agudo a causa de hernias inguinoescrotal derecha y umbilical, en cuyo saco herniario inguinal el apéndice cecal se encontraba inflamado. Luego de la intervención el paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y egresó sin complicaciones 4 días después.

The case report of a 5 years infant is described, assisted in the Emergencies Service of N´Gola Kimbanda Hospital, Namibe province, Angola who was emergently operated for presenting acute pain due to right and umbilical inguinoscrotal hernias, in which hernial inguinal sack, the cecal appendix was swollen. After the surgery the patient had a satisfactory clinical course and was discharged without complications 4 days later.

[Amyand's hernia and complicated appendicitis; case presentation and surgical treatment choice]. / Hernia de Amyand y apendicitis complicada; presentación de un caso y elección de tratamiento quirúrgico.

BACKGROUND: A caecal appendix within an inguinal hernia, with or without appendicitis, is defined as Amyand's hernia. In 1% of inguinal hernias an appendix without inflammation can be found, however, the prevalence of appendicitis in a hernia sac is only 0.08-0.13%. CLINICAL CASE: Male of 43 years old, began two days before admission with pain in the right inguinal region. He was scheduled for surgery due to a complication of a right inguinal hernia. The surgical findings were Amyand's hernia, necrotic spermatic cord, and perforated appendix. Surgical repair was performed with a favourable outcome, and he was discharged on the fourth postoperative day. DISCUSSION: Most of Amyand's hernia exhibit characteristics of incarcerated or strangulated inguinal hernia. Even acute appendicitis or perforated appendix within the hernia sac does not reflect specific symptoms or signs, therefore, a preoperative clinical diagnosis of Amyand's hernia is difficult to achieve. In our case, the patient had perforated appendicitis, developing necrosis of the spermatic cord. Orchiectomy, appendectomy, and inguinal hernia repair was performed without placing mesh. Due to the controversy on the use of mesh in contaminated abdominal wall defects, it was not indicated here, due to the high risk of wound infection and appendicular fistula. CONCLUSION: An extremely rare condition is presented, with a surgical choice that led to a favourable outcome.

Hernia de Amyand encarcelada, revisión de la literatura y reporte de un caso en una institución de tercer nivel en Bogotá / Incarcerated Amyand´s hernia, literature review and report of a case at a tertiary level of care institution in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. La hernia de Amyand es una hernia inguinal que contiene el apéndice cecal normal o en un estado de apendicitis aguda. Fue descrita por primera vez en 1735 por Claudius Amyand. La apendicitis aguda probablemente se debe a una obstrucción extraluminal generada por aumento de la presión en el cuello herniario que limita el flujo sanguíneo, en lugar del aumento de la presión intraluminal que se presenta en la apendicitis no asociada con hernias inguinales. Esto resulta en inflamación y proliferación bacteriana, y el apéndice cecal se torna más vulnerable al trauma. Métodos y resultados. Se presenta y analiza, clínica y quirúrgicamente, un caso de hernia de Amyand manejado en el servicio de cirugía general de una institución de tercer nivel de Bogotá; además, se hace una revisión de la literatura científica. El abordaje quirúrgico difirió del propuesto en la guía de manejo de Losanoff y Basson y, sin embargo, se obtuvieron resultados exitosos. Discusión. La hernia de Amyand es una entidad quirúrgica rara, la cual representa un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico, ya que se presenta con características que varían según dos procesos patológicos simultáneos: la hernia inguinal y la apendicitis aguda, cuando esta está presente. El abordaje quirúrgico depende de los hallazgos intraoperatorios, como perforación del apéndice cecal, fístula o pelviperitonitis. Por lo tanto, decidir cuál abordaje quirúrgico es el más apropiado depende de los hallazgos y las preferencias del cirujano. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con apendicectomía, reparo del defecto herniario con malla o ambos, ha suscitado discusión entre los cirujanos por muchos años. Las diferencias de opiniones sobre la técnica quirúrgica más apropiada se deben, entre otras cosas, a la incidencia baja de la hernia de Amyand y a las preferencias quirúrgicas de cada cirujano; el mejor abordaje quirúrgico todavía está en discusión. Sin embargo, la apendicectomía está contraindicada en ciertos pacientes cuando no existe inflamación y, cuando está presente, el uso de la malla todavía es controversial. Por lo tanto, cada reporte de hernia de Amyand y su tratamiento es importante, pues ofrece conocimiento sobre la técnica quirúrgica más apropiada para esta entidad.

Introduction: Amyand´s hernia is an inguinal hernia that contains a normal or an inflamed vermiform appendix. Claudius Amyand first described it in 1735. When acute appendicitis is present, it is believed to be due to extra-luminal obstruction generated by the inguinal ring pressure limiting blood flow, in contrast to the increased intra-luminal pressure that occurs in the acute appendicitis not associated with hernias. This process results in inflammation, bacterial overgrowth, and the appendix becomes more vulnerable to trauma. Methods and Results: We describe and analyze the surgical management of a clinical case of an Amyand´s hernia, managed by the Department of General Surgery of a third level of care institution in Bogotá, Colombia; a literature review was carried out. Despite the availability of the surgical guideline proposed by Losanoff and Basson for the management of the Amyand´s hernia, our surgical approach deviated from this guideline, with both surgical and postoperative success. Discussion: Amyand´s hernia is a rare surgical finding, representing both a diagnostic and a surgical challenge, for it presents with characteristics that vary due to the presence of two simultaneous pathologies: the inguinal hernia and the acute appendicitis if present. The surgical approach depends on the intraoperative findings, such as perforation, fistulas or peritonitis. Therefore, deciding on the best surgical approach depends on the surgical findings and the surgeon's preference. Conclusions: The management of the Amyand´s hernia with appendectomy and/or primary hernia repair with mesh, has been topic of discussion among surgeons for years. This difference in opinion on which surgical approach is the most appropriate, in part is due to the low incidence and rarity of this entity and the surgeon's preference; thus, the best surgical technique is still matter of debate. However, appendectomy is contraindicated in certain patients when there is no inflammation, and when it is present, the use of mesh is still controversial. For this reason each report of Amyand´s hernia and its treatment becomes important, for it provides knowledge in order to choose the most appropriate surgical technique for this rare entity

Variante de una hernia de Amyand / Amyand´s hernia variant

La hernia de Amyand es una condición clínica poco frecuente, en la cual el apéndice cecal se encuentra dentro de un saco herniario asociado o no a un cuadro clínico de apendicitis aguda. La patogenia de la inflamación del apéndice cecal no se ha establecido con certeza; sin embargo, se ha relacionado con contracción muscular y con aumento de la presión intraabdominal. Las manifestaciones clínicas son similares a las de la apendicitis aguda. El diagnóstico preoperatorio es poco probable, debido a que los síntomas son inespecíficos y las ayudas diagnósticas pueden no ser conclusivas; por esta razón, en la mayoría de los casos el diagnóstico se hace durante el acto quirúrgico. El tratamiento es netamente quirúrgico

Amyand´s hernia is a rare clinical condition where the appendix is located within a hernial sac associated or not with acute appendicitis. Pathogenesis of the inflammatory process of the appendix has not been established; however, theories such as muscle contraction and increased intrabadominal pressure have been proposed. Clinical manifestations are similar to those of acute appendicitis. Preoperative diagnosis is unlikely, because signs and symptoms are nonspecific and diagnostic images could be non conclusive; for this reason the diagnosis in most cases is made intraoperatively. Surgical treatment is mandatory

Hernia de Amyand. Presentación de caso / Hernia of Amyand. Case presentation

Fundamento: La asociación de hernia inguinal encarcelada y apendicitis aguda es algo inusual; se conoce como hernia de Amyand y pocos casos han sido descritos en la literatura. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente con hernia de Amyand atendido en el Hospital General Camilo Cienfuegos. Sancti Spiritus. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 62 años de edad, con antecedentes de tener una hernia inguinal derecha diagnosticada, que comenzó con aumento de volumen en dicha zona y dolor abdominal en fosa ilíaca derecha de dos días de evolución, acompañado de vómitos y fiebre; fue intervenido quirúrgicamente con el diagnóstico de hernia inguinal derecha encarcelada, se le encontró una apendicitis aguda dentro del saco herniario durante el acto quirúrgico. Conclusiones: El paciente evolucionó favorablemente y sin complicaciones posoperatorias, se egresó a los cinco días después de terminado el tratamiento antibiótico de la sala de cirugía.

Background: The association of inguinal hernia imprisoned and sharp appendicitis is something unusual; it is known as hernia of Amyand and few cases have been described in the literature Objective: To present the case of a patient with hernia of Amyand assisted in the General Hospital Camilo Cienfuegos from Sancti Spiritus Presentation of the case: 62 years old masculine patient, with antecedents of having a right inguinal hernia diagnosed that began with increase of volume in this area and abdominal pain in right grave iliac of two days of evolution, accompanied by vomits and fever; it was surgically intervened with the diagnosis of right inguinal hernia imprisoned, a sharp appendicitis inside the hernia sack during the surgical act was found. Conclusions: The patient evolved favorably and without post operatory complications, he was discharged five days after having finished the antibiotic treatment of the surgery room.

Hernia de Amyand: a propósito de un caso / Amyand´s hernia: a propos of a case

La hernia de Amyand es una enfermedad generalmente diagnosticada durante el acto quirúrgico. Su incidencia se encuentra entre 0,28 y 1 por ciento. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un tipo de hernia poco frecuente. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 82 años, que fue hospitalizado para tratamiento quirúrgico con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal derecha atascada y en el acto operatorio se le diagnosticó hernia de Amyand. El tratamiento de elección propuesto es la apendicectomía a través de una herniotomía con reparación primaria de la hernia por medio de la misma incisión. Por las dificultades diagnósticas que presenta esta enfermedad es importante realizar una correcta anamnesis y examen físico(AU)

Amyand´s hernia is generally diagnosed during the surgical act. Its incidence rate ranges from 0.28 to 1 percent. The objective of this paper was to present an infrequent type of hernia. This is a report on a 82 years-old male patient who was hospitalized for surgical treatment with diagnosis of right stuck inguinal hernia and he was diagnosed with Amyand´s hernia in the surgical act. The recommended treatment is appendectomy through an inguinal incision with primary repair of the hernia using the same incision. Due to the diagnostic difficulties that this disease presents it is important to carry out correct anamnesis and physical examination(AU)

Hérnia de Amyand à Esquerda: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Amyand's Hernia: case report and literature review

Introdução: A presença de apêndice vermiforme no interior de um saco herniário na região inguinal foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1735, por Claudius Amyand. Desde então a "Hérnia de Amyand" tem sido relatada pela literatura mundial como evento raro, correspondente a cerca de 1% de todas as hernias. Seu aparecimento à esquerda é ainda mais raro, com apenas 5 casos descritos nos útlimos 25 anos. Métodos: Paciente masculino, 68 anos e 11 meses de idade, se apresenta na emergência com quadro de dor em região inguinal esquerda, sintomas de quadro suboclusivo e abaulamento em ambas regiões inguinais. No intra-operatório encontrado Hérnia de Amyand à Esquerda, e realizado orquiectomia e enterectomia segmentar em bloco por aderências encontradas pelo processo crônico. Reparo realizado com uso de Tela de Polipropileno. Alta no 7˚ P.O. sem complicações. Revisão da literatura através de pesquisa ao Medline. Discussão: Durante a revisão de literatura foram encontrados 5 casos descritos de Hérnia de Amyand à esquerda. Foram revisados também séries de casos e relatos com revisão de literatura. Em virtude do raro aparecimento desta hérnia, as condutas tomadas se baseiam na experiência do cirurgião e no achado intra-operatório. Existem na literatura artigos que podem servir como base de conduta através de uma tentativa de classificação das Hérnias de Amyand e padronização de terapêutica cirúrgica. Conclusão: Diante da heterogeneidade das condutas e a raridade do aparecimento deste tipo de hérnia é evidente a necessidade da realização de revisão sistemática para a busca de padronização principalmente da terapêutica cirúrgica.

Background: The presence of an vermiform appendix in a herniary sac on groin area was described for the first time in 1735, by Claudius Amyand. Since then, Amyand's Hernia has been described by the worldwide literature as a rare event, corresponding circa 1% of all hernias. Its appearance to the left is even rarer, with only 5 cases described in the past 25 years. Methods: Male patient, 68 years and 11 months old, comes to the emergency room presenting pain on the left groin area, suboclusive symptoms and lump on both groin areas. In the surgery was found left Amyand's Hernia, and procedure enbloc orchiectomy and segmentar enterectomy from adherences found by the chronic inflammatory process. Repair was made using the Polypropylene Mesh. End of treatment on the 7th P.O. without complications. Literature review through research to the Medline. Discussion: During the literature review there were found 5 cases described of left Amyand's Hernia. There were also reviewed series of cases and reports with the literature. Due to the rare appearance of this hernia, the conducts taken are based in the experience of the surgeon and in surgery founds. There papers in the literature that may serve as conduct base through a trial of classifying of the Amyand's Hernia and standard therapeutic surgery. Conclusion: Facing the heterogeneity of the conducts and rarity of the appearance of this sort of hernia it is evident the necessity of systematic review to find a standard, mainly for the surgery therapeutics.