Advances in Exercise in the Clinical Trials of Migraine: A Scoping Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aimed to investigate emerging evidence regarding the effectiveness of exercise for migraines, focusing on the results of recent trials. Additionally, it explored the possibility of exercise as a treatment for migraines. RECENT FINDINGS: Between 2020 and 2023, five, four, one, and two trials were conducted regarding the effect of aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, Tai Chi, and yoga, respectively, on migraine; all studies showed significant effects. Two trials on aerobic exercise showed that high-intensity exercise was similar to or slightly more effective than moderate-intensity exercise as a treatment for migraines. Three trials on anaerobic exercise reported its effectiveness in preventing migraines. Regarding efficacy, side effects, and health benefits, aerobic exercises and yoga are potentially beneficial strategies for the prevention of migraines. Further studies are needed to develop evidence-based exercise programs for the treatment of migraines.

Relationship between anaerobic capacity and changes in speed in the 100-m breaststroke stroke in short-distance breaststroke swimmers: the mediating role of technical change

Objective:By analyzing and summarizing the relationship between anaerobic capacity, technical changes of 100m breaststroke en route and speed changes of short distance breaststroke athletes, the interrelationship and internal pathways between the three are revealed to provide reference for improving athletic performance of short distance breaststroke athletes and provide theoretical basis for anaerobic capacity training.Method:Fifteen male short-distance breaststroke athletes (age 19.67±2.61 years, height 178.4±7.04 cm, weight 71.6±7.79 kg) were selected to perform anaerobic power cycling and 100 m breaststroke tests on the upper and lower extremities. The correlations and intrinsic linkage pathways between the three were explored by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients and using a mediating effects model.Result:Significant differences existed in speed, stroke rate, cycle time per stroke, and swim efficiency index in the 100 m breaststroke all-out test. There were significant correlations between the rate of anaerobic power decrease in the upper limb and the changes in stroke amplitude, cycle time per stroke, and speed. There were significant correlations between the change in mean stroke rate, the change in cycle time per stroke, the change in swim efficiency index and the change in speed. Anaerobic power indirectly influenced the speed variation during the en-route swim, which was mediated by the technical variation in cycle time per stroke.Conclusion:The upper limb anaerobic fatigue resistance of short distance breaststroke athletes is a key factor affecting the technique and speed stability of the 100m breaststroke en route, and the rate of decline in upper limb anaerobic power leads to a decrease in speed by affecting the change in time per stroke cycle. (AU)

The effects of biological and chemical silver nanoparticles along with aerobic and anaerobic training protocols on tissues: Morphological and histopathological evaluation.

Nanotechnology and its byproducts are used increasingly considering its global nanotechnology market size and many applications in the health field. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on cellular uptake of nanoparticles in body tissues. Fusarium oxysporum was used to synthesize biological AgNPs in silver nitrate solution and UV-vis spectrophotometer; XRD and TEM were used to confirm production of nanoparticles. Moreover, 45 male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly divided into 9 equal groups including healthy control groups, aerobic preparation, anaerobic preparation, biological AgNPs, chemical AgNPs, biological AgNPs+aerobic preparation, biological AgNPs+anaerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+ aerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+anaerobic preparation. In order to induce aerobic and anaerobic preparation and to create tissue adaptations, male rats completed two types of aerobic and anaerobic protocols three sessions per week for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, sampling was done for histopathology study. The size and shape of AgNPs was 20-30 nm and spherical to polygonal, respectively. The results showed that anaerobic exercise was significantly effective in weight loss. The chemical nanoparticle group led to more intensive tissue degradation in all variables and there were no significant tissue changes in the aerobic, anaerobic, the biological nanoparticles + aerobic and anaerobic groups. It seems that biological AgNPs are more effective than chemical AgNPs on body tissues and chemical AgNPs lead to more tissue damage in most variables. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: There were severe degradative histological effects in the chemical AgNPs groups compare biological AgNPs groups, in terms of most variables.

Acute Antioxidant Response to Two Types of Exercises: 2000 M Run vs. Burpee Test.

Physical activity results in oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased production of reactive oxygen, nitrogen species, and inflammatory mediators. The management of these components is instrumental for antioxidant adaptation to exercise and post-exercise recovery. Therefore, the present report aims to study the antioxidant response to two types of exercise (a 2000 m run and a burpee test) in healthy volunteers after a long period of inactivity (1-2 months). Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyls and malondialdehyde content) were measured in neutrophils, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and plasma. These parameters were determined under basal conditions and immediately post-exercise. Compared to those in basal state, neutrophil superoxide dismutase (28.3 vs. 22.9 pkat/109 cells), glutathione peroxidase (147.5 vs. 120.1 nkat/109 cells), and catalase (106.3 vs. 57.9 k/109 cells) were activated significantly (p < 0.05) after the burpee test. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells exhibited only significant (p < 0.05) catalase activation (113.6 vs. 89.4 k/109 cells) after the burpee test. Other enzymes, such as glutathione reductase and myeloperoxidase, tended to increase post-exercise, although the differences from baseline were not significant. Finally, compared to basal conditions, the protein carbonyl (24.5 vs. 14.5 mmol/L) and malondialdehyde (39.6 vs. 18.3 mmol/L) contents increased significantly (p < 0.05) in neutrophils and in plasma (115.1 vs. 97.8 and 130.2 vs. 123.4 µmol/L, respectively) after the burpee test. In conclusion, high-intensity exercise seems to induce immediate oxidative stress in inactive individuals, and the acute antioxidant response was slightly greater after the burpee test than after the 2000 m run. Glutathione-dependent antioxidant systems are activated immediately as protective mechanisms.

Mental fatigue impairs repeated sprint and jump performance in team sport athletes.

OBJECTIVES: We tested whether mental fatigue (MF), induced by a cognitively-demanding task, would impair repeated sprint ability (RSA) and repeated jump ability (RJA) performance, and whether physical fatigue and MF would impair psychomotor vigilance. DESIGN: Randomized within-participant design. METHODS: After establishing baseline peak countermovement jump (CMJ), 18 male participants performed 12 maximal 20-m (10-m linear + 10-m directional) repeated sprints (RSA random test) followed by 12 maximal repeated CMJs (RJA test) subsequent to 30-min Stroop task (MF) or a documentary (Control). Peak and mean running time and height, percent decrement score (Sdec), blood lactate, heart rate and RPE were measured for CMJ, RSA, and RJA tests. MF (M-VAS) and psychomotor vigilance [psychomotor vigilance test (PVT)] were measured at baseline, after each condition, and after the RSA/RJA tests. RESULTS: Compared to Control, the Stroop task elevated MF (p = .001), RPE ratings (all p < .031), and mean and Sdec performance in directional (but not linear) RSA (all p < .032) and RJA tests (all p < .034). PVT score worsened after Stroop task (p = .011) but not Control, declined after RSA/RJA tests in both conditions (all p < .023) and was lower in the MF condition (p = .029). No condition differences were noted for peak (CMJ, RSA and RJA tests) performance, blood lactate, and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: MF impairs directional RSA, and RJA performance. This impairment was linked with increased RPE and without physiological changes. The progressive impairment in PVT score suggests a cumulatively negative effect of mental and physical fatigue on psychomotor vigilance.

Effects of Timing and Types of Protein Supplementation on Improving Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis.

Precise protein supplementation strategies for muscle improvement are still lacking. The timing or type of protein supplementation has been debated as a window of opportunity to improve muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. We conducted a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with protein supplements and resistance training. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched until May 1, 2023. We included 116 eligible trials with 4,711 participants that reported on 11 timing and 14 types of protein supplementation. Compared with placebo, protein supplementation after exercise (mean difference [MD]: 0.54 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.99] for fat-free mass, MD: 0.34 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.58] for skeletal muscle mass) and at night (MD: 2.85 kg [0.49, 5.22] for handgrip strength, MD: 12.12 kg [3.26, 20.99] for leg press strength) was most effective in improving muscle mass and strength, respectively (moderate certainty). Milk proteins (milk, whey protein, yogurt, casein, and bovine colostrum), red meat, and mixed protein were effective for gains in both muscle mass and strength (moderate certainty). No timing or type of protein showed a significant enhancement in physical performance (timed up-to-go test, 6-min walk test, and gait speed). Pre/postexercise and Night are key recommended times of protein intake to increase muscle mass and strength, respectively. Milk proteins are the preferred types of protein supplements for improving muscle mass and strength. Future randomized controlled trials that directly compare the effects of protein timing or types are needed. This trial was registered at International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as CRD42022358766.

Naturally Bicarbonated Water Supplementation Does Not Improve Anaerobic Cycling Performance or Blood Gas Parameters in Active Men and Women.

The completion of high-intensity exercise results in robust perturbations to physiologic homeostasis, challenging the body's natural buffering systems to mitigate the accumulation of metabolic by-products. Supplementation with bicarbonate has previously been used to offset metabolic acidosis, leading to improvements in anaerobic exercise performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of ergogenic properties in naturally occurring low-dose bicarbonated water and their effects on anaerobic cycling performance and blood gas kinetics in recreationally active men and women. METHODS: Thirty-nine healthy, recreationally active men and women (28.1 ± 8.0 years, 169.8 ± 11.7 cm, 68.9 ± 10.8 kg, 20.1 ± 7.9% fat, V˙O2peak: 42.8 ± 7.6 mL/kg/min) completed two separate testing sessions consisting of 15 cycling sprints (10 s sprint, 20 s active rest) against 7.5% of their body mass. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study design, study participants consumed a 10 mL/kg dose of either spring water (SW) or bicarbonated mineral water (BMW) (delivering ~3 g/day of bicarbonate) for 7 days. Venous blood was collected before, immediately after, and 5 and 10 min after the sprint protocol and was analyzed for lactate and a series of blood gas components. After the completion of 15 cycling sprints, averages of peak and mean power for bouts 1-5, 6-10, and 11-15, along with total work for the entire cycling protocol, were calculated. All performance and blood gas parameters were analyzed using a mixed-factorial ANOVA. RESULTS: pH was found to be significantly higher in the BMW group immediately after (7.17 ± 0.09 vs. 7.20 ± 0.11; p = 0.05) and 10 min post exercise (7.21 ± 0.11 vs. 7.24 ± 0.09; p = 0.04). A similar pattern of change was observed 5 min post exercise wherein pH levels in the SW group were lower than those observed in the BMW group; however, this difference did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.09). A statistical trend (p = 0.06) was observed wherein lactate in the BMW group tended to be lower than in the SW group 5 min post exercise. No significant main effect for time (p > 0.05) or group × time interactions (p > 0.05) for the total work, average values of peak power, or average values of mean power were observed, indicating performance was unchanged. CONCLUSION: One week of consuming water with increased bicarbonate (10 mL/kg; ~3 g/day bicarbonate) showed no effect on anaerobic cycling performance. BMW decreased blood lactate concentrations 5 min after exercise and increased blood pH immediately and 10 min after exercise.

Thermographic Changes following Short-Term High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise.

Current studies report thermographic changes following aerobic or resistance exercise but not short, vigorous anaerobic exercise. Therefore, we investigated body surface temperature changes using thermal imaging following a short session of anaerobic exercise. We studied three different regions of interest (ROIs): the legs, chest, and forehead. Thermal imaging for each participant was performed before and immediately after completing a Wingate anaerobic test and every minute during a 15 min recovery period. Immediately after the test, the maximum temperature was significantly higher in all ROIs (legs, p = 0.0323; chest, p = 0.0455; forehead, p = 0.0444) compared to pre-test values. During the recovery period, both legs showed a significant and continuous temperature increase (right leg, p = 0.0272; left leg, p = 0.0382), whereas a non-significant drop was noted in the chest and forehead temperatures. Additionally, participants with a lower anaerobic capacity exhibited a higher delta increase in surface leg temperature than participants with higher anaerobic capacities, with a minimal change in surface leg temperature. This is the first study to demonstrate body surface temperature changes following the Wingate anaerobic test. This temperature increase is attributed to the high anaerobic mechanical power outputs achieved by the leg muscles and the time taken for temperature reduction post-exercise.

Sprint and jump performances of female athletes are enhanced in the evening but not associated with individual chronotype.

Sprint and jump performances represent performance-determining parameters in individual and team sports. Fluctuations in performance depending on the daytime raise the question of the best time to train and compete. Given the scarce research on females, this study aimed to analyze the influence of daytime on sprint and jump performances and to investigate whether the performance difference is related to the chronotype. Thus, 23 female sports students completed a questionnaire to assess their chronotype followed by performing two 30 m sprints, 5 Repeated Jump Tests (5RJT), and countermovement jumps (CMJ) in the morning (7:00-9:00 h) and evening (17:00-19:00 h). Time after 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m during the sprints, reactive strength index (RSI) during the 5RJTs, and jump height during the CMJs were examined. The performance during the 30 m sprint (t(22) = 5.28, p < 0.01 moderate effect size: 0.50) and the two jump tests (5RJT: t(22) = 8.27, p < 0.01 large effect size: 0.95; CMJ: t(22) = 5.46, p < 0.01 moderate effect size: 0.79) were significantly better in the evening than in the morning. There was no significant correlation between chronotype and the time-of-day effect. The results should be considered when planning training and competition.

The effect of 24-hour sleep deprivation and anaerobic exercise on the expression of BAX, BCL2, BMAL1 and CCAR2 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after L-arginine supplementation.

Sleep deprivation disrupt the circadian clock and exercise performance. Defective oxidative stress caused by sleep deprivation may affect the expression of genes involved in cell apoptosis. Since a number of studies have shown the anti-apoptotic effect of L-arginine, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of L-arginine supplementation on the expression of brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1), cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2 (CCAR2), and BAX and BCL2 genes during sleep deprivation and acute anaerobic exercise. Participants included 20 healthy men age 26-35 years, randomized into the L-arginine intervention group (n = 10) and a placebo control (n = 10). The running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) was used for anaerobic exercise. Intervention subjects took one 1000 mg L-arginine tablet daily for 8 weeks. The Real-Time PCR method was used to determine apoptosis gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Acute anaerobic exercise and sleep deprivation both increased the expression of BAX and CCAR2 genes, and decreased the expression of BCL2 and BMAL1 genes (p < 0.05 for all). L-arginine supplementation increased the expression of BMAL1 and BCL2 genes and decreased the expression of BAX and CCAR2 genes relative to control (p < 0.05). L-Arginine controlled the increase in expression of BAX and CCAR2 genes and the decrease in expression of BCL2 and BMAL1 genes in response to sleep deprivation and acute anaerobic exercise (p < 0.05). Our results showed that 24-hour sleep deprivation and acute anaerobic exercise increased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (BAX and CCAR2) and decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2 and BMAL1), although the effect of sleep deprivation is greater. In this situation, L-arginine supplementation may balance the apoptotic state of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, any recommendation about this needs further research.

A review of the signaling pathways of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic inflammatory vascular disease with lipid metabolism abnormalities, is one of the major pathological bases of coronary heart disease. As people's lifestyles and diets change, the incidence of AS increases yearly. Physical activity and exercise training have recently been identified as effective strategies for lowering cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the best exercise mode to ameliorate the risk factors related to AS is not clear. The effect of exercise on AS is affected by the type of exercise, intensity, and duration. In particular, aerobic and anaerobic exercise are the two most widely discussed types of exercise. During exercise, the cardiovascular system undergoes physiological changes via various signaling pathways. The review aims to summarize signaling pathways related to AS in two different exercise types and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of AS in clinical practice.

Detraining Effect on Cardiac Autonomic Response to an All-Out Sprint Exercise in Trained Adolescent Swimmers.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 5-week training cessation on the cardiac autonomic response after a 50-m swimming time-trial test. METHODS: Twenty trained and highly trained adolescent swimmers (17.1 [2.7] y) performed a 50-m front-crawl all-out test before (visit 1) and after a 5-week training cessation (visit 2). After the warm-up, heart-rate variability (HRV) was recorded in a seated position using a Polar RS800CX heart-rate monitor during the 10 minutes before (preexercise) and immediately after the 50-m front-crawl all-out test (postexercise). Two-way analysis of variance (time × visit) and analysis of covariance were conducted to compute the effect of the 50-m all-out test on vagal-related HRV parameters (mean R-R, standard deviation of R-R intervals [SDNN], square root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals [RMSSD], the percentage number of pairs of adjacent normal R-R intervals differing by more than 50 milliseconds in the entire recording [pNN50], and power in the high frequency [HF]) with Bonferroni post hoc test. RESULTS: All the HRV parameters had a time main effect (P < .05), showing a reduction after the 50 m in both visits (P < .05). All the variables exhibited a visit main effect (P < .05); the preexercise and postexercise mean R-R, natural logarithm SDNN, natural logarithm RMSSD, and natural logarithm HF values declined after the training cessation (P < .05). Natural logarithm pNN50 preexercise values were reduced in visit 2 compared with visit 1 (P < .05). Only mean R-R was further reduced in response to the test in visit 2 compared with visit 1 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: After 5 weeks of training cessation, all the preexercise and postexercise vagal-related HRV parameters evidenced a reduction, suggesting an impairment in swimmers' physical status. Coaches should be cautious with training loads at the start of the season.

Effects of 8-Week Online, Supervised High-Intensity Interval Training on the Parameters Related to the Anaerobic Threshold, Body Weight, and Body Composition during Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

We aimed to assess the effects of an 8-week, online high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the parameters related to the anaerobic threshold (AT), body weight, and body composition in pregnant women. A total of 69 Caucasian women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy (age: 31 ± 4 years; gestational age: 22 ± 5 weeks; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly allocated to either an 8-week HIIT program (HIIT group) or to a comparative 8-week educational program (EDU group). Our most important finding was that even with the 8-week progression of pregnancy and physiological weight gain, the HIIT group maintained the same level of parameters related to AT: volume of oxygen at the AT (VO2/AT), percentage of maximal oxygen uptake at the AT (%VO2max/AT), and heart rate at the AT (HR/AT). In contrast, in the EDU group we observed a substantial deterioration of parameters related to the AT. The HIIT intervention substantially reduced the fat mass percentage (median: 30 to 28%; p < 0.01) and improved the total fat-free mass percentage (median: 70% to 72%; p < 0.01). In the EDU group, the body composition did not change significantly. An online, supervised HIIT program may be used to prevent the pregnancy-related risk of excessive weight gain and reduction in exercise capacity without yielding adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes.

Low and Moderate Doses of Caffeinated Coffee Improve Repeated Sprint Performance in Female Team Sport Athletes.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO2max: 48.7 ± 4 mL·kg·min−1) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg·kg−1 (LCOF) or 6 mg·kg−1 (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 × 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but peak and mean power output of the individual sprints, and fatigue index were not different between trials (all p > 0.05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher before and after RST in LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (all p < 0.05). BLa was also higher after RST in both LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (p = 0.005). HR, RPE, and GLU were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low and moderate dose of caffeine ingestion can enhance the average peak power score during repeated sprints. These findings partly support low and moderate doses of caffeine supplementation via coffee as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained female team-sport players during repeated sprint exercise.

Acute Effects of Facial Coverings on Anaerobic Exercise Performance in College-Aged Adults.

The use of facial coverings has been amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic as a means to minimize the spread of disease. However, facial coverings may impede ventilation during high-intensity activity, leading to a reduction in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute impact of different facial coverings on exercise performance in college-aged individuals during a 300-yard shuttle. It was hypothesized that the lowest heart rate (HR), completion time (CT), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) would occur with no mask. Furthermore, it was hypothesized the SHEMA97 mask would have lower HR, CT, and RPE compared to surgical and fabric masks. Results showed the use of the fabric mask resulted in significantly higher HR compared to no mask (p = 0.006). The SHEMA97 mask resulted in faster CT and lower RPE compared to both the fabric and surgical masks (p < 0.001). All mask conditions yielded significantly higher levels of perceived discomfort than wearing no mask (p < 0.05). While the use of facial coverings can help prevent the spread of disease, their use during exercise may pose limitations to performance; however, the ability of the SHEMA97 to provide minimal changes to CT and RPE provides a promising option.

Effects of multiple indoor environmental factors on anaerobic exercise performance.

Indoor stadium is an important place for physical exercise and sports practice, but few studies have considered the impact of indoor environment on exercise performance. Anaerobic exercise refers to exercise with high load intensity and instantaneous intensity. Many kinds of exercise performance are closely related to anaerobic exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration on anaerobic exercise performance. Sixteen healthy participants (21.5 ± 3.5 years) performed Wingate anaerobic test in 9 cases under the orthogonal experimental design. Temperature is a significant factor affecting peak power (p < 0.05) and average power (p < 0.05). The peak power at 22 °C and 25 °C is 5.4% and 5.1% higher than that at 28 °C, and the average power at 22 °C and 25 °C is 4.2% and 4.3% higher than that at 28 °C. Besides, temperature affected overall environmental satisfaction before and after exercise (p < 0.005, p < 0.005) as well as ear temperature in sedentary state and after warm-up exercise (p < 0.005, p < 0.005). The range of 22 °C-25 °C is closer to the neutral temperature, and it is suitable for anaerobic exercise. However, we did not find that changes in relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration had an effect on anaerobic exercise performance.

Implications of Adipose Tissue Content for Changes in Serum Levels of Exercise-Induced Adipokines: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Human adipocytes release multiple adipokines into the bloodstream during physical activity. This affects many organs and might contribute to the induction of inflammation. In this study, we aimed to assess changes in circulating adipokine levels induced by intense aerobic and anaerobic exercise in individuals with different adipose tissue content. In the quasi-experimental study, 48 male volunteers (aged 21.78 ± 1.98 years) were assigned to groups depending on their body fat content (BF): LBF, low body fat (<8% BF, n = 16); MBF, moderate body fat (8−14% BF, n = 19); and HBF, high body fat (>14% BF, n = 13). The volunteers performed maximal aerobic effort (MAE) and maximal anaerobic effort (MAnE) exercises. Blood samples were collected at five timepoints: before exercise, immediately after, 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h after each exercise. The selected cytokines were analyzed: adiponectin, follistatin-like 1, interleukin 6, leptin, oncostatin M, and resistin. While the participants' MAnE and MAE performance were similar regardless of BF, the cytokine response of the HBF group was different from that of the others. Six hours after exercise, leptin levels in the HBF group increased by 35%. Further, immediately after MAnE, resistin levels in the HBF group also increased, by approximately 55%. The effect of different BF was not apparent for other cytokines. We conclude that the adipokine exercise response is associated with the amount of adipose tissue and is related to exercise type.

Effect of Intradialytic Oral Nutritional Supplementation with or without Exercise Improves Muscle Mass Quality and Physical Function in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) with or without exercise (EX) could improve muscle mass (MM) in chronic kidney disease. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups: (1) ONS and (2) ONS + EX. Thigh muscle area (cm2) and intramuscular lipid content via attenuation were evaluated at baseline and 6 months with computed tomography (CT) to measure MM quantity and quality. Physical function was measured by six-minute walk test (6 MWT), gait speed, handgrip strength (HGS), and Time Up and Go test (TUG) at baseline and 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: The ONS group (n= 14) showed statistically significant improvement in gait speed and HGS; ONS + EX group (n = 10) showed differences in gait speed, in 6 MWT, and HGS. In the ANOVA (3 times × 2 groups), no differences were observed between groups. Greater effect sizes in favor to ONS + EX group were observed in the 6 MWT (d = 1.02) and TUG test (d = 0.63). Muscle quality at six months revealed a significant trend in favor of the EX-group (p = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: Both groups had improved physical function, and greater effect sizes were seen in the ONS + EX group for the 6 MWT and TUG test. Neither MM quantity or quality was improved in either group.

Effects of Weight Cutting on Exercise Performance in Combat Athletes: A Meta-Analysis.

Weight cutting in combat sports is a prevalent practice whereby athletes voluntarily dehydrate themselves via various methods to induce rapid weight loss (RWL) to qualify for a lower weight category than that of their usual training body weight. The intention behind this practice is to regain the lost body mass and compete at a heavier mass than permitted by the designated weight category. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence examining the effects of weight cutting on exercise performance in combat-sport athletes. Following a systematic search of the literature, meta-analyses were performed to compare maximal strength, maximal power, anaerobic capacity, and/or repeated high-intensity-effort performance before rapid weight loss (pre-RWL), immediately following RWL (post-RWL), and 3 to 36 hours after RWL following recovery and rapid weight gain (post-RWG). Overall, exercise performance was unchanged between pre-RWL and post-RWG (g = 0.22; 95% CI, -0.18 to 0.62). Between pre-RWL and post-RWL analyses revealed small reductions in maximal strength and repeated high-intensity-effort performance (g = -0.29; 95% CI, -0.54 to -0.03 and g = -0.37; 95% CI, -0.59 to -0.16, respectively; both P ≤ .03). Qualitative analysis indicates that maximal strength and power remained comparable between post-RWL and post-RWG. These data suggest that weight cutting in combat-sport athletes does not alter short-duration, repeated high-intensity-effort performance; however, there is evidence to suggest that select exercise performance outcomes may decline as a product of RWL. It remains unclear whether these are restored by RWG.

Exercise Intensity and Brain Plasticity: What's the Difference of Brain Structural and Functional Plasticity Characteristics Between Elite Aerobic and Anaerobic Athletes?

This study investigated the differences in morphometry and functional plasticity characteristics of the brain after long-term training of different intensities. Results showed that an aerobic group demonstrated higher gray matter volume in the cerebellum and temporal lobe, while an anaerobic group demonstrated higher gray matter volume in the region of basal ganglia. In addition, the aerobic group also showed significantly higher fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and degree centrality (DC) in the motor area of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, and the frontal gyrus, respectively. At the same time, the anaerobic group demonstrated higher fALFF and DC in the cerebellum posterior lobe (family-wise error corrected, p < 0.01). These findings may further prove that different brain activation modes respond to different intensities of physical activity and may help to reveal the neural mechanisms that can classify athletes from different intensity sports.