Características clínicas y evolución de los pacientes con enfermedad de Kawasaki en un hospital general / Clinical characteristics and course of patients with Kawasaki disease at a general hospital

La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es la principal causa de cardiopatía adquirida en menores de cinco años. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer las características clínicas, el compromiso coronario y la evolución de pacientes atendidos en nuestra institución. Se revisó una serie de casos desde 2001 hasta 2018. Se incluyeron 63 pacientes, 58 % varones; la mediana de edad fue 2,6 años. La mediana de días de fiebre al diagnóstico fue 5,5 días. El 33 % presentó la forma incompleta y se detectó compromiso coronario en el 20 %. El 60 % de los pacientes con afectación coronaria presentaron EK incompleta versus el 28 % de presentación incompleta en los pacientes sin compromiso coronario (p 0,06). No se observaron diferencias en datos de laboratorio entre los grupos según el compromiso coronario. En conclusión, 33 % presentó EK incompleta y el 20 %, afectación coronaria. Hubo una tendencia de mayor riesgo para daño coronario en la forma incompleta.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is considered the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children younger than 5 years. Our objective was to know the clinical characteristics, coronary involvement, and course of patients seen at our facility. A case series from 2001 to 2018 was reviewed. Sixty-three patients were included; their median age was 2.6 years; 58% were males. The median duration of fever at the time of diagnosis was 5.5 days. The incomplete form was observed in 33% and coronary involvement, in 20%. Among patients with coronary involvement, 60% had incomplete KD versus 28% among those without coronary involvement (p: 0.06). No differences were observed between groups in laboratory data based on coronary involvement. To conclude, 33% had incomplete KD and 20%, coronary involvement. There was a trend to a higher risk for coronary artery damage in the incomplete form of KD.

Poliarteritis nodosa sistémica / Systemic polyarteritis nodosa

Resumen La poliarteritis nodosa sistémica de inicio en la infancia es una vasculitis caracterizada por inflamación y necrosis fibrinoide de las arterias de mediano y pequeño calibre, con cuadro clínico extraordinariamente variable y dependiente de la localización histológica de la lesión. Su compromiso cardiaco constituye un comportamiento infrecuente en pediatría, por lo que se considera de interés presentar el caso de un escolar de 8 años, determinado por compromiso hemodinámico secundario a derrame pericárdico, disfunción sistólica grave y múltiples dilataciones aneurismáticas, que permite establecer la sospecha de vasculitis de vasos pequeños y medianos. Se realiza un diagnóstico oportuno gracias al cual se evitan complicaciones potencialmente mortales y se instaura un tratamiento con buena respuesta a corto, mediano y largo plazo.

Abstract Systemic polyarteritis nodosa of childhood onset is a vasculitis characterized by inflammation and fibrinoid necrosis in the medium and small-caliber arteries, with an extraordinarily variable clinical picture and dependent on the histological location of the lesion. His cardiac involvement constitutes an infrequent behavior in pediatrics, so it is considered of interest to present the case of an 8-year-old schoolboy, characterized by hemodynamic compromise secondary to pericardial effusion, severe systolic dysfunction, and multiple aneurysmal dilatations that establish the suspicion of vasculitis. small and medium glasses. A timely diagnosis is made avoiding life-threatening complications and allowing to establish a treatment with a good response in the short, medium and long term.

Aneurisma de arteria coronaria derecha y elevación del segmento ST en cara inferior. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Right Coronary Artery Aneurysm and inferior ST segment elevation. Case Report and Literature Review / Aneurisma de artéria coronária direita e elevação do segmento ST na cara inferior. Reporte de caso e revisão da literatura

Los aneurismas de las arterias coronarias (AAC) son poco comunes, con una incidencia de 0.3-5.3%. Se definen como una dilatación 1.5 veces mayor al diámetro interno de la arteria normal adyacente. La arteria coronaria derecha es la más comúnmente afectada. Su fisiopatología es poco clara, pero se cree que una de sus principales causas es la aterosclerosis. Los AAC son generalmente asintomáticos o pueden estar asociados a isquemia miocárdica. Su tratamiento aún no está bien establecido, debido al desconocimiento general sobre su historia natural, e incluye desde un manejo conservador hasta el tratamiento quirúrgico. A continuación, se reporta el caso de un paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio y elevación del segmento ST, llevado a coronariografía que evidenció aneurisma de la coronaria derecha, que requirió trombectomía, angioplastia y manejo médico vitalicio ambulatorio.

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) are a rare entity with an incidence of 0.3-5.3%. They are dilations of 1.5 times larger than normal adjacent artery, with the right coronary artery as the most affected vessel. Its pathophysiology is unclear but atherosclerosis is believed to be the main cause. CAA are generally asymptomatic but can cause coronary ischemia. Its treatment is yet to be established due to general ignorance about its nature. It ranges from conservative management to surgery. In the following text, we report a case of a patient with acute myocardial infarction presenting ST-segment elevation, who showed a right coronary artery aneurysm in coronary angiography. The patient required thrombectomy, angioplasty and subsequent lifetime outpatient medical management.

Os aneurismas das artérias coronárias (AAC) são pouco comuns, com uma incidência de 0.3-5.3%. Se definem como uma dilatação 1.5 vezes maior ao diâmetro interno da artéria normal adjacente. A artéria coronária direita é a mais comumente afetada. Sua fisiopatologia é pouco clara, mas se crê que uma das suas principais causas é a aterosclerose. Os AAC são geralmente assintomáticos ou podem estar associados a isquemia miocárdica. Seu tratamento ainda não está bem estabelecido, devido ao desconhecimento geral sobre sua história natural, e inclui desde um manejo conservador até o tratamento cirúrgico. A continuação, se reporta o caso de um paciente com infarto agudo de miocárdio e elevação do segmento ST, levado a coronariografia que evidenciou aneurisma da coronária direita, que requereu trombectomia, angioplastia e manejo médico vitalício ambulatório.

Un caso de aneurisma coronario gigante en enfermedad de Kawasaki / A case of a giant coronary aneurysm in Kawasaki disease

La enfermedad de Kawasaki es una vasculitis que afecta arterias de mediano calibre que ocurre predominantemente en la población pediátrica, de etiología desconocida. Si no es tratada tempranamente existe riesgo de desarrollo de complicaciones tan severas como el desarrollo de aneurismas de arterias coronarias, las cuales pueden estar relacionadas con el desarrollo de trombosis coronaria y riesgo de infarto de miocardio. Se han asociado diversos factores de riesgo de desarrollo de aneurismas coronarios como el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad o la edad del paciente, la importancia de la identificación de estos factores radica en la posibilidad de la pronta acción sobre aquellos que sean modificables en un intento de limitar el desarrollo de dichas complicaciones coronarias. El tratamiento a largo plazo para esta condición incluye terapia antiagregante y anticoagulante, ambas pueden representar un riesgo en sí mismas para el paciente además de ser limitantes para un paciente pediátrico por el riesgo de sangrado asociado a traumas (propios de la edad pediátrica).

Kawasaki disease is a vasculitis that affects medium-caliber arteries that occurs predominantly in the pediatric population, of unknown etiology. If it is not treated early, there is a risk of developing complications as severe as the development of coronary artery aneurysms, which may be related to the development of coronary thrombosis and the risk of myocardial infarction. Various risk factors have been associated with the development of coronary aneurysms such as the time of evolution of the disease or the age of the patient, the importance of identifying these factors lies in the possibility of prompt action on those that are modifiable in an attempt to limit the development of coronary complications. Long-term treatment for this condition includes antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, both may represent a risk in themselves for the patient as well as being limiting for a pediatric patient due to the risk of bleeding associated with trauma (typical of pediatric age).

Adenitis cervical imitando a un absceso cervical bacteriano en un lactante con Enfermedad de Kawasaki incompleta y aneurisma coronario: Reporte de un caso / Cervical adenitis mimicking a bacterial cervical abscess in an infant with incomplete Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysm: A case repor

Antecedentes: La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es una vasculitis aguda y autolimitada frecuente en menores de cinco años; sin embargo, su diagnóstico es un reto en menores de seis meses. Reporte de caso: Reportamos un lactante de tres meses con fiebre y tumoración cervical dolorosa de tres días de enfermedad. Fue diagnosticado como tumoración cervical abscedada y recibió tratamiento con antibióticos por 10 días. En hospitalización presentó lesiones eritematosas maculares en todo el cuerpo, persistencia de fiebre y elevación de marcadores inflamatorios. Se realizó una ecocardiografía encontrándose dilatación de las arterias coronarias siendo diagnosticado de EK incompleto. Recibió inmunoglobulina humana endovenosa y ácido acetil salicílico. Actualmente está en controles por cardiología con ácido acetil salicílico por persistencia de dilatación de las arterias coronarias. Conclusiones: La adenitis cervical puede imitar a otras infecciones cutáneas como el absceso cervical ocasionado retraso en el diagnóstico de EK produciendo complicaciones como el aneurisma coronario.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute and self-limited vasculitis common in children under five years. The diagnosis is a challenge in children under six months of age. Report case: We report a three-month-old infant with fever and a painful neck tumor of three days of disease. He was diagnosed with an abscessed cervical mass and received antibiotic treatment for ten days. During hospitalization, macular erythematous lesions developed throughout the body, persistence of fever, and elevated inflammatory markers. Echocardiography was performed, finding dilatation of the coronary arteries, being diagnosed with incomplete KD. He received intravenous human immunoglobulin and acetylsalicylic acid. He is currently undergoing cardiology controls with acetylsalicylic acid due to persistent dilatation of the coronary arteries. Conclusions: Cervical adenitis can mimic other skin infections such as cervical abscesses. It can cause a delay in the diagnosis of KD, producing complications such as a coronary aneurysm.

Coronary artery bypass grafting in a child with Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) with cardiac involvement can result in the development of coronary aneurysm, stenosis or thrombosis with significant cardiovascular implications. We report the case of a 23-month-old male with a late diagnosis of KD, in whom intravenous immunoglobulin treatment was not feasible. The patient's course was assessed by routine echocardiography. At the age of five years, angiographic assessment revealed an aneurysm of the anterior descending coronary artery measuring 17 mm×7 mm involving the first diagonal branch, 90% post-aneurysmal stenosis, and an aneurysm of the right coronary artery measuring 32 mm×6 mm. Due to the critical anatomy of the anterior descending artery the revascularization method of choice was coronary artery bypass surgery with an internal mammary artery graft, under cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no significant intraoperative or postoperative complications. This confirms coronary artery bypass grafting as a reliable treatment option for patients who present with coronary sequelae from KD, even at a very young age.

Enfermedad de Kawasaki: ¿una entidad exclusiva de niños? / Kawasaki disease, is it exclusive of children?

Resumen La enfermedad de Kawasaki es un síndrome febril agudo y autolimitado, de presunta etiología autoinmune, que característicamente afecta a niños menores de 5 años. Esta enfermedad consiste en una vasculitis aguda de pequeños y medianos vasos que favorece la formación de aneurismas en las arterias coronarias. El diagnóstico en la fase aguda es esencialmente clínico, mientras que en la fase crónica suele hacerse al documentar las secuelas vasculares. La importancia de la identificación apropiada de esta enfermedad radica en que muchos de los infartos fatales y no fatales en personas menores de 40 años tienen hallazgos compatibles con este diagnóstico. Se presenta el caso de un adulto joven con dolor torácico y angiotomografía coronaria con hallazgos compatibles con secuelas de enfermedad de Kawasaki del adulto.

Abstract Kawasaki disease is an acute and self-limited febrile syndrome with a presumed autoimmune etiology that characteristically affects children under 5 years of age. Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of small and medium vessels that facilitates the formation of coronary aneurysms. The diagnosis of the disease during the acute phase is essentially clinical, while the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease during the chronic phase is performed when the vascular complications are detected. The importance of proper identification of Kawasaki disease lies in the fact that many of the fatal and non-fatal infarcts in young adults (<40 years) have findings compatible with this diagnosis. This article describes the case of a young patient with chest pain and coronary angiotomography showing sequelae of Kawasaki disease in the adult.

A Associação da Relação Proteína C-Reativa/Albumina em Pacientes com Ectasia da Artéria Coronária Isolada / Association of C-Reactive Protein to Albumin Ratio in Patients with Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia

Resumo Fundamento A ectasia da artéria coronária (EAC) é definida como a dilatação difusa ou localizada do lúmen da artéria coronária com diâmetro de 1,5 a 2,0 vezes o diâmetro da artéria coronária normal adjacente. A relação proteína C-reativa/albumina (CAR, sigla em inglês) é um marcador inflamatório útil que tem sido documentado em doença arterial coronariana. Objetivo Analisar a associação entre a EAC e a CAR. Métodos Um protocolo caso-controle foi utilizado neste estudo. Foram incluídos 102 pacientesconsecutivos com EAC isolada sem estenose (56 homens e 46 mulheres; idade média de 60,4 ± 8,8 anos). O grupo controle era constituido pelo mesmo número de pacientes pareados por sexo e idade com artérias coronárias normais (55 homens e 47 mulheres; idade média de 61,2 ± 9,1 anos). Características clínicas, achados laboratoriais e histórico de uso de medicamentos foram registrados. Foram realizados teste t de Student, teste U de Mann-Whitney, teste do qui-quadrado, análise de regressão linear e logística. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo p bilateral < 0,05. Resultados A CAR estava aumentada nos pacientes com EAC em comparação com os controles (32 e 16; p < 0,001). Além disso, foi verificado que a CAR era um preditor independente da EAC (razão de chances = 2,202; intervalo de confiança 95%, 1,184 - 5,365; p < 0,001). Conclusão No presente estudo, determinamos que os níveis da CAR estavam significativamente mais altos no grupo EAC que no grupo controle e a CAR estava significativamente correlacionada com a EAC. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is defined as diffuse or localized dilatation of coronary artery lumen with a diameter of 1.5 to 2.0 times the adjacent normal coronary artery. The C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) is a useful inflammatory marker, which has been documented in coronary artery disease. Objective To analyze the association of CAE and CAR. Methods A case-control protocol was used in this study. We included 102 consecutive patients with isolated CAE without stenosis (56 men and 46 women; mean age 60.4 ± 8.8 years). The control subjects consisted of an equal number of sex and age matched patients with normal coronary arteries (55 men and 47 women; mean age 61.2 ± 9.1 years). Clinical features, laboratory findings, and medication use history were recorded. Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and linear and logistic regression analysis were performed. A 2-sided p < 0.05 was statistically considered significant. Results The CAR was increased in patients with CAE compared to the controls (32 and 16; p < 0.001). In addition, the CAR was found to be an independent predictor of CAE (OR = 2.202; 95% CI 1.184 - 5.365; p < 0.001). Conclusion In the present study, we determined that CAR levels were significantly higher in the CAE group than in the control group, and the CAR was significantly correlated with CAE. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Recomendación para la sospecha, manejo y seguimiento del compromiso cardiovascular en pacientes con Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico en Pediatría asociado a COVID-19 (PIMS-TC). Declaración de Posición de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (SOCHIPE) y Sociedad Chilena de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular (SOCHICAR) / Recommendation for the recognition, management and follow up of cardiovascular compromise in patients with Pediatric Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome associated with COVID-19 (PIMS-CT). Position statement of Chilean Scientific Societies

Desde la aparición de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, la población pediátrica ha sido menos afectada por la enfermedad tanto en frecuencia como en severidad. Sin embargo, desde abril de este año se han reportado casos de presentación y gravedad variables, caracterizados por fenómenos inflamato rios que afectan múltiples órganos, condición denominada Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico Pediátrico (PIMS). La literatura describe frecuente compromiso cardíaco, hasta en un 80%. Este se caracteriza por injuria miocárdica con significativa elevación de biomarcadores: Troponinas séricas I/T, BNP o NT-ProBNP, unido a diversos grados de disfunción ventricular, pericarditis, valvulitis y arritmias. Además, se ha evidenciado la presencia de compromiso coronario el cual puede ocurrir hasta en un 23% de los casos, en un rango que va desde dilataciones hasta aneurismas. El seguimien to cardiológico hospitalizado y ambulatorio se ha sistematizado en base a los fenotipos clínicos de presentación: injuria miocárdica (miocarditis, valvulitis, pericarditis), shock (habitualmente de tipo "vasopléjico"), manifestaciones tipo Enfermedad de Kawasaki y aquellos casos PIMS que no cumplen con la clínica de los tres precedentes. Este último grupo es el que representa el mayor desafío en el cor to, mediano y seguimiento a largo plazo. Por esta razón se requiere un equipo multidisciplinario para su manejo. Considerando la alta frecuencia del compromiso cardíaco en el PIMS y la importancia de lograr un consenso en su manejo y seguimiento, se presentan estas recomendaciones según el estado actual del conocimiento de esta patología recientemente descrita.

Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the pediatric population has been less affected by the disease both in frequency and severity. However, since April cases of variable presentation and severity characterized by inflammatory phenomena that affect multiple organs have been reported, a condition called Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). The literature has reported frequent cardiac involvement, up to 80%. This is characterized by myocardial injury with a significant increase of biomarkers such as serum troponins I and T, BNP, or NT-ProBNP coupled with varying degrees of ventricular dysfunction, pericarditis, valvulitis, and arrhythmias. Coronary compromise has also been described, which can occur in up to 23% of cases, and ranges from dila tations to aneurysms. Inpatient and outpatient cardiology follow-up has been systematized based on the clinical phenotypes such as myocardial injury (myocarditis, valvulitis, pericarditis), shock (usua lly vasoplegic), Kawasaki disease-type manifestations, and those MIS-C that do not comply with the clinic of the previous three. This last group represents the main challenge in the short-, medium- and long-term follow-up, therefore, it is necessary a multidisciplinary team for managing these patients. Considering the high frequency of cardiac compromise in MIS-C, and the importance of reaching a consensus regarding its management and follow-up, we present these recommendations according to the current state of knowledge regarding this recently described pathology.

Giant right coronary artery aneurysm. case report

Introduction: Coronary aneurysms are rare and are linked to drug abuse; symptomatology depends on the coronary anatomy. This is a case of acute coronary syndrome associated with a giant right coronary aneurysm. Case description: A 40-year-old male, with history of heroin and crack use since age 20, attended consultation due to dyspnea, stable angina and diaphoresis. An electrocardiogram showed ST segment overlay on the underside and troponin problems. A coronary catheterization was performed, which revealed apparent inconclusive aorta-to-right atrium fistula. Based on the findings, angiotomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed, finding a giant right coronary aneurysm. The aneurysm was resected using extracorporeal circuit, femoral cannulation, moderate hypothermia, aortic cross-clamping and cardioplegia, and the right coronary artery was revascularized with the left internal saphenous vein. The patient had a satisfactory postoperative period and was discharged after 7 days. Conclusion: There is an important association between drug use and the development of coronary aneurysms. Aneurysm size makes diagnosis difficult, so complementary studies are necessary to establish a differential diagnosis. An appropriate surgical approach allows for a complete resection of the aneurysm and optimal coronary revascularization.

Introducción. La presentación de aneurismas coronarios es rara, sin embargo se asocian al abuso de drogas; su sintomatología depende de la anatomía coronaria. Se presenta el caso de un síndrome coronario agudo asociado a un aneurisma gigante de la arteria coronaria derecha. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 40 años con antecedente de consumo de heroína y crack desde los 20 años, quien consultó por disnea, angina estable y diaforesis. El electrocardiograma evidenció supradesnivel del segmento ST en cara inferior y elevación de troponinas, por lo que se realizó cateterismo coronario que reveló aparente fístula aorto-atrial derecha no concluyente. Dados los hallazgos, se decidió realizar angiotomografía y resonancia magnética que mostraron aneurisma gigante de arteria coronaria derecha. Se realizó resección de aneurisma con circulación extracorpórea, canulación femoral, hipotermia moderada, pinzamiento aórtico y cardioplejia, y se revascularizó la arteria coronaria derecha con vena safena interna izquierda. El paciente tuvo posoperatorio satisfactorio y se le dio de alta a los 7 días. Conclusiones. El tamaño del aneurisma puede dificultar su diagnóstico, por lo que estudios complementarios son útiles para establecer un diagnóstico diferencial. El abordaje quirúrgico adecuado permite realizar una resección completa del aneurisma y una revascularización coronaria óptima.

Giant right coronary artery aneurysm

ABSTRACT Introduction: Coronary aneurysms are rare and are linked to drug abuse; symptomatology depends on the coronary anatomy. This is a case of acute coronary syndrome associated with a giant right coronary aneurysm. Case description: A 40-year-old male, with history of heroin and crack use since age 20, attended consultation due to dyspnea, stable angina and diaphoresis. An electrocardiogram showed ST segment overlay on the underside and troponin problems. A coronary catheterization was performed, which revealed apparent inconclusive aorta-to-right atrium fistula. Based on the findings, angiotomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed, finding a giant right coronary aneurysm. The aneurysm was resected using extracorporeal circuit, femoral cannulation, moderate hypothermia, aortic cross-clamping and cardioplegia, and the right coronary artery was revascularized with the left internal saphenous vein. The patient had a satisfactory postoperative period and was discharged after 7 days. Conclusion: There is an important association between drug use and the development of coronary aneurysms. Aneurysm size makes diagnosis difficult, so complementary studies are necessary to establish a differential diagnosis. An appropriate surgical approach allows for a complete resection of the aneurysm and optimal coronary revascularization.

RESUMEN Introducción. La presentación de aneurismas coronarios es rara, sin embargo se asocian al abuso de drogas; su sintomatología depende de la anatomía coronaria. Se presenta el caso de un síndrome coronario agudo asociado a un aneurisma gigante de la arteria coronaria derecha. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 40 años con antecedente de consumo de heroína y crack desde los 20 años, quien consultó por disnea, angina estable y diaforesis. El electrocardiograma evidenció supradesnivel del segmento ST en cara inferior y elevación de troponinas, por lo que se realizó cateterismo coronario que reveló aparente fístula aorto-atrial derecha no concluyente. Dados los hallazgos, se decidió realizar angiotomografía y resonancia magnética que mostraron aneurisma gigante de arteria coronaria derecha. Se realizó resección de aneurisma con circulación extracorpórea, canulación femoral, hipotermia moderada, pinzamiento aórtico y cardioplejia, y se revascularizó la arteria coronaria derecha con vena safena interna izquierda. El paciente tuvo posoperatorio satisfactorio y se le dio de alta a los 7 días. Conclusiones. El tamaño del aneurisma puede dificultar su diagnóstico, por lo que estudios complementarios son útiles para establecer un diagnóstico diferencial. El abordaje quirúrgico adecuado permite realizar una resección completa del aneurisma y una revascularización coronaria óptima.

The Usefulness of Admission Plasma NT-pro BNP Level to Predict Left Ventricular Aneurysm Formation after Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction / Utilidade do Nível de NT-Pro-BNP no Plasma à Internação em Predizer a Formação de Aneurisma do Ventrículo Esquerdo após Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Elevação do Segmento ST

Abstract Background: Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is an important complication of acute myocardial infarction. In this study, we investigated the role of N- Terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide level to predict the LVA development after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: We prospectively enrolled 1519 consecutive patients with STEMI. Patients were divided into two groups according to LVA development within the six months after index myocardial infarction. Patients with or without LVAs were examined to determine if a significant relationship existed between the baseline N- Terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide values and clinical characteristics. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: LVA was detected in 157 patients (10.3%). The baseline N- Terminal pro- B type natriuretic peptide level was significantly higher in patients who developed LVA after acute MI (523.5 ± 231.1 pg/mL vs. 192.3 ± 176.6 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). Independent predictors of LVA formation after acute myocardial infarction was age > 65 y, smoking, Killip class > 2, previous coronary artery bypass graft, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, failure of reperfusion, no-reflow phenomenon, peak troponin I and CK-MB and NT-pro BNP > 400 pg/mL at admission. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that plasma N- Terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide level at admission among other variables provides valuable predictive information regarding the development of LVA after acute STEMI.

Resumo Fundamento: O aneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo (AVE) é uma importante complicação do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Objetivo: Investigar o papel da porção N-terminal do pró-hormônio do peptídeo natriurético do tipo B (NT-proBNP) para predizer o desenvolvimento de AVE após infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST). Métodos: Incluímos prospectivamente 1519 pacientes consecutivos com IAMCST. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o desenvolvimento de AVE nos seis meses após o infarto do miocárdio. Os pacientes com ou sem AVE foram examinados para determinar se existia uma relação significativa entre os valores basais do NT-proBNP e as características clínicas. Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: O AVE foi detectado em 157 pacientes (10,3%). O nível basal do NT-proBNP foi significativamente maior em pacientes que desenvolveram AVE após IAM (523,5 ± 231,1 pg/mL vs. 192,3 ± 176,6 pg/mL, respectivamente, p < 0,001). Os preditores independentes da formação de AVE após IAM foram idade > 65 anos, tabagismo, classe Killip > 2, cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica anterior, insuficiência cardíaca pós-infarto do miocárdio, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 50%, falha de reperfusão, fenômeno de no-reflow, pico de troponina I e CK-MB e NT-proBNP > 400 pg/mL na internação. Conclusões: Nossos achados indicam que o nível plasmático do fragmento N-terminal do peptídeo natriurético tipo B na admissão, entre outras variáveis, fornece informações preditivas valiosas sobre o desenvolvimento de AVE após o IAMCST agudo.

Experiencia a 12 años en el manejo antitrombótico de la ectasia coronaria en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez de México / A 12-year experience with antithrombotic management of patients with coronary ectasia at the Cardiological Institute "I. Chavez" from Mexco

Introducción: No hay lineamientos establecidos acerca del correcto anejo antitrombótico de pacientes con ectasia coronaria. Objetivos: Describir el manejo de pacientes con ectasia coronaria durante 12 años en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología en la Ciudad de México, México. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional. Se analizó una base de datos de 484 pacientes ingresados con síndrome coronario agudo, diagnosticado por angiografía de ectasia coronaria. Se obtuvo la clasificación de Markis y el anejo de los pacientes al alta, así como el seguimiento durante 12 años. La estadística fue descriptiva. Resultados: 14.6% de los pacientes recibieron monoterapia, el mas común fue el ácido acetil salicílico en el 7,8% seguido de acenocumarina en el 4.8% de los pacientes; el 25% fueron manejados con acenocumarina y ácido acetil salícíco más clopidogrel, 5,8% con terapia triple. La más común fue acenocumarina, acido acetil salicílico y clopidogrel en el 5%. conclusión: Solo hay recomendaciones con nivel de evidencia C. El tratamiento al alta de los pacientes con ectasia coronaria conel Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez es heterogénico y no está bien estandarizado, es necesario revisar las Guías de Práctica Clínica para estandarizarlo

Introduction: There are no established guidelines about the correct antibrombotic management of patients with coronary ectasia. Objectives: To describe the management of patients with coronary ectasia in a lapse of time of 12 years at the "Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez" Mexico. Methods: Observational retrospective study. We analyzed a database of 484 patients admitted to the INCICh diagnosed with coronary acute syndrome and angiographic diagnosis of coronary ectasia. We obtained information about the Markis classification and the treatment at the hospital discharge in a period of time of 12 years. Descriptive statistic was used. Results: 14.6% received monotherapy, the most common was aspirin in 7.8%, followed by acenocoumarin in 4.8% of patients. 25% of the total patients received acenocoumarin , aspirin and clopidogrel in 5%. Conclusions: There are only recommendations about the coronary artery disease treatment with a C level of evidence. The treatment in the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez is heterogneous and is not well standardized

Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de aneurisma coronario en niños menores de 5 años con enfermedad de Kawasaki del Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom, en el periodo enero 2011 a enero 2016 / Risk factors for the development of coronary aneurysm in children under 5 years of age with Kawasaki disease from the Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, from January 2011 to January 2016

La Enfermedad de Kawasaki es una vasculitis aguda, sistémica y auto limitada, que ocurre más comúnmente en niños entre 3 y 5 años, su etiología es desconocida; las dos secuelas más comunes son: los aneurismas coronarios y el infarto del miocardio. La formación de aneurismas coronarios pueden complicarse con trombosis, enfermedad cardíaca isquémica, aterosclerosis precoz y muerte súbita, estos ocurren del 20 al 25 % en todos los pacientes que no reciben tratamiento con inmunoglobulina intravenosa, pero además existen factores demográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio que predisponen a desarrollar aneurisma coronario, por lo que el presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar estos factores de riesgo en los pacientes con Enfermedad de Kawasaki que desarrollaron aneurisma coronario. De esta manera se pretende generar recomendaciones que permitan un diagnóstico más oportuno y de esta manera disminuir las complicaciones. En este estudio se tomó como universo a todos los pacientes menores de 5 años con Enfermedad de Kawasaki que desarrollaron aneurisma coronario en el periodo enero 2011-enero2016 del HNNBB. Se identificaron 118 pacientes con Enfermedad de Kawasaki, de estos 52 pacientes desarrollaron aneurisma coronario lo cual corresponde al 44%, por tanto, los 52 pacientes conforman el universo del estudio. Los datos fueron procesados con el programa estadístico PSPP 1.0.1 y trasladados a Microsoft Excel para la elaboración y personificación de tablas y gráficos de los resultados. En los resultados se determinaron factores demográficos para desarrollar aneurisma coronario como: sexo masculino el cual predomino en un 65%, edad entre 1-3 años presentándose en un 75%. Un factor clínico muy importante fue el día en que se diagnosticó la enfermedad ya que el 98% de los pacientes se diagnosticaron después del día 5 de enfermedad y es importante mencionar que el 90% de estos pacientes habían recibido inmunoglobulina humana. Entre los exámenes de laboratorio los más asociados a desarrollo de aneurisma fueron hipoalbuminemia que se presentó en el 97.9% de los pacientes, y plaquetosis en el 63.5% de los pacientes. No se pudo evaluar el sodio ya que solo 5 pacientes contaban con electrolitos en los exámenes. Los resultados de este estudio permitirán brindar un diagnostico precoz y tratamiento oportuno a los pacientes con esta enfermedad

[National consensus on the cardiological treatment and follow-up of Kawasaki disease]. / Consenso nacional sobre diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento cardiológico de la enfermedad de Kawasaki.

Kawasaki disease is a self-limiting acute vasculitis that affects small and medium-sized vessels, and is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in our environment. Up to 25% of untreated patients develop coronary aneurysms. It is suspected that an infectious agent may be the trigger of the disease, but the causative agent is still unknown. Based on the previous evidence, recommendations are proposed for the diagnosis, treatment of acute disease, and the long-term management of these patients, in order to unify criteria. The diagnosis must be quick, based on easy-to-use algorithms and with the support of complementary tests. This document includes the indication of available imaging techniques, as well as the planning of cardiological examinations based on the initial involvement. Intravenous immunoglobulin is the basis of the initial treatment. The role of corticosteroids is still controversial, but there are studies that support its use as adjuvant treatment. A multidisciplinary working group has developed a scheme with different treatment guidelines depending on the risk factors at diagnosis, the patient's clinical situation, and response to previous treatment, including indications for thromboprophylaxis in patients with coronary involvement. The stratification of risk for long-term treatment is essential, as well as the recommendations on the procedures based on the initial cardiological involvement and its progression. Patients with coronary aneurysms require continuous and uninterrupted cardiological monitoring for life.

Giant coronary aneurysm culprit of an acute coronary syndrome.

A 66-year-old male ex-smoker with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia was admitted due to a non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The catheterisation depicted an extensive and calcified disease: chronic total obstruction of the right coronary and severe disease with a giant aneurysm at the first marginal branch as the culprit vessel. After discussion, the right coronary was treated before the circumflex-giant aneurysm was closed with a stent graft and its multiple severe stenosis solved with two drug-eluting stents. We provide a multimodality approach for a complex case and briefly discuss the available options.

Coronary artery aneurysm formation following implantation of a bioresorbable vascular scaffold for in-stent restenosis.

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation is a rare complication of coronary intervention that may develop after implantation of bare-metal or drug-eluting stents. The etiology of this entity appears to be multifactorial and its prognosis is poorly understood, but it has been associated with an increased risk of stent thrombosis. To date few cases of CAAs related to bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) implantation have been reported, and the development of CAA after BVS implantation for the treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) has not been previously described. Here we present two cases of CAA formation after BVS, which represent the first demonstration of CAA formation after the use of BVS for ISR.