Greater lactate accumulation does not alter peripheral concentrations of key appetite-regulating neuropeptides.

The potential mechanisms involved in lactate's role in exercise-induced appetite suppression requires further examination. We used sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation in a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized crossover design to explore lactate's role on neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) concentrations. Twelve adults (7 males; 24.2±3.4 kg‧m-2; 42.18±8.56 mL‧kg-1‧min-1) completed two identical high-intensity interval training sessions following ingestion of NaHCO3 (BICARB) or sodium chloride (PLACEBO) pre-exercise. Blood lactate, acylated ghrelin, NPY, AgRP, α-MSH, and appetite perceptions were measured pre-exercise, 0-, 30-, 60-, and 90-min post-exercise. Free-living energy intake (electronic food diaries) was measured the day before, of, and after each experimental session. In BICARB, blood lactate was greater post-exercise (p<0.002, d>0.70) though acylated ghrelin was similar (p=0.075, =0.206) at all time-points post-exercise (p>0.034, d<0.22). NPY (p=0.006, >0.509) and AgRP (p<0.001, >0.488) had main effects of time increasing following exercise and returning to baseline, with no differences between sessions (NPY: p=0.0.192, =0.149; AgRP: p=0.422, =0.060). α-MSH had no main effect of time (p=0.573, =0.063) or session (p=0.269, =0.110). Appetite perceptions were similar during BICARB and PLACEBO (p=0.007, d=0.28) increasing in both sessions post-exercise (p<0.088, d>0.57). Energy intake had a main effect of day (p=0.025, =0.825), where the experimental session day was greater than the day before (p=0.010, d=0.59) with no other differences between days (p>0.260, d<0.38). The lower accumulation of lactate than our previous work did not generate exercise-induced appetite suppression as there were no differences in acylated ghrelin, appetite perceptions, or peripheral concentrations of neuropeptides.

Lentils based pasta affect satiation, satiety and food intake in healthy volunteers.

Plant-based diets represent a valid strategy to improve human health and increase food sustainability. The availability of legume-based products, a good source of proteins and fibers, could help consumers to promote healthy dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different legume-based pastas on energy intake and appetite in healthy volunteers. Four ad libitum (protocol 1) and iso-caloric pre-load meals (protocol 2) were tested using a randomized repeated measure design. The test meals consisted of lentils pasta (LP), chickpeas pasta (CP); durum wheat pasta (DWP) and gluten free pasta (GFP), served with tomato sauce. Protocol 1: the ad libitum lunch meal was consumed then EI registered. Protocol 2: subjective appetite was assessed by visual analogue scale before and after the pre-load meal for 2 h until an ad libitum buffet was served to assess EI. Twenty (age: 39.2 ± 8.41 years; BMI: 23.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2) and 40 (age: 42.6 ± 8.7 years; BMI: 23.8 ± 4.2 kg/m2) healthy subjects were respectively recruited for each protocol. ANCOVA analysis showed an overall effect of meals and sex on EI within meal and at the subsequent meal, resulting in a lower EI after LP compared to DWP (p < 0.05). Appetite sensations were significantly influenced solely after the pre-load meal, where repeated measures ANCOVA showed increased post-prandial satiety after LP and CP (p < 0.05) compared to DWP in females, whereas a reduction in desire to eat and higher fullness was found following LP compared to the other meals in both sexes (p < 0.05). Overall, lentil-based pasta seemed to acutely affect EI both within and at the subsequent meal, especially in females. Consumption of legume-based pasta might enhance legume intake by modulating appetite feelings and increasing food sustainability. However, further studies are needed to support these results in the long-term and considering different target populations.

Inulin may prevent the high-fat diet induced-obesity via suppressing endocannabinoid system in the prefrontal cortex in Wistar rats.

High-fat diets contribute to various metabolic disorders. Inulin supplementation has been shown to reduce appetite, lower food intake, and promote weight loss. Although there is evidence that the endocannabinoid system has metabolic effects in the prefrontal cortex, studies investigating the effects of inulin on the endocannabinoid system are limited. This study investigated the impact of inulin on obesity through the endocannabinoid system in the prefrontal cortex. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed one of four diets over 12 weeks. Findings indicated that a high-fat diet led to obesity, whereas inulin reduced food intake and supported weight loss. Consequently, inulin supplementation both prevented obesity and significantly decreased the expressions of Adrb3 and Adcy1, and anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol levels in the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, inulin lowered leptin in circulation and stimulated Trpv1. Thus, inulin may mitigate obesity development, possibly by modulating gene expressions linked to obesity in the prefrontal cortex via endocannabinoids.

Increasing particle size of oat flours decreases postprandial glycemia and increases appetite in healthy adults.

Consumption of oats is associated with lowered risks of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, many oat-based products (e.g., breakfast cereals) use finely milled flours but are associated with health claims based on oats of larger particle sizes. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that increasing oat flour particle size will result in lower postprandial glycemia and appetite. Using a randomized-controlled, crossover design, 20 participants (10 males, 10 females; age: 25.3 ± 1.0 years; body mass index: 23.2 ± 0.6 kg/m2) consumed a serving of porridge made using 40 g of coarse (675.7 ± 19.6 µm), whole (443.3 ± 36.2 µm), fine (96.0 ± 2.1 µm), or a commercial (375.9 ± 14.8 µm) oat flour unmatched in available carbohydrate, protein, and dietary fiber content. After a 12-hour overnight fast, blood glucose, insulin, and appetite were measured at 15 to 30-minute intervals over 120 minutes posttreatment consumption. Coarse and whole flours led to lower blood glucose between 30 and 60 minutes (P < .02). Blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) was lower after coarse than fine and commercial oat flours (P < 0.03), and after whole than fine oat flour (P < .002). Both coarse and whole oat flours resulted in lower insulin AUC than finer flours (P < .05). Appetite AUC was lower after the commercial than coarse flour (P < .007). Controlling milling to produce coarser oat flour to add to common foods may have health benefits. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05291351).

Dificultades alimentarias en la infancia: una revisión narrativa / Feeding difficulties in childhood: A narrative review

Se estima que entre el 25 % y el 40 % de los niños sanos presentan algún síntoma de dificultad alimentaria (DA) durante su crecimiento y desarrollo, y muchas veces no son adecuadamente diagnosticadas. El propósito de este trabajo consistió en realizar una revisión narrativa que reuniera la información disponible sobre las dificultades alimentarias. Se desarrollaron algoritmos de evaluación y abordaje a partir de la evidencia en la literatura. La mayoría de los problemas de alimentación en los niños pequeños (selectividad alimentaria, falta de apetito, miedo a la alimentación) a menudo coexisten y es necesario evaluar el riesgo clínico para planificar una intervención individualizada. Contar con definiciones estandarizadas y terminología común para abordar estas dificultades de manera adecuada y multidisciplinaria es uno de los caminos para optimizar su tratamiento. Involucrar a los diferentes profesionales de la salud y a los padres es fundamental para abordar las dificultades alimentarias.

It has been estimated that between 25% and 40% of healthy children show symptoms of feeding difficulties (FDs) during their growth and development; many times, these are not adequately diagnosed. The objective of this study was to conduct a narrative review that collected the available information on fee ding difficulties. Assessment and management algorithms were developed based on the bibliographic evidence. Most feeding problems in young children (feeding selectivity, loss of appetite, fear of feeding) are often con current, and a clinical risk assessment is necessary to plan an individualized intervention. Having standardized definitions and common terms to address these difficulties in an appropriate and multidisciplinary manner is one of the ways to optimize their treatment. The involvement of different health care providers and parents is critical to address feeding difficulties.

War exposure and changes in eating behaviours in Ukrainian school-aged children: A cross-sectional online survey.

The war in Ukraine has exposed children to extremely high levels of acute and chronic stressors, which can impact their eating behaviour (EB). We aimed to determine the prevalence of war-induced, stress-related disruptions in EB of Ukrainian children. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey among parents of 5- to 17-year-old children, who had experienced the war in Ukraine in February-May 2023. Guardians reported their child's various war exposure changes in EBs using a modified version of the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. We assessed associations between total and medium-term EB changes and age, sex, and war exposure using bivariate correlations and χ2 tests. Logistic regression models were fitted to explore the associations between socio-demographic factors, war exposure and frequency of EB changes. Of the 4854 children, 63% had changes in EBs during the war. The most common EB changes included food cravings (38%), food fussiness (37%), and aversion to certain foods (29%). Of the reported EB changes, 40% were medium-term, lasting over a month, and related to altered attitudes towards food. Food insecurity (adjusted OR 2.35, 95% CI: 1.76-3.14), and displacement (internally 2.01, 1.19-3.42) emerged as the most influential determinants of medium-term EB changes. The findings underscore a significant and robust association between war-related exposures and an increased risk of frequent EB changes. As healthy EBs are learned during childhood and have been shown to track into adulthood, the identified disruptions in EB may have medium-term consequences for the physical and mental health of Ukrainian children.

The effects of acute aerobic exercise on appetite-regulating parameters and energy intake in males with obesity.

Objective: To investigate the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on appetite control parameters, appetite perceptions, and energy intake in sedentary males with obesity. Design: Eleven males with obesity (body fat percentage 36.5 ± 2.5%, body mass index 35.3 ± 4.2 kg/m2, V̇O2peak 29 ± 3.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed two experimental sessions: (1) no exercise (CTRL) and (2) 60 min of moderate-intensity cycling exercise at 60% V̇O2peak (MICT) in a crossover design. Blood analysis included growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), total ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine3-36 (PYY3-36), total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, and glucose, as well as subjective appetite perceptions were measured in specific intervals. A standard breakfast at 0 h and an ad libitum meal postexercise was provided. Result: GDF-15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [2.48-27.28] ng/L, p = 0.021) increased immediately following MICT compared to CTRL. However, there were no differences for PYY3-36 (p = 0.480, η p 2 = 0.025 ), total ghrelin (p = 0.646, η p 2 = 0.011 ), and total GLP-1 (p = 0.451, η p 2 = 0.029 ) between sessions. Appetite perceptions (95% CI: [(-20.38)-(-6.16)] mm, p = 0.001) were suppressed following MICT though energy intake was not different between the sessions (95% CI: [(-1904.9)-928.1] kJ, p = 0.480). Conclusion: Sixty minutes of MICT increased GDF-15 while suppressing appetite perceptions in individuals with obesity. There was no energy compensation postexercise.

Protective Eating Behaviors Among Children at Higher Risk for Obesity in the INSIGHT Study.

Background: Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is positively associated with offspring overweight. We investigated behaviors that may confer resilience to childhood overweight development by examining appetitive traits in at-risk children born to mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight. Methods: This secondary analysis included children born to mothers with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m2 from the Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Health Trajectories Study (N = 84). Mothers completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) at child ages 30 months and 6 years. t-tests assessed differences in appetitive traits (CEBQ subscale scores) between children with overweight (BMI ≥85th percentile) and without overweight (BMI <85th percentile). Results: The 87 children (41 female [47%]) included in this analysis were predominantly White and non-Hispanic (93%), and 34 (39%) had overweight at age 6 years. Compared with children with overweight, children without overweight had mothers who reported greater child slowness in eating when their child was 30 months (p = 0.04) and 6 years old (p = 0.004). Similarly, mothers of children without overweight reported higher child satiety responsiveness, lower enjoyment of food, and lower food responsiveness (p < 0.001 for all) when their child was 6 years old. Conclusion: Eating slower, higher satiety responsiveness, lower enjoyment of food, and lower food responsiveness were protective factors against developing overweight among those with familial risk. Strategies to promote the development of slower eating and satiety responsiveness could be explored as part of obesity prevention strategies.

Hunger, Satiety, and Their Vulnerabilities.

The psychological states of hunger and satiety play an important role in regulating human food intake. Several lines of evidence suggest that these states rely upon declarative learning and memory processes, which are based primarily in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). The MTL, and particularly the hippocampus, is unusual in that it is especially vulnerable to insult. Consequently, we examine here the impact on hunger and satiety of conditions that: (1) are central to ingestive behaviour and where there is evidence of MTL pathology (i.e., habitual consumption of a Western-style diet, obesity, and anorexia nervosa); and (2) where there is overwhelming evidence of MTL pathology, but where ingestive behaviour is not thought central (i.e., temporal lobe epilepsy and post-traumatic stress disorder). While for some of these conditions the evidence base is currently limited, the general conclusion is that MTL impairment is linked, sometimes strongly, to dysfunctional hunger and satiety. This focus on the MTL, and declarative learning and memory processes, has implications for the development of alternative treatment approaches for the regulation of appetite.

Spirulina supplementation and circuit resistance training (CRT) reduce serum asprosin and appetite and improve energy balance in men with obesity and overweight.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks spirulina supplementation and circuit resistance training (CRT) on asprosin, appetite, and energy balance in men with obesity and overweight. METHODS: The study comprised a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Sixty men with obesity and overweight (BMI > 25) were selected and randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 15 each) of training plus spirulina, training plus placebo, spirulina, and placebo. The participants of the training groups performed 12 movements with 40-90% maximal repetition (three sessions per week) and the supplemental groups consumed 1000 mg of spirulina per day for 8 weeks. Asprosin, appetite using visual analog scales, calorie intake, energy expenditure, and body composition were measured before and after the intervention. To analyze the data, the paired sample t-test, analysis of covariance, Bonferroni post-hoc, and Pearson correlation tests were employed using SPSS (version 20) at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: After the intervention, asprosin level (P = 0.015, P = 0.015, and P = 0.020, respectively), weight (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), calorie intake (P = 0.015, P = 0.011, and P = 0.004, respectively), and hunger (P = 0.011, P = 0.015, and P = 0.015, respectively) declined in the training plus spirulina, training plus placebo, and spirulina groups (p < 0.05). In addition, energy expenditure (P = 0.012 and P = 0.015, respectively) and fullness (P = 0.015 and P = 0.011, respectively) increased in the training plus spirulina and training plus placebo groups. The mean changes of the research indicators in the training plus spirulina group were significantly more than those of the other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: It was shown that 8 weeks of CRT and spirulina supplementation decreases the level of asprosin and improves appetite and energy balance in men with obesity and overweight.

The effects of acute exercise on food intake and appetite in adolescents with and without obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence pertaining to consummatory and appetitive responses to acute exercise in children and adolescents with and without obesity (5-18 years). Articles reporting on supervised, controlled trials of any modality, duration, or intensity with laboratory-measured food intake were found using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane up to July 2023. Differences between conditions in laboratory energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward were quantitatively synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses. Thirty-five studies were eligible for the systematic review of energy intake, consisting of 60 distinct intervention arms with lean (n = 374) and overweight/obesity participants (n = 325; k = 51 eligible for meta-analysis). Study quality as indicated by the Effective Public Healthy Practice Project tool was rated as low and moderate risk of bias for 80% and 20% of studies, respectively. Acute exercise had no significant effect on energy intake during an ad libitum test meal (mean difference [MD] = -4.52 [-30.58, 21.54] kcal, p = .729). Whilst absolute carbohydrate intake was lower after exercise (23 arms; MD = -6.08 [-11.26, -0.91] g, p = .023), the proportion of carbohydrate was not (30 arms; MD = -0.62 [-3.36, 2.12] %, p = .647). A small elevation in hunger (27 arms; MD = 4.56 [0.75, 8.37] mm, p = .021) and prospective food consumption (27 arms; PFC; MD = 5.71 [1.62, 9.80] mm, p = .008) was observed post-exercise, but not immediately prior to the test meal (Interval: Mdn = 30 min, Range = 0-180). Conversely, a modest decrease in explicit wanting for high-fat foods was evident after exercise (10 arms; MD = -2.22 [-3.96, -0.47] mm, p = .019). Exercise intensity (p = .033) and duration (p = .013) moderated food intake only in youth with overweight/obesity, indicating lower intake at high intensity and short duration. Overall, acute exercise does not lead to compensation of energy intake or a meaningful elevation of appetite or food reward and might have a modest benefit in youth with overweight/obesity if sufficiently intense. However, conclusions are limited by substantial methodological heterogeneity and the small number of trials employing high-intensity exercise, especially in youth with overweight/obesity.

The autophagy-repressive tissue hormone DBI/ACBP (diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein) suppresses anorexia.

DBI/ACBP (diazepam binding inhibitor, acyl-CoA binding protein) is produced by multiple cell types and detectable in blood plasma. DBI acts on GABRA (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor) complexes containing GABRG2 (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, subunit gamma 2) to inhibit macroautophagy/autophagy and hence can be considered as an "autophagy checkpoint". In patients with poor-prognosis anorexia nervosa, as well as in mice developing stress-induced anorexia, circulating DBI levels are reduced. Using a chemical-genetic system that makes it possible to control DBI secretion by hepatocytes, we showed that increasing DBI levels suffices to prevent anorexia induced by chronic restraint stress or chemotherapy with cisplatin, doxorubicin or paclitaxel in mice. At the mechanistic level, DBI administration acts through GABRA outside of the central nervous system and reduces the plasma levels of anorexigenic factors such as GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15) and LCN2 (lipocalin 2), as well as anorexigenic signaling via the LCN2 receptor MC4R (melanocortin 4 receptor) in the hypothalamus. Accordingly, DBI supplementation stimulates food intake and normalizes whole body weight, body composition and metabolism in mouse models of anorexia. This normalization extends to the liver transcriptome and metabolome. Altogether, it appears that enhancing DBI levels constitutes a promising strategy for combating anorexia.

Psychiatric Explanations of Poor Oral Intake: A Clinically Focused Review.

BACKGROUND: Poor oral intake (POI) among medical-surgical inpatients can cause malnutrition and delay recovery due to medical consequences and the need for more invasive nutritional support. Many psychiatric conditions can cause POI; however, the role that psychiatric conditions play in POI has received limited attention to date. OBJECTIVE: This review aggregates available information on POI due to psychiatric conditions and provides a framework for the clinical approach to these conditions in hospitalized adult patients. METHODS: We searched PubMed and EMBASE for reviews of POI due to psychiatric causes, but no relevant publications were identified. Diagnostic criteria for relevant conditions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision and Rome IV were reviewed, as were C-L psychiatry textbooks and relevant society websites. This review was further supplemented by a case conference at the authors' institution. RESULTS: We have divided results into five sections for clinical utility: (1) the need to rule out medical causes of POI; (2) unpleasant somatic experiences, including psychotropic causes; (3) mood, psychotic, catatonic, and neurocognitive disorders that can present with POI; (4) eating and feeding disorders; and (5) personal and interpersonal explanations of POI. Within each section, we review how to identify and manage each condition, specifically considering the effects of treatment on oral intake. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical management of POI varies based on cause. For instance, psychostimulants can cause POI due to inappetence; however, they can treat POI due to abulia by improving motivation. The fact that such a broad range of psychiatric conditions can cause POI calls for a systematic clinical approach that considers the categories of potential causes. We also identified a need for prospective studies focused on the management of POI due to psychiatric conditions, as the literature on this topic is limited to case reports, case series, and retrospective cohort studies.

Association Between Internet Addiction and Dietary Habits Among Omani Junior College Students.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between internet addiction and dietary habits among Omani junior college students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, among junior college students surveyed in November 2020. The Compulsive Internet Use Scale and a dietary habits questionnaire were used. Chi-square cross-tabulation analyses were used to explore the relationship between internet addiction and dietary habits. Results: A total of 377 students were included in this study. Overall, 59.9% of the junior college students were identified as having an internet addiction. Within this group, 62.8% reported reduced meal sizes and 54.4% reported a decrease in appetite. There was a statistically significant difference in both meal size (X2 = 30.528; P <0.001) and appetite changes (X2 = 28.731; P <0.001) among students with different levels of internet addiction. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest a possible link between internet addiction and altered dietary habits among this population. This study highlights the need for strategies that encourage healthy living behaviours and raise awareness about the adverse effects of internet addiction.

The Beneficial Effects of Regular Intake of Lactobacillus paragasseri OLL2716 on Gastric Discomfort in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

We investigated the effects of Lactobacillus paragasseri OLL2716 on gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults with gastric complaints. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 174 healthy Japanese adults were randomly assigned to an OLL2716 or placebo group, and each group consumed 85 g of yogurt containing L. paragasseri OLL2716 or placebo yogurt daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in gastric symptoms from baseline as per the participants' questionnaires at 6 and 12 weeks. The secondary endpoints were changes from baseline in the short-form Nepean Dyspepsia Index (SF-NDI), the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), and the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire-Japanese (CNAQ-J) scores at 6 and 12 weeks. The primary endpoint data showed that the changes in "epigastric pain" at 6 and 12 weeks were significantly decreased in the OLL2716 group compared with those in the placebo group. Additionally, the changes in "epigastric pain syndrome-like symptoms" were significantly decreased in the OLL2716 group compared with those in the placebo group at 6 weeks. The SF-NDI items that improved at 6 weeks were "irritable, tense, or frustrated", "enjoyment of eating or drinking", and "tension", which are sub-scales related to mental stress. The items "Over-all" in the GSRS and "feeling hungry" in the CNAQ-J significantly improved in the OLL2716 group compared with the placebo group at 12 weeks. The results suggest that regular intake of L. paragasseri OLL2716 may improve both gastric discomfort and mental stress in healthy adults with gastric complaints, such as postprandial fullness or early satiety.

Associations Between Motivations for Cannabis Use and "the Munchies": Construct Validity of the Cannabinoid Eating Experience Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Cannabis Eating Experience Questionnaire (CEEQ) was developed and validated with a two-factor structure for the assessment of cannabis effects on both the appetitive factors that initiate eating and the hedonic factors that maintain an eating episode. The relationship between the CEEQ and cannabis use motives has not yet been considered. The study aimed to confirm the two-factor structure of the CEEQ and explore associations with the five-factor Marijuana Motives Questionnaire (MMQ). METHOD: Cannabis users (N = 546) completed the CEEQ alongside the MMQ in an online survey. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the two-factor structure of the CEEQ and the five-factor structure of the MMQ. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested associations between each factor of the CEEQ and cannabis use motives. Cannabis use motives of "enhancement" and "conformity" were both positively associated with "hedonic" and "appetitive" subscales of the CEEQ, and "coping" was associated with increased "appetitive" scores. The "social" cannabis use motive was negatively associated with both "hedonic" and "appetitive" subscales on CEEQ, and "expansion" was negatively associated with the "appetitive" subscale. CONCLUSION: We provide further support for the construct validity of the CEEQ that provides a useful assessment of cannabis effects on hedonic and appetitive aspects of eating and show for the first time that cannabis use motives influence eating experiences in distinct ways. Further understanding of the relationship between cannabis use motives and the effects of cannabis on appetite may prove a useful for informing therapeutic applications of cannabis stimulating appetite or promoting weight gain.

Effect of in vitro food oral coating and lubricity on satiety: A randomized controlled trial using milk protein beverages.

We investigated the effects of complex textural attributes of food i.e. lubricity and oral coating, on appetite ratings, food intake, salivary and gut peptides for the first time. Milk protein-rich beverages (whey and casein) were instrumentally analyzed (tribology, viscosity and adsorption, latter representing oral coating) using in vitro measurements. Then these protein beverage preloads differing in their coating properties (low coating, medium coating and high coating) were assessed in two cross-over satiety trials (Study 1, n=37; Study 2, n=15; Total n= 52). Fullness ratings increased in the high coating beverage condition (p < .05) only after 20 min with limited effects on other time points, suggesting a sporadic effect of oral coating on appetite ratings (n=37). There was a correlation between concentration of protein in saliva and appetite ratings; the higher the concentration of protein in saliva the lower the desire to eat (r = - 0.963; p < 0.05) and prospective food consumption ratings (r =- 0.980; p < 0.05). Human saliva was more lubricating after ingesting preload with high coating properties, thus explaining the results on appetite ratings. There was no effect of oral coating on energy intake and gut peptides (n=15), suggesting that complex textural attributes having influence on oral processing might not have any effect on the later parts of the satiety cascade. Oral coating/ lubricity appears to have a subtle and sporadic effect on appetite suppression, which needs further investigation with changing macronutrients/energy load and degree of coating/ lubricity.

Aerobic exercise elevates perceived appetite but does not modify energy intake over a 3-day postexercise period: A pilot study.

While a low degree of energy compensation is typically reported over the 24 h following a session of exercise, the prolonged impact of a bout of exercise on energy intake remains unclear. To overcome the challenge associated with accurately measuring energy intake in a free-living environment, this study employed the use of a meal replacement beverage to assess the 3 day impact of an exercise session on energy intake. In a randomized, crossover study, 14 participants (8 male, 6 female) completed two trials: (1) EX: 75 min exercise on a motorized treadmill (75% VO2peak); and (2) SED: 75 min sedentary control session. Each condition was followed by 3 days of exclusive ad libitum consumption of a meal replacement beverage. Appetite-regulating hormones, subjective appetite, energy intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. Exercise transiently suppressed the orexigenic hormone acyl-ghrelin (p < 0.05) and elevated the appetite-supressing hepatokine GDF-15 (p < 0.05). Despite these acute changes, overall perceived appetite was elevated over the 3 day assessment period with exercise (p < 0.05). No increase in energy intake or change in postexercise physical activity patterns were observed. One acute session of moderate to vigorous exercise is unlikely to affect short-term, three-day energy balance in healthy individuals.

Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Rich Fermented Protein Food Improves the Growth and Intestinal Health by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Young Pigs.

The diet in early life is essential for the growth and intestinal health later in life. However, beneficial effects of a diet enriched in branched short-chain fatty acids (BSCFAs) for infants are ambiguous. This study aimed to develop a novel fermented protein food, enriched with BSCFAs and assess the effects of dry and wet ferment products on young pig development, nutrient absorption, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota and metabolites. A total of 18 young pigs were randomly assigned to three groups. The dry corn gluten-wheat bran mixture (DFCGW) and wet corn gluten-wheat bran mixture (WFCGW) were utilized as replacements for 10% soybean meal in the basal diet. Our results exhibited that the WFCGW diet significantly increased the growth performance of young pigs, enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins, and regulated associated cytokines expression in the colonic mucosa. Simultaneously, the WFCGW diet led to elevated levels of colonic isobutyric and isovaleric acid, as well as the activation of GPR41 and GPR109A. Furthermore, more potential probiotics including Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group were enriched in the WFCGW group and positively associated with the beneficial metabolites such as 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid. Differential metabolite KEGG pathway analysis suggested that WFCGW might exert gut health benefits by modulating tryptophan metabolism. In addition, the WFCGW diet significantly increased ghrelin concentrations in serum and hypothalamus and promoted the appetite of young pigs by activating hypothalamic NPY/AGRP neurons. This study extends the knowledge of BSCFAs and provides a reference for the fermented food application in the infant diet.