Manifestations of cruel, inhuman types of behavior and torture of Ukrainian military who died in captivity.

The given information and forensic medical characteristics of injuries found on the bodies of Ukrainian soldiers who were in Russian captivity and died as a result of cruel, inhuman treatment and torture in 2022-2023. According to their nature and morphological features, the damage could be the result of high temperature action using hot metal objects, but more likely, the result of the use of electric current conductors (bare end of the wire). In other cases, after the exhumation of the occupied territory of the Kharkiv region, the manifestations of torture were brain injuries and fractures of the bones of the body caused by blunt hard objects with a limited surface. All the injuries described by us correspond both to the list of physical evidence of torture of the "Istanbul Protocol" and to the list of war crimes of the "Rome Statute".

Consideraciones médico-legales laborales de la fórmula de Balthazard / Occupational medical-legal considerations of the Balthazard formula

La determinación del porcentaje de pérdida en pacientes lesionados con múltiples secuelas por riesgos de trabajo resulta un verdadero reto para el perito, esto adquiere mayor relevancia cuando en el fuero judicial se pueden presentar discrepancias en los criterios para el uso o no de fórmulas matemáticas para el cálculo. La fórmula de suma combinada, creada por el Médico Forense Víctor Balthazard, no es más que un ordenamiento de una regla de tres que ordena los porcentajes otorgados a cada secuela de mayor a menor para evitar que el porcentaje final sobrepase el 100%, o bien que resulte en un porcentaje mayor que una secuela única puntuada en el baremo y que por gravedad en la intensidad de la misma resulte con un porcentaje menor al calculado por la secuela múltiple y que se ha utilizado en fueros laborales y de seguridad social alrededor del mundo. El Baremo contenido en el Código de Trabajo no establece explícitamente la forma en que se calcula el porcentaje de pérdida por secuelas múltiples, lo cual brinda libertad al perito para utilizar fórmulas, como lo es la fórmula de suma combinada, que permite calcular de forma congruente las pérdidas sucesivas sin sobrepasar a la persona más allá de su capacidad general total del 100% o de otorgar porcentajes mayores a secuelas de mayor gravedad que la suma de las pérdidas por el evento que se está valorando.

The determination of the percentage of loss in injured patients with multiple sequelae due to occupational hazards is a real challenge for the expert, this becomes even more relevant when in the judicial system there may be discrepancies in the criteria for the use or not of mathematical formulas for the calculation. The combined sum formula, created by the Forensic Physician Victor Balthazard, is nothing more than an arrangement of a rule of three that orders the percentages given to each sequel from highest to lowest to avoid that the final percentage exceeds 100%, or that it results in a higher percentage than a single sequel scored in the scale and that due to the severity in the intensity of the same results in a lower percentage than that calculated for the multiple sequel and that has been used in labor and social security courts around the world. The Schedule contained in the Labor Code does not explicitly establish the way in which the percentage of loss for multiple sequelae is calculated, which gives the expert the freedom to use formulas, such as the combined sum formula, which allows a congruent calculation of the successive losses without exceeding the person's total general capacity of 100% or to grant higher percentages to sequelae of greater severity than the sum of the losses for the event being valued.

Classificação das lesões corporais do artigo 129 do código penal brasileiro de acordo com os acórdãos do superior tribunal de justiça no ano de 2011 a 2022 / Classification of body injuries of article 129 of the Brazilian Penal Code according to the judgments of the superior court of justice from 2011 to 2022

Em função dos crescentes casos de violência em nosso país, sejam eles interpessoais ou de trânsito, tem se observado um aumento nos casos de processos decorrentes de lesões corporais. Devido ao fato de a face ser uma região muito exposta e pouco protegida, esta se torna uma região em que traumas são prevalentes, decorrentes de atos de agressão, quedas ou acidentes de trabalho/esporte. Este trabalho objetivou analisar as decisões dos acórdãos quanto à quantificação dos danos decorrentes de lesões corporais envolvendo o órgão dentário. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal com abordagem quantitativa de levantamento retrospectivo das decisões dos acórdãos do Superior Tribunal de Justiça nos anos de 2011 a 2022 relacionados a processos penais envolvendo lesões corporais, baixadas e impressas através de busca eletrônica. Dos 17 acórdãos analisados, 5 mantiveram a mesma classificação (lesão corporal grave-debilidade permanente) e 12 desclassificaram deformidade permanente para debilidade permanente - Inciso III do 1° do art. 129. De acordo com os acórdãos analisados, pode-se concluir que diferente da doutrina literária, a perda dental não é considerada como deformidade permanente quando o caso é analisado no âmbito do Superior Tribunal de Justiça brasileiro

Due to the growing cases of violence in our country, whether interpersonal or traffic, there has been an increase in cases of lawsuits resulting from bodily injury. Due to the fact that the face is a very exposed and poorly protected region, it becomes a region where traumas are prevalent, resulting from acts of aggression falls or work/sport accidents. This study aimed to analyze the decisions of the judgments regarding the quantification of damages resulting from bodily injuries involving the dental trauma. This is a cross-sectional observational study with a quantitative approach of a retrospective survey of the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice rulings in the years 2011 to 2022 related to criminal proceedings involving bodily harm, downloaded and printed through an electronic search. Of the 16 judgments analyzed, 5 maintained the same classification (serious bodily injury-permanent weakness) and 11 disqualified permanent deformity for permanent weakness - Item III of the 1st of art. 129. According to the judgments analyzed, it can be concluded that, unlike literary doctrine, tooth loss is not considered a permanent deformity when analyzed for the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice

Cervical Whiplash Syndrome: A Case Report of a Work Accident.

Cervical whiplash syndrome (CWS) or whiplash syndrome is a highly debated concept because there is still no consensus on its definition -- symptoms are usually very severe but the pain's root cause is typically uncertain. Clinical investigation and detailed radiology seldom identify a specific pathology. Thus, soft tissue injury is generally considered the most likely explanation for the symptoms, although it is difficult to confirm, even by MRI. We describe the clinical case of a physical education teacher who suffers an accident in one of her classes. The following day she is assessed at the emergency department and, after undergoing a radiological study of the cervical spine, she is diagnosed with straight cervical spine (kyphosis). She is observed again seven days later due to persistent pain but sent home with unchanged indications for rest and medication. After that her cervicobrachialgia progressively worsens, limiting her left shoulder active mobility and leading to associated muscle atrophy (in addition to a burnout syndrome). Several years after she is considered to have a total permanent disability. Finally, the authors propose that CWS should be approached according to the post-traumatic bodily injury evaluation methodology, suggesting some interventions.

Is PTSD a Bodily Injury?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unique among psychiatric disorders in that the cause, a traumatic event (or events), is known. PTSD is often the subject of legal proceedings, with persons seeking compensation from the agency considered responsible for the trauma. While PTSD is clearly a psychiatric disorder, there is less agreement about whether PTSD can also be categorised as a bodily injury, as defined by the Montreal Convention 1999. This article describes Pel-Air Pty Ltd v Casey, a case involving physical and psychiatric injuries resulting from the forced landing of a plane. It was ruled that PTSD was not a bodily injury under the Convention. While psychiatric expert evidence demonstrated that PTSD causes neurochemical changes, it was ruled that neurochemical changes do not indicate a bodily injury. We describe evidence of neuroanatomical changes and neurochemical changes in PTSD, proposing that the structure of the brain in PTSD support the argument that PTSD is a bodily injury.

LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON MEDICAL INTERVENTION DURING OPERATION ON FEMALE GENITALIA FOR NON-MEDICAL PURPOSES.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To identify problems associated with non-medical genital surgery and establish the limits of acceptable medical intervention in such operations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study is based on a theoretical basis, which includes reviews of legislation, reports from non-governmental organizations, and is based on empirical data: decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, international regulations, statistics of the World Health Organization. Systemic and structural, comparative legal and functional methods, systematization, analysis and synthesis were decisive in the research process. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: "Female genital mutilation" or "female circumcision" is essentially a separate type of bodily injury that is caused intentionally in accordance with various social domestic and religious traditions and beliefs of certain emigrant ethnical religious communities. Such actions are a form of discrimination and violation of women's rights on the basis of gender, as well as a form of child abuse, as the vast majority of such operations are carried out on girls under 12 years of age. Medical intervention in case of operations on female genitalia, including for non-therapeutic purposes, can be considered legitimate only with the informed consent of the patient and on conditions that the level of danger to human health from such intervention corresponds to the concept of personal autonomy, that is, it does not require direct state intervention for the reasons of urgent social necessity.

Influence of the severity and location of bodily injuries on post-concussive and combat stress symptom reporting after military-related concurrent mild traumatic brain injuries and polytrauma.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) sustained in combat frequently co-occur with significant bodily injuries. Intuitively, more extensive bodily injuries might be associated with increased symptom reporting. In 2012, however, French et al. demonstrated an inverse relation between bodily injury severity and symptom reporting. This study expands on that work by examining the influence of location and severity of bodily injuries on symptom reporting after mild TBI. Participants were 579 US military service members who sustained an uncomplicated mild TBI with concurrent bodily injuries and who were evaluated at two military medical centers. Bodily injury severity was quantified using a modified Injury Severity Score (ISSmod). Participants completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C), on average, 2.5 months post-injury. There was a significant negative association between ISSmod scores and NSI (r=-0.267, p<0.001) and PCL-C (r=-0.273, p<0.001) total scores. Using linear regression to examine the relation between symptom reporting and injury severity across the six ISS body regions, three body regions were significant predictors of the NSI total score (face; p<0.001; abdomen; p=0.003; extremities; p<0.001) and accounted for 9.3% of the variance (p<0.001). For the PCL-C, two body regions were significant predictors of the PCL-C total score (face; p<0.001; extremities; p<0.001) and accounted for 10.5% of the variance. There was an inverse relation between bodily injury severity and symptom reporting in this sample. Hypothesized explanations include underreporting of symptoms, increased peer support, disruption of fear conditioning because of acute morphine use, or delayed expression of symptoms.

Impact of road traffic injuries on disability rates and long-term care costs in Spain.

Road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of increasing disability-adjusted life expectancy. We analyze long-term care needs associated with motor vehicle crash-related disability in Spain and conclude that needs attributable traffic injuries are most prevalent during victims' mid-life years, they create a significant burden for both families and society as a whole given that public welfare programmes supporting these victims need to be maintained over a long time frame. High socio-economic costs of road traffic accidents (in Spain 0.04% of the GDP in 2008) are clearly indicative of the need for governments and policymakers to strengthen road accident preventive measures.