Multinational evaluation of genetic diversity indicators for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.

Under the recently adopted Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, 196 Parties committed to reporting the status of genetic diversity for all species. To facilitate reporting, three genetic diversity indicators were developed, two of which focus on processes contributing to genetic diversity conservation: maintaining genetically distinct populations and ensuring populations are large enough to maintain genetic diversity. The major advantage of these indicators is that they can be estimated with or without DNA-based data. However, demonstrating their feasibility requires addressing the methodological challenges of using data gathered from diverse sources, across diverse taxonomic groups, and for countries of varying socio-economic status and biodiversity levels. Here, we assess the genetic indicators for 919 taxa, representing 5271 populations across nine countries, including megadiverse countries and developing economies. Eighty-three percent of the taxa assessed had data available to calculate at least one indicator. Our results show that although the majority of species maintain most populations, 58% of species have populations too small to maintain genetic diversity. Moreover, genetic indicator values suggest that IUCN Red List status and other initiatives fail to assess genetic status, highlighting the critical importance of genetic indicators.

Ecological Civilisation and Amphibian Sustainability through Reproduction Biotechnologies, Biobanking, and Conservation Breeding Programs (RBCs).

Intergenerational justice entitles the maximum retention of Earth's biodiversity. The 2022 United Nations COP 15, "Ecological Civilisation: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth", is committed to protecting 30% of Earth's terrestrial environments and, through COP 28, to mitigate the effects of the climate catastrophe on the biosphere. We focused this review on three core themes: the need and potential of reproduction biotechnologies, biobanks, and conservation breeding programs (RBCs) to satisfy sustainability goals; the technical state and current application of RBCs; and how to achieve the future potentials of RBCs in a rapidly evolving environmental and cultural landscape. RBCs include the hormonal stimulation of reproduction, the collection and storage of sperm and oocytes, and artificial fertilisation. Emerging technologies promise the perpetuation of species solely from biobanked biomaterials stored for perpetuity. Despite significant global declines and extinctions of amphibians, and predictions of a disastrous future for most biodiversity, practical support for amphibian RBCs remains limited mainly to a few limited projects in wealthy Western countries. We discuss the potential of amphibian RBCs to perpetuate amphibian diversity and prevent extinctions within multipolar geopolitical, cultural, and economic frameworks. We argue that a democratic, globally inclusive organisation is needed to focus RBCs on regions with the highest amphibian diversity. Prioritisation should include regional and international collaborations, community engagement, and support for RBC facilities ranging from zoos and other institutions to those of private carers. We tabulate a standard terminology for field programs associated with RBCs for publication and media consistency.

Criminal Justice Outcomes of Suicide by Cop Survivors.

The concept of suicide by cop (SbC) is of interest to psychiatrists, law enforcement professionals, lawyers, and citizens. It is a form of provoked homicide arising from a wish to die. Those who attempt SbC experience more mental illness, substance use, and recent trauma than the general population. This article examines those who attempt SbC and survive the encounters. SbC survivors who threaten or harm police or others may be charged with crimes such as weapons possession, aggravated assault, murder or attempted murder of an officer. The formulation of a provocative act, however, frustrates attempts at defenses based on mental state, resulting in few requests for expert testimony. Few data exist on how these individuals fare in court. Appellate cases in which defendants attempted to introduce evidence of SbC illustrate great variability in adjudication. Psychiatric defenses, such as diminished capacity and insanity, are usually inapplicable or unsuccessful because intent and knowledge of wrongfulness are implied in the provocative act. Diversion of SbC defendants into mental health courts is rare because of firearms use against police. The author argues that criminal justice ignores SbC survivors' mental health and recommends application of therapeutic jurisprudence to give full expression of SbC dynamics.

Reliability and Usability Analysis of an Embedded System Capable of Evaluating Balance in Elderly Populations Based on a Modified Wii Balance Board.

This paper analyzes the reliability and usability of a portable electronic instrument that measures balance and balance impairment in older adults. The center of pressure (CoP) metrics are measured with a modified Wii Balance Board (mWBB) platform. In the intra- and inter-rater testing, 16 and 43 volunteers (mean 75.66 and standard deviation (SD) of 7.86 years and 72.61 (SD 7.86) years, respectively) collaborated. Five volunteer raters (5.1 (SD 3.69) years of experience) answered the System Usability Scale (SUS). The most reliable CoP index in the intra-examiner tests was the 95% power frequency in the medial-lateral displacement of the CoP with closed-eyes. It had excellent reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient ICC = 0.948 (C.I. 0.862-0.982) and a Pearson's correlation coefficient PCC = 0.966 (p < 0.001). The best index for the inter-rater reliability was the centroidal frequency in the anterior-posterior direction closed-eyes, which had an ICC (2,1) = 0.825. The mWBB also obtained a high usability score. These results support the mWBB as a reliable complementary tool for measuring balance in older adults. Additionally, it does not have the limitations of laboratory-grade systems and clinical screening instruments.

Organ-specific COP1 control of BES1 stability adjusts plant growth patterns under shade or warmth.

Under adverse conditions such as shade or elevated temperatures, cotyledon expansion is reduced and hypocotyl growth is promoted to optimize plant architecture. The mechanisms underlying the repression of cotyledon cell expansion remain unknown. Here, we report that the nuclear abundance of the BES1 transcription factor decreased in the cotyledons and increased in the hypocotyl in Arabidopsis thaliana under shade or warmth. Brassinosteroid levels did not follow the same trend. PIF4 and COP1 increased their nuclear abundance in both organs under shade or warmth. PIF4 directly bound the BES1 promoter to enhance its activity but indirectly reduced BES1 expression. COP1 physically interacted with the BES1 protein, promoting its proteasome degradation in the cotyledons. COP1 had the opposite effect in the hypocotyl, demonstrating organ-specific regulatory networks. Our work indicates that shade or warmth reduces BES1 activity by transcriptional and post-translational regulation to inhibit cotyledon cell expansion.

Postural Control Adaptations in Yoga Single-Leg Support Postures: Comparison Between Practitioners and Nonpractitioners.

This paper investigates whether a group of regular Yoga practitioners shows postural control differences compared with healthy controls while performing single-leg Yoga postures. Ten Yoga practitioners were compared with a control group of 10 nonpractitioners performing two single-leg support Yoga postures: Vrksasana (tree posture) and Natarajasana (dancer posture). Rambling and trembling decomposition of the center of pressure trajectories was implemented using a genetic algorithm spectral optimization that avoids using horizontal forces and was validated with bipedal posture data. Additionally, the center of mass was estimated from body kinematics using OpenSim and compared with the rambling outputs. During Natarajasana, no postural control adaptations were observed. For Vrksasana, the Yoga practitioners showed a lower center of pressure ellipse confidence interval area, center of pressure anteroposterior SD, and smaller rambling SD in the mediolateral direction, suggesting possible supraspinal feed-forward motor adaptations associated with Yoga training.

Thermodynamic Irreversibility Analysis of Dual-Skin Chest-Freezer.

In this work, a transient analysis of a dual-skin chest-freezer refrigeration system, operating with R290, is studied numerically with the purpose of performing the characterization of the system through the second law of thermodynamics. A mathematical model which accounts for refrigerant mass distribution inside the system is used. In addition, this work addresses the calculation of entropy generation and exergy destruction for characterizing the system performance during its operations. In order to validate the model, a comparison with measured experimental data is performed for both pull-down and on-off operations. The characterization of the system through the second law of thermodynamics is conducted using two different methods. One consists of a direct calculation of the entropy generation rate and the second one in the calculation of exergy destruction rate. The equivalence of these two methods is used as an indicative of the "correctness" of the performed calculations. The model results agree near 97% with the experimental data used in the comparisons. Entropy generation and exergy destruction results along time for the whole system and in its individual components are characterized with the second law. These results are very useful for improving refrigeration system design.

Estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales: Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Oral Health Status of Hospitalized Patients with Mental Disorders: Systematic Review of the Literature

RESUMEN De acuerdo a la literatura, los pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales (TM), tienen mayor riesgo a desarrollar caries y enfermedad periodontal que la población general, asociado a la dificultad motora para hacerse una adecuada higiene oral, a los efectos adversos que ocasionan los medicamentos para el control de los síntomas psiquiátricos y a la falta de cuidado oral y atención clínica. El objetivo era realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con TM. Se hizo una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, de acuerdo con la metodología de la declaración PRISMA, a través de los descriptores en salud MeSh "Dental Caries" y "Mental Disorders" a febrero de 2017. De acuerdo a los diferentes filtros que fueron aplicados, se obtuvieron 14 artículos que describieron el estado de salud oral -mediante el índice COP-D (dientes con caries, dientes con restauraciones, dientes perdidos y dientes con extracción mandatoria)- de pacientes hospitalizados con TM. Se debe promover el reconocimiento de la importancia de la salud oral por parte de los profesionales de la salud, cuidadores y familiares; se debe explorar la cavidad oral para determinar el estado de salud además de instruir a los pacientes y personal de apoyo en higiene oral; las instituciones de salud mental deben establecer un programa de intervención para eliminar focos infecciosos orales y luego implementar un programa preventivo multidisciplinario para mantener la salud oral de acuerdo al diagnóstico del TM.

ABSTRACT According to the literature, hospitalized patients with mental disorders have a higher risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease than the general population, associated with the motor difficulty to perform adequate oral hygiene, to the adverse effects caused by drugs for the control of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the lack of oral care and clinical care. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the oral health status of hospitalized patients with mental disorders (MD). A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, according to the PRISMA statement methodology, through the MeSh health descriptors "Dental Caries" and "Mental Disorders" in February 2017. According to the different filters that were applied, 14 articles describing the oral health status were obtained - through the DMF-T index (teeth with cavities, teeth with restorations, missing teeth and teeth with necessary extraction)- of hospitalized patients with MD. The recognition of the importance of oral health by health professionals, carers and family members should be promoted; the oral cavity should be explored to determine the state of health in addition to instructing patients and support personnel in oral hygiene; mental health institutions should establish an intervention programme to eliminate oral infectious sites and then implement a multidisciplinary preventive programme to maintain oral health according to the MD diagnosis.

Oral health status of hospitalised patients with mental disorders: Systematic review of the literature.

According to the literature, hospitalised patients with mental disorders have a higher risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease than the general population, associated with the motor difficulty to perform adequate oral hygiene, to the adverse effects caused by drugs for the control of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the lack of oral care and clinical care. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the oral health status of hospitalised patients with mental disorders (MD). A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, according to the PRISMA statement methodology, through the MeSh health descriptors "Dental Caries" and "Mental Disorders" in February 2017. According to the different filters that were applied, 14 articles describing the oral health status were obtained-through the DMF-T index (teeth with cavities, teeth with restorations, missing teeth and teeth with necessary extraction)-of hospitalised patients with MD. The recognition of the importance of oral health by health professionals, carers and family members should be promoted; the oral cavity should be explored to determine the state of health in addition to instructing patients and support personnel in oral hygiene; mental health institutions should establish an intervention programme to eliminate oral infectious sites and then implement a multidisciplinary preventive programme to maintain oral health according to the MD diagnosis.

Cumplimiento de las metas de salud bucal para 2015 en un consultorio del médico de la familia / Fulfilment of the oral health goals for 2015 in a Family Physician's Office

RESUMEN Introducción: la epidemiología en salud bucal es fundamental para comprender el impacto de la enfermedad y contribuir con la organización de los servicios de salud. Objetivo: determinar el grado de cumplimiento de las metas de salud bucal propuestas para 2015, en el Consultorio del Médico de la Familia no. 3. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en el Consultorio del Médico de la Familia no. 3, del área Centro del municipio Sancti Spíritus, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por toda la población del consultorio, y la muestra -150 pacientes- por un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, prevalencia de caries dental, enfermedad periodontal y maloclusiones. Se emplearon métodos empíricos y estadísticos. Resultados: el grupo más afectado resultó el de 60 a 74 años, con un índice CPO-D de 14,12 a expensas de los dientes perdidos. El 71,3 % de la muestra no estuvo enfermo periodontalmente; de los afectados, el grupo de 60 a 74 años mostró una prevalencia del 68 %. El 27 % de la población menor de 19 años presentó algún tipo de anomalía oclusiva, predominando el grupo de 18 años. Solo se incumplió con el porcentaje de población sin afección periodontal (63 % enfermos) respecto a las proyecciones propuestas para el año 2015. Conclusiones: se incumplió con el propósito relacionado con el porcentaje de población sin afección periodontal; el resto de los propósitos fueron cumplidos, incluso superando lo obtenido en la provincia y el país en el año 2015.

ABSTRACT Introduction: epidemiology in oral health is essential to understand the impact of the disease and contribute to the organization of health services. Objective: to determine the degree of fulfilment of the proposed health goals for 2015, in the Family Physician's Office Nr. 3. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted in the Family Physician's Office Nr. 3, ot the area Centro of the municipality of Sancti Spiritus, between September and November 2019. The universe was formed by the entire population of the physician's office, and the sample -150 patients- by a simple random sampling. The variables studied were: age, prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease and malocclusions. Empiric and statistical methods were used. Results: the most affected group was the 60 to 74-year-old age group, with a COP-D index of 14.12 at the expense of the lost teeth. 71.3 % of the sample did not have periodontal disease. Of those affected, the age group aged 60 to 74 years showed a prevalence of 68 %. 27 % of the population under 19 years had some kind of occlusive anomaly, predominating the 18-year-old age group. Only the percentage of population with without periodontal disease (63 % sick) was not accomplished with respect to the projections for 2015. Conclusions: it was no accomplished the purpose related to the percentage of population without periodontal disease; the rest of the purposes were achieved, even surpassing the achievements in the province and the country in 2015.

A complexidade e a criticidade dos processos colaborativos de longo prazo: autoestudo de um professor-pesquisador de educação física dentro de uma comunidade de saberes / La complejidad y criticidad de los procesos colaborativos a largo plazo: autoestudio de un profesor-investigador de educación física dentro de una comunidad de saberes / The complexity and criticality of long-term collaborative processes: self-study on one physical education teacher-researcher within a knowledge community

Tem havido um reconhecimento crescente de que os coletivos sociais, como as comunidades de saberes, apoiam a aprendizagem dos/as professores/as e aprimoram a prática docente. Concomitantemente, há poucas pesquisas sobre como essas comunidades se formam, sustentam-se ao longo do tempo, criam saberes e práticas profissionais e transformam a vida profissional de seus/as participantes. Abordamos essas lacunas neste artigo, recorrendo à metodologia de autoestudo para estruturar uma reflexão crítica das experiências de Luiz ao participar de um grupo autônomo de professores/as-pesquisadores/as que constituíram sua própria comunidade de saberes desde 2005. Por meio da amizade crítica, uma lente de pensamento da complexidade guiou a reflexão compartilhada sobre a experiência de Luiz nessa comunidade de saberes, considerando as conexões relacionais, as forças afetivas, as oportunidades de ação e as capacidades proativas que são continuamente reconfiguradas na natureza coletiva das comunidades de aprendizagem. Em conclusão, discutimos tanto a facilitação quanto o cultivo de processos colaborativos de longo prazo em direção a uma perspectiva complexa, crítica e socialmente justa da formação de professores/as de Educação Física. (AU)

Cada vez se reconoce más que los colectivos sociales, como las comunidades de saberes y redes de aprendizaje profesional, apoyan los/as docentes y mejoran sus prácticas. Al mismo tiempo, hay poca investigación sobre cómo se forman, se sostienen en el tiempo, crean saberes y prácticas profesionales y transforman la vida profesional de sus/as participantes. Abordamos estas brechas en este artículo, recurriendo a la metodología de self-study para estructurar una reflexión crítica de las experiencias de Luiz al participar en un grupo autónomo de profesores/as-investigadores/as que constituyeron su propia comunidad de saberes desde 2005. A través de la amistad crítica, un lente de pensamiento de la complejidad hay guiado la reflexión compartida sobre la experiencia de Luiz en la comunidad de saberes al considerar las conexiones relacionales, las fuerzas afectivas, las oportunidades de acción y las capacidades proactivas que se reconfiguran continuamente dentro de la naturaleza colectiva de las comunidades de aprendizaje. En conclusión, discutimos tanto la facilitación como el cultivo de procesos colaborativos de largo plazo hacia una perspectiva compleja, crítica y socialmente justa de la formación de profesores/as de educación física. (AU)

There has been increasing recognition that social collectives, such as knowledge communities, support teachers learning and enhancing practice. At the same time, there is little research on how such communities form, are sustained over time, create professional knowledge and practices, and transform the professional lives of their participants. We address these gaps in this paper by drawing on self-study methodology to structure a critical reflection of Luiz's experiences of participating in an autonomous group of teacher-researchers that constituted their own knowledge community since 2005. Through critical friendship, a complexity thinking lens guided the shared reflection on Luiz's experience in the knowledge community by considering the relational connections, affective forces, opportunities for action and agential capacities that are continually made and reconfigured within the collective nature of learning communities. In conclusion, we discuss both the facilitation and cultivation of long-term collaborative processes towards a complex, critical, and socially just perspective of PETE. (AU)

Different Metabolic Roles for Alternative Oxidase in Leaves of Palustrine and Terrestrial Species.

The alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) is associated with excess energy dissipation in leaves of terrestrial plants. To address whether this association is less important in palustrine plants, we compared the role of AOP in balancing energy and carbon metabolism in palustrine and terrestrial environments by identifying metabolic relationships between primary carbon metabolites and AOP in each habitat. We measured oxygen isotope discrimination during respiration, gas exchange, and metabolite profiles in aerial leaves of ten fern and angiosperm species belonging to five families organized as pairs of palustrine and terrestrial species. We performed a partial least square model combined with variable importance for projection to reveal relationships between the electron partitioning to the AOP (τa) and metabolite levels. Terrestrial plants showed higher values of net photosynthesis (AN) and τa, together with stronger metabolic relationships between τa and sugars, important for water conservation. Palustrine plants showed relationships between τa and metabolites related to the shikimate pathway and the GABA shunt, to be important for heterophylly. Excess energy dissipation via AOX is less crucial in palustrine environments than on land. The basis of this difference resides in the contrasting photosynthetic performance observed in each environment, thus reinforcing the importance of AOP for photosynthesis.

Experiência de ser esposa de policial militar: um estudo fenomenológico / Experience of being wife of a military cop: a phenomenological study / Experiencia de ser pareja de un policía militar: un estudio fenomenológico

O trabalho do policial militar é permeado por diversas particularidades inerentes à profissão, que acabam por afetar sua vida pessoal e sua família. Diante dessas problemáticas, marcantes e complexas, o presente estudo teve por objetivo geral compreender sentidos da experiência de ser esposa de policial militar. Especificamente, objetivou-se, na ótica dessas mulheres, descrever esses sentidos, investigando em que medida o trabalho do companheiro afeta a saúde e a qualidade de vida delas e/ou da família; bem como identificando dificuldades enfrentadas por elas e os impactos do trabalho do companheiro no relacionamento conjugal. Tratou-se de um estudo qualitativo fenomenológico, que utilizou entrevista individual aberta com pergunta disparadora. Colaboraram quatro esposas e as unidades de sentido reveladas foram: vulnerabilidade, sensação de insegurança e atenção constantes; preocupação com riscos à vida do companheiro; incertezas quanto ao planejamento de vida; afetações quanto às mudanças na rotina; limitações na vida social do casal; risco de infidelidade; tentativa de preservação da relação; mudanças no próprio comportamento; e mudanças no comportamento do companheiro. Concluiu-se, principalmente, que há repercussões do trabalho dos companheiros na saúde, qualidade de vida e relacionamento conjugal dessas esposas, o que pode invisibilizar suas condições sociais de serem mulheres.

The work of the Military Cop is permeated by several peculiarities inherent to the profession, which affect his personal life and his family. Given these issues, striking and complex, the present study aimed at understanding the experience of being the wife of a military police officer. Specifically, from the perspective of these women, we aimed to describe these senses, investigating the extent to which the husband's job affects their health and quality of life and/or the family; as well as identifying difficulties faced by them and the impacts of the partner's profession on the marital relationship. This was a phenomenological qualitative study using an open individual interview with a triggering question. Four wives participated and the revealed units of meaning were: vulnerability, constant sense of insecurity and vigilance; concern about risks to the life of the partner; uncertainties about life planning; changes in routine; limitations in the couple's social life; risk of infidelity; attempt to preserve the relationship; changes in her own behavior; and changes in husband behavior. In conclusion, there are repercussions of the work of their husbands on their health, quality of life and marital relationship, which can make invisible their social condition of being a woman.

La labor del Policía está permeada por particularidades inherentes a la profesión, que terminan por afectar la vida personal y familiar. Delante de esas problemáticas el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender sentidos de la experiencia de ser esposa de un policía. Se tuvo por objetivo, en la óptica de esas mujeres, describir esos sentidos, investigando en qué medida la labor del compañero afecta la salud y la calidad de vida de ellas y/o de la familia; identificando dificultades enfrentadas por ellas y los impactos de la labor del compañero en el relacionamiento conyugal. Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, en que se utilizó entrevista individual abierta con pregunta disparadora. Colaboraron cuatro mujeres y las unidades de sentido reveladas fueron: vulnerabilidad, sensación de inseguridad y atención constantes; preocupación con riesgos a la vida del compañero; incertidumbres relacionadas a la planificación de vida; afectaciones relacionadas a los cambios en la rutina; limitaciones en la vida social de la pareja, cambios en su comportamiento y en el del compañero. Se concluye que hay repercusiones de la labor de sus compañeros en su salud, calidad de vida y relacionamiento conyugal de esas mujeres, lo que puede conducir a la invisibilidad su condición social de ser mujer.

Oral Health Status of Hospitalised Patients with Mental Disorders: Systematic Review of the Literature. / Estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales: Revisión sistemática de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: According to the literature, hospitalised patients with mental disorders have a higher risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease than the general population, associated with the motor difficulty to perform adequate oral hygiene, to the adverse effects caused by drugs for the control of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the lack of oral care and clinical care. AIM: To carry out a systematic review of the literature on the oral health status of hospitalised patients with mental disorders (MD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, according to the PRISMA statement methodology, through the MeSh health descriptors "Dental Caries" and "Mental Disorders" in February 2017 RESULTS: According to the different filters that were applied, 14 articles describing the oral health status were obtained - through the DMF-T index (teeth with cavities, teeth with restorations, missing teeth and teeth with necessary extraction)- of hospitalised patients with MD. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition of the importance of oral health by health professionals, carers and family members should be promoted; the oral cavity should be explored to determine the state of health in addition to instructing patients and support personnel in oral hygiene; mental health institutions should establish an intervention programme to eliminate oral infectious sites and then implement a multidisciplinary preventive programme to maintain oral health according to the MD diagnosis.

Chemogenomic study of gemcitabine using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model cell-molecular insights about chemoresistance.

Gemcitabine (GEM) is the drug used as first line to treat pancreatic cancer, one of the most devastating human tumors. This peculiar type of tumor develops resistance to several drugs, including GEM, due to its desmoplastic reaction and other features. The GEM chemoresistance has been investigated at molecular level aiming to find a pathway whose inhibition or activation should overcome it. Through next-generation sequencing was performed a chemogenomic assay of GEM using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model cell and the results showed that more than 40% of genes related to GEM response in yeast possess unknown or dubious function. We choose two yeast mutants to individually validate the fitness defect results observed by chemogenomic assay, Δhmt1 and Δcsi1, and it was found that in addition to some already described pathways involved in GEM resistance, cells deficient in deneddylation enzyme Cop9 Signalosome Interactor 1 (Csi1p) presented a high sensitivity to GEM. This was confirmed by individual growth analyses of Δcsi1 cells exposed to GEM, and this phenotype was reverted with CSI1 complementation gene. Csi1p is a well-characterized homolog equivalent to human Csn6 subunit of COP9 signalosome (CSN) involved in deneddylation process. We highlighted too that epigenetic alterations, such as methylation mediated by protein arginine methyltransferase 1, play an important role in regulating gemcitabine treatment resistance. Our results point out new unexplored molecular pathways that can be used to overcome GEM resistance: the inhibition of CSN and the arginine methyltransferase activities.

Prevalencia de caries en preescolares de hogares comunitarios en el Valle del Cauca y factores sociales relacionados / Caries prevalence of preschool age children in community homes of the Cauca Valle and related social factors

Resumen La caries dental es un problema de salud pública debido a su alta frecuencia en la población y los costos que implican para la sociedad. Los estudios realizados en las últimas décadas en la población menor de seis años de edad han encontrado una prevalencia en un rango entre 20 y 70%. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue describir los indicadores de caries como índice y nivel de COP, antecedentes de caries y prevalencia de caries dental en niños en algunos hogares comunitarios de seis municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 982 niños de hogares comunitarios de seis municipios. El índice clásico de la СОР y la COP modificada se registraron de acuerdo con un instrumentó clínico proporcionado por el Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia. Los estimadores se calcularon teniendo en cuenta el diseño, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS versión 19. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries del 45.6% (caries con o sin cavitación). El COP clásico fue de 1.7 (1С del 95%: 1.5-1.9) en la población de dos a cinco años y aumentó a 2.3 incluyendo la modificación de la caries sin cavitación. En el análisis de regresión simple, el tipo de seguridad social, la condición étnica y la edad se correlacionaron con el nivel de COP. Conclusión: Este estudio encontró una prevalencia y antecedentes de caries en la población preescolar menor que la reportada en el Tercer Estudio Nacional de Salud Oral en la población de cinco años y los resultados reportados en el estudio IV a los tres y cinco años.

ABSTRACT Dental caries represents a public health problem due to its high frequency in population and the cost it represents for society, studies conducted in recent decades in children under the age of six have found prevalence in a 20 to 70% range. Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe caries indicators such as DMF index and degree, caries history and caries prevalence found in children living in some community homes of six municipalities of Valle del Cauca in Colombia. Material and methods: A cross-sectioned study was conducted in 982 children lodged in community homes of six municipalities. Classic index of DMF and modified DMF were recorded according to a clinical instrument provided by the Social Protection Ministry of Colombia. Estimators were calculated bearing in mind the design and using statistical program SPSS, Version 19. Results: A 45.6% caries prevalence was found (caries with or without cavitation). Classic DMF was 1.7 (95% СІ: 1.5-1.9) in the two to five year old population and increased to 2.3 when including the modification of caries without cavitation. In the simple regression analysis, type of social security, ethnicity and age were correlated to DMF teeth. Conclusion: The present study found lesser prevalence and history of caries in pre-school age children than that reported in the third national oral health study in five year old population, as well as results reported in the fourth study for population aged 3-5 years.

Development of a low cost force platform for biomechanical parameters analysis

AbstractIntroduction: The maintenance of balance and body orientation during standing is essential to perform different activities. One of the devices used to measure balance them is the force platform. This device measures the ground reaction force (GRF) and displacement of the center of pressure (COP), both biomechanical parameters involved in human motion. This article proposes a new design for non-commercial low-cost force platforms for scientific research purposes. Methods for calibration and validation are also described. Methods A force platform, developed according to International Standards of Measurement and dedicated to measuring feet contact forces was built for approximately one tenth of the cost of commercial platforms. Calibration was performed by loading known masses, centralized or distributed, on the platform. An experimental study was conducted with four volunteers in different conditions to validate and verify the practical applicability of the device. Results The platform calibration showed an adequate connectivity, linearity and reliable measurement of the variables proposed in this research, being suitable for studies of human postural behavior. Conclusion Based on the validation results, we believe the low-cost platform can be used as stabilometric device to measure postural control and balance in clinical or sports experiments. However future studies will be required to provide a final validation and compare its performance with other force platforms.

Afectación por caries dentales de los pacientes con ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2. Posibles factores etiológicos / Tooth Decay Affectation in Type II Spinocerebellar Ataxia Patients. Possible Etiological Factors

Introducción: la caries dental es la enfermedad más frecuente que afecta al ser humano y se relaciona con varios factores etiológicos. Objetivo: determinar el grado de afectación por caries y relacionar los posibles factores etiológicos. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en 26 enfermos de ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2 (SCA2), seleccionados mediante muestreo deliberado, ingresados en el Hospital de Medicina Natural y Tradicional en el periodo desde enero-marzo de 2011. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó interrogatorio y examen clínico y bucal, en condiciones óptimas de ambientación e iluminación. Se precisaron datos generales y particulares de cada enfermo. Se aplicó escala para la estimación y cuantificación de ataxia (SARA) y se determinó índice COP-D y de higiene bucal de Love. Resultados: el índice COP-D de los enfermos de SCA2 resultó elevado, predominaron los dientes extraídos. El 80,76% de los pacientes tenían higiene bucal deficiente y el número de repeticiones de CAG correlacionó significativamente con la puntuación de la escala SARA (r=0,56; p=0,05) y esta a su vez con el estadio clínico de la enfermedad. Se observó una correlación lineal negativa, estadísticamente significativa (r=-0,23, p=0,00) entre los índices COP-D y de higiene bucal de Love. Conclusiones: en los pacientes atáxicos existe una higiene bucal deficiente, con gran afectación por caries dental, las que experimentan un incremento progresivo a medida que evoluciona la enfermedad, debido a un mayor deterioro motor, optando más por las extracciones dentarias, fueron indispensables acciones de prevención y promoción encaminadas a incrementar su salud bucal.

Introduction: tooth decay is the most common disease that affects humans and it is related to several etiological factors. Objective: to determining the degree of affectation by tooth decay as well as to establish some of the possible etiologic factors Methods: a descriptive study was carried out, in 26 illness patients of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2 (SCA2) intentionally selected, entered in the Natural and Traditional Medical hospital from January to March of 2011. There were carried out, previous informed consent, oral and clinical exam. COP-D and oral Hygiene of Love index were determined, and the relationships between clinical and molecular variables were established. Results: COP-D index of SCA2 patients was high, with a predominance of extracted teeth. 80.76% of the patients had faulty oral hygiene, and existed a significantly association between the number of CAG repetitions (r=0.56; p=0.05) with the score of SARA scale that also correlated with de clinical stage of the disease. A negative, lineal correlation between COP-D and Buccal Hygiene of Love index were found with statistically significant results (r=-0.23; p=0.00). Conclusions: ataxic patient had deficient oral hygiene, with high affectation of tooth decay, causing a progressive increase of them as the disease progresses, for that reason; the patients prefer the dental extraction. Promotional and prevention activities were necessary to propose to improve the oral health.

Prevalencia de caries en adolescentes atendidos en la red de salud del Valle del Cauca: alternativas de medición y factores asociados / Caries prevalence in adolescents treated in the Valle del Cauca health network: alternative measurement and factors associated

Introdución: La caries dental es un problema de salud pública y la forma como se ha medido su prevalencia no ha tenido en cuenta las lesiones cariosas sin cavidad. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de caries y la relación con factores sociales en adolescentes atendidos en hospitales públicos en el Valle del Cauca. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en 305 adolescentes; se registró el índice COP clásico y COP modificado según instrumento clínico suministrado por el Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia. Los adolescentes auto diligenciaron una encuesta estructurada que incluían variables sociodemográficas y prácticas en salud bucodental. Los estimadores fueron calculados teniendo en cuenta el diseño, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS® versión 17 y Epi Info 3.5.1. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries de 82,3% (caries con o sin cavitación) y una prevalencia de 62,6% (caries con cavitación); con una media de dientes cariados sin cavitación de 1,7 (IC95% 1,4-2,0) y una media de 2,9 (IC95% 2,5-3,3) de dientes cariados con cavitación. La prevalencia más baja se presentó a los 12 y 13 años de edad. Se encontró un COP clásico de 4,6±4,5; el COP modificado fue de 6,3±4,8. En análisis de regresión simple, el tipo de seguridad social y la edad se correlacionaron con el de COP y la historia de caries. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de caries fue mayor a la encontrada en el ENSAB III y IV. Tanto la historia de caries como la prevalencia de caries resultaron asociadas a la edad, la seguridad social, la pertenencia a un grupo poblacional vulnerable.

Introduction: Tooth decay is a public health problem and how has measured its prevalence has not taken account of carious lesions without cavity. Objetive: This study aims to describe the prevalence of tooth de Valle del Cauca. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 305 adolescents; classic-modified DMF index and caries experience as clinical instrument provided by the Ministry of Social Protection of Colombia was recorded. The auto teens fill out an application structured questionnaire that included demographic variables and practices in oral health. The estimates were calculated taking into account the design, using the statistical program SPSS version 17 and Epi Info 3.5.1. Results: Prevalence 82.3% caries (caries with or without cavitation) and 62.6% prevalence (caries cavitation) was found; with an average of decayed teeth without cavitation of 1.7 (95%CI 1.4-2.0) and a mean of 2.9 (95%CI 2.5-3.3) of decayed teeth with cavitation. The lowest prevalence was presented at 12 and 13 years old. a classic DMF of 4.6±4.5 was found; the modified DFM was 6.3±4.8. In simple regression analysis, the type of social security and age were correlated with DFM and history of caries. Conclusion: The prevalence of caries was higher than that found in the ENSAB III and IV ENSAB. Both the history of caries and caries prevalence were associated with age, social security, membership in a vulnerable population group.