Chronic administration of caffeine, modafinil, AVL-3288 and CX516 induces time-dependent complex effects on cognition and mood in an animal model of sleep deprivation.

OBJECTIVE: Caffeine and modafinil are used to reverse effects of sleep deprivation. Nicotinic alpha-7 receptor and AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAM) are also potential substances in this context. Our objective is to evaluate the effects of caffeine, modafinil, AVL-3288 (nicotinic alpha-7 PAM) and CX516 (AMPA receptor PAM) on cognition and mood in a model of sleep deprivation. METHOD: Modified multiple platform model is used to sleep-deprive mice for 24 days, for 8 h/day. Vehicle, Modafinil (40 mg/kg), Caffeine (5 mg/kg), CX516 (10 mg/kg), and AVL3288 (1 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally daily. A cognitive test battery was applied every six days for four times. The battery that included elevated plus maze, novel object recognition, and sucrose preference tests was administered on consecutive days. RESULTS: Sleep deprivation decreased novel object recognition skill, but no significant difference was found in anxiety and depressive mood. Caffeine administration decreased anxiety-like behavior in short term, but this effect disappeared in chronic administration. Caffeine administration increased memory performance in chronic period. AVL group showed better memory performance in short term, but this effect disappeared in the rest of experiment. Although, in the modafinil group, no significant change in mood and memory was observed, anhedonia was observed in the chronic period in vehicle, caffeine and modafinil groups, but not in AVL-3288 and CX-516 groups. CONCLUSION: Caffeine has anxiolytic effect in acute administration. The improvement of memory in chronic period may be associated with the neuroprotective effects of caffeine. AVL-3288 had a short-term positive effect on memory, but tolerance to these effects developed over time. Furthermore, no anhedonia was observed in AVL-3288 and CX516 groups in contrast to vehicle, caffeine and modafinil groups. This indicates that AVL-3288 and CX516 may show protective effect against depression.

The impact of lifestyle factors on atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), with its significant associated morbidity and mortality contributes to significant healthcare utilisation and expenditure. Given its progressively rising incidence, strategies to limit AF development and progression are urgently needed. Lifestyle modification is a potentially potent but underutilised weapon against the AF epidemic. The purpose of this article is to review the role of lifestyle factors as risk factors for AF, outline potential mechanisms of pathogenesis and examine the available evidence for lifestyle intervention in primary and secondary AF prevention. It will also highlight the need for investment by physicians, researchers, health services and governments in order to facilitate delivery of the comprehensive, multidisciplinary AF care that is required to manage this complex and multifactorial disease.

Chronic Caffeine Consumption, Alone or Combined with Agomelatine or Quetiapine, Reduces the Maximum EEG Peak, As Linked to Cortical Neurodegeneration, Ovarian Estrogen Receptor Alpha, and Melatonin Receptor 2.

RATIONALE: Evidence of the effects of chronic caffeine (CAFF)-containing beverages, alone or in combination with agomelatine (AGO) or quetiapine (QUET), on electroencephalography (EEG), which is relevant to cognition, epileptogenesis, and ovarian function, remains lacking. Estrogenic, adenosinergic, and melatonergic signaling is possibly linked to the dynamics of these substances. OBJECTIVES: The brain and ovarian effects of CAFF were compared with those of AGO + CAFF and QUET + CAFF. The implications of estrogenic, adenosinergic, and melatonergic signaling and the brain-ovarian crosstalk were investigated. METHODS: Adult female rats were administered AGO (10 mg/kg), QUET (10 mg/kg), CAFF, AGO + CAFF, or QUET + CAFF, once daily for 8 weeks. EEG, estrous cycle progression, and microstructure of the brain and ovaries were examined. Brain and ovarian 17ß-estradiol (E2), antimullerian hormone (AMH), estrogen receptor alpha (E2Rα), adenosine receptor 2A (A2AR), and melatonin receptor 2 (MT2R) were assessed. RESULTS: CAFF, alone or combined with AGO or QUET, reduced the maximum EEG peak, which was positively linked to ovarian E2Rα, negatively correlated to cortical neurodegeneration and ovarian MT2R, and associated with cystic ovaries. A large corpus luteum emerged with AGO + CAFF and QUET + CAFF, antagonizing the CAFF-mediated increased ovarian A2AR and reduced cortical E2Rα. AGO + CAFF provoked TTP delay and increased ovarian AMH, while QUET + CAFF slowed source EEG frequency to δ range and increased brain E2. CONCLUSIONS: CAFF treatment triggered brain and ovarian derangements partially antagonized with concurrent AGO or QUET administration but with no overt affection of estrus cycle progression. Estrogenic, adenosinergic, and melatonergic signaling and brain-ovarian crosstalk may explain these effects.

Sudden cardiac arrest occurring in temporal proximity to consumption of energy drinks.

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks potentially can trigger life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. It has been postulated that the highly stimulating and unregulated ingredients alter heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac contractility, and cardiac repolarization in a potentially proarrhythmic manner. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe our experience regarding sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurring in proximity to energy drink consumption in patients with underlying genetic heart diseases. METHODS: The electronic medical records of all SCA survivors with proven arrhythmias referred to the Mayo Clinic Windland Smith Rice Genetic Heart Rhythm Clinic for evaluation were reviewed to identify those who consumed an energy drink before their event. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, documented energy drink consumption, and temporal relationship of energy drink consumption to SCA were obtained. RESULTS: Among 144 SCA survivors, 7 (5%; 6 female; mean age at SCA 29 ± 8 years) experienced an unexplained SCA associated temporally with energy drink consumption. Of these individuals, 2 had long QT syndrome and 2 had catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; the remaining 3 were diagnosed with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Three patients (43%) consumed energy drinks regularly. Six patients (86%) required a rescue shock, and 1 (14%) was resuscitated manually. All SCA survivors have quit consuming energy drinks and have been event-free since. CONCLUSION: Overall, 5% of SCA survivors experienced SCA in proximity to consuming an energy drink. Although larger cohort studies are needed to elucidate the incidence/prevalence and quantify its precise risk, it seems prudent to sound an early warning on this potential risk.

The relationship between coffee-related factors and cortical and hippocampal structure: a triangulation of evidence approach and Mendelian randomization research.

Objective: Existing studies have reported sustained changes in the cortical structure of rats due to coffee-related factors, which are speculated to occur in the human body. However, there is a lack of research on this topic. Additionally, previous observational studies have found the impact of diseases on cortical structure and the potential therapeutic effects of coffee on these diseases. Our aim was to study the causal effects of coffee-related factors on the human brain using SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). We will connect these discovered causal effects to the impact of diseases on the brain. Through triangulating evidence, we will reveal the potential active areas of coffee in preventing diseases. Methods: We utilized GWAS data from multiple cohorts and their databases, selecting instrumental variables for genetic prediction of coffee intake and plasma levels of caffeine and its direct metabolites. We applied these instrumental variables to individual data on cortical thickness and surface area, as well as hippocampal volume, from the ENIGMA and CHARGE consortium for Mendelian randomization analysis (MR). Triangular evidence was obtained by integrating existing evidence through a specified retrieval strategy, calculating the overlap between coffee's effects on brain regions and disease-related brain regions to identify potential regions of action. Results: The MR analysis yielded 93 positive results for 9 exposures, among which theobromine, a metabolite in the caffeine pathway, was found to be associated with increased hippocampal volume. For cortical structure, theobromine in the caffeine pathway was associated with a decrease in total surface area, while theobromine and caffeine in the pathway were associated with an increase in total thickness. The overlap rate of triangular evidence showed no difference in both overall and subgroup analyses, indicating a high overlap between the effects of coffee on brain regions and disease. Conclusions: From predicted outcomes from causal effects, coffee intake-related factors may have lasting effects on cortical structure. Additionally, theobromine and theophylline have the greatest impact on certain brain gyri, rather than caffeine. Triangulation evidence indicates that disease and coffee intake-related factors act on the same cortical regions, suggesting the presence of potential shared or antagonistic pathways.

Prevalence of fatigue and consumption of energy drinks consumption among nursing students studying part-time.

Background: Professional nurses who study part-time are faced with demanding tasks, demanding routine, having to cope with their studies and family commitments. Some nurses try different tactics to cope with their demanding tasks, such as the consumption of energy drinks, to alleviate tiredness and fatigue. Although these energy drinks can alleviate fatigue and boost their energy levels, they have adverse effects to their health such as migraines, insomnia, seizures, arrhythmias and other cardiovascular complications. Aim: To determine the health effects of energy drinks among nurses studying part-time. Setting: Selected university in the Gauteng province, South Africa. Methods: Descriptive, quantitative method that was contextual in nature was used. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from a conveniently sampled population to determine the health effects of the use of energy drinks. Data analysis were done by means of descriptive statistics using the Statistical package for Social Sciences version 26. Results: Findings indicated that nurses studying part-time experience fatigue (n = 86; 49%). To alleviate fatigue (n = 91; 52%), they use energy drinks. Conclusion: Use of energy drinks is prevalent among the nurses because of fatigue caused by studying while working. To reduce the use of energy drinks, the participants need study leave and to be supported by their families and employers. Contribution: The study encourages reduction or prevent the use of energy drinks by nurses who work and study part-time. Participants must use time management as a coping mechanism.

Simultaneous determination of six catechins and caffeine in tea and wine using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

Catechins, renowned for their antioxidant properties and health benefits, are commonly present in beverages, particularly tea and wine. An efficient and cost-effective salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six catechins and caffeine in tea and wine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). This method demonstrates outstanding performance: linearity (1-120 µg/mL, r2 > 0.999), accuracy (96.5%-103.4% recovery), and precision (≤14.7% relative standard deviation), meeting validation requirements set by the US Food and Drug Administration. The reduced sample size (0.1 g) minimizes matrix interferences and costs without compromising sensitivity. All analytes were detected in Camellia sinensis teas, with green tea displaying the highest total catechin content (47.5-100.1 mg/mL), followed by white and black teas. Analysis of wine samples reveals the presence of catechin in all red and white wines, and epigallocatechin gallate in all red wine samples, highlighting the impact of winemaking processes on catechin content. The SALLE-HPLC-UV approach represents a green alternative by eliminating organic waste, surpassing conventional dilution methods in specificity and sensitivity for catechin determination. AGREEprep assessment emphasizes the strengths of the SALLE procedure, including material reusability, throughput efficiency, minimal sample requirements, low energy consumption, and the absence of organic waste generation.

Association between coffee and tea consumption and ovarian cancer incidence: A prospective analysis in the PLCO dataset.

Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of ovarian cancer (OC) is inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to quantitatively investigate this topic in a large prospective cohort study. This cohort study included 24,715 individuals recruited from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trials between 1993 and 2001. The data used for our analysis included the latest follow-up information collected up to 2015. Coffee intake of ≥4 cups/day (hazard ratio [HR], 0.586; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.356-0.966) or caffeine intake of 458.787 mg/day (HR, 0.607; 95% CI: 0.411-0.895) were associated with the lowest HR of incident OC in the fully adjusted model. Participants who consumed varying amounts of tea did not exhibit a statistically significant reduction in the risk of OC. Our findings suggest that a higher consumption of coffee or caffeine is associated with a reduced risk of OC. However, no statistically significant association was observed between tea consumption and the risk of OC.

Loose-patch clamp analysis applied to voltage-gated ionic currents following pharmacological ryanodine receptor modulation in murine hippocampal cornu ammonis-1 pyramidal neurons.

Introduction: The loose-patch clamp technique was first developed and used in native amphibian skeletal muscle (SkM), offering useful features complementing conventional sharp micro-electrode, gap, or conventional patch voltage clamping. It demonstrated the feedback effects of pharmacological modification of ryanodine receptor (RyR)-mediated Ca2+ release on the Na+ channel (Nav1.4) currents, initiating excitation-contraction coupling in native murine SkM. The effects of the further RyR and Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) antagonists, dantrolene and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), additionally implicated background tubular-sarcoplasmic Ca2+ domains in these actions. Materials and methods: We extend the loose-patch clamp approach to ion current measurements in murine hippocampal brain slice cornu ammonis-1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons. We explored the effects on Na+ currents of pharmacologically manipulating RyR and SERCA-mediated intracellular store Ca2+ release and reuptake. We adopted protocols previously applied to native skeletal muscle. These demonstrated Ca2+-mediated feedback effects on the Na+ channel function. Results: Experiments applying depolarizing 15 ms duration loose-patch clamp steps to test voltages ranging from -40 to 120 mV positive to the resting membrane potential demonstrated that 0.5 mM caffeine decreased inward current amplitudes, agreeing with the previous SkM findings. It also decreased transient but not prolonged outward current amplitudes. However, 2 mM caffeine affected neither inward nor transient outward but increased prolonged outward currents, in contrast to its increasing inward currents in SkM. Furthermore, similarly and in contrast to previous SkM findings, both dantrolene (10 µM) and CPA (1 µM) pre-administration left both inward and outward currents unchanged. Nevertheless, dantrolene pretreatment still abrogated the effects of subsequent 0.5- and 2-mM caffeine challenges on both inward and outward currents. Finally, CPA abrogated the effects of 0.5 mM caffeine on both inward and outward currents, but with 2 mM caffeine, inward and transient outward currents were unchanged, but sustained outward currents increased. Conclusion: We, thus, extend loose-patch clamping to establish pharmacological properties of murine CA1 pyramidal neurons and their similarities and contrasts with SkM. Here, evoked though not background Ca2+-store release influenced Nav and Kv excitation, consistent with smaller contributions of background store Ca2+ release to resting [Ca2+]. This potential non-canonical mechanism could modulate neuronal membrane excitability or cellular firing rates.

Coffee consumption might be associated with lower potential risk and severity of metabolic syndrome: national health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2018.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by multiple metabolic disorders and is a serious global health problem. The coffee effect, acting as one of the most prevalent beverages on metabolic syndrome, is debatable. METHODS: We included patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018 and used a comprehensive evaluation called the MetS z-score to assess the severity of metabolic syndrome. The relationship between coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, and MetS z-scores was explored using a weighted linear regression. We also divided the participants into metabolic and non-metabolic syndrome groups according to the NCEP/ATP III criteria for the subgroup analysis. RESULTS: A total of 14,504 participants were included in this study. The results demonstrated that drinking more than three cups of coffee daily was significantly linked to lower MetS z-scores (p < 0.001). Daily coffee consumption was also associated with lower BMI (p = 0.02), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (p < 0.001), and triglycerides (p < 0.001), while it was positively correlated with HDL-C (p = 0.001). Participants who consumed more than three cups of coffee daily had a lower MetS z-score in the MetS (p < 0.001) and non-MetS (p = 0.04) groups. CONCLUSION: This research indicates that coffee consumption is linked to MetS severity. However, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake were unrelated to MetS severity.

Self-reported caffeine consumption miss-matched consumption measured by plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites: results from two population-based studies.

IMPORTANCE AND OBJECTIVE: Self-reported caffeine consumption has been widely used in research while it may be subject to bias. We sought to investigate the associations between self-reported caffeine consumption and plasma levels of caffeine and its two main metabolites (paraxanthine and theophylline) in the community. METHODS: Data from two population-based studies (SKIPOGH1 and 2 (N = 1246) and CoLaus|PsyCoLaus (N = 4461)) conducted in Switzerland were used. Self-reported caffeine consumption was assessed using questionnaires. Plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS: In both studies, mean log plasma levels of caffeine and its two metabolites were over 6.48 (plasma levels = 652 ng/ml) when no caffeine consumption was reported. Subsequently, nonlinear associations between log plasma levels and self-reported caffeine consumption were observed in SKIPOGH, with a change of the slope at 3-5 cups of espresso per day in SKIPOGH1 but not SKIPOGH2. In CoLaus|PsyCoLaus, increased daily consumption of caffeinated beverages was associated with increased log plasma levels with a change of the slope at 3 cups. In both studies, declared caffeine consumption higher than 3-5 cups per day was not associated with higher plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites. CONCLUSION: Self-reports of no or low caffeine consumption and consumption of more than 3-5 cups of coffee should be interpreted with caution, with possible under- or over-estimation. Quantifying plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites may contribute to a better estimation of caffeine intake.

Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on The Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis-Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications.

Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer's, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.

What's in drugs freely used by Brazilian truck drivers - "Rebites"? Determination of target and nontarget compounds by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.

Highways, the lifeline of the Brazilian economy, transport approximately 75% of the country's economic activity, highlighting its importance. However, professional drivers, accustomed to long daily journeys, make use of tablets widely available in Gas Station, which are known as "Rebites," which could contain a mixture of legal and illegal compounds. Thus, this study aims at the chemical characterization of these through different analytical methods. Initially, we performed a comprehensive screening of compounds present in seven samples collected across the country using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The findings revealed caffeine as the main compound, alongside theophylline, lidocaine, and clobenzorex, among others. In the next step, we employ quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) to quantify the caffeine content in the tablets. The results indicated a caffeine concentration ranging between 14% and 31% (m/m), which may imply a daily overdose of this compound from around four tablets. In summary, this investigation provides a chemical characterization of real samples of "Rebites" freely obtained along Brazilian highways. Caffeine emerged as the predominant active compound, with its concentration determined by qNMR analysis. The notable presence of caffeine, combined with other stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens, underscores the need for strict quality control measures regarding "Rebites" to safeguard public health.

Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Coffea Robusta Monofloral Honey from Dak Lak Province, Vietnam.

Robusta coffee blossom honey stands as a key regional product in Dak Lak province, Vietnam. Despite its significance, there exists a dearth of scientific data for assessing its quality. This study aims to fill this gap by characterizing the physicochemical properties and biological activities of coffee blossom honeys from three distinct sub-regions within Dak Lak province, Vietnam. These activities include ferric reducing power (FRP), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, as well as tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Moreover, the study compares these honey samples with other popular varieties in Vietnam, such as Lychee and Longan honeys. The physicochemical parameters of the honey samples meet the standards set by Codex Alimentarius 2001. Through UPLC analysis, eleven compounds were identified, with caffeine serving as a marker for coffee honey. Furthermore, by employing multiple factor analysis (MFA), it was observed that certain physicochemical properties correlate positively with tyrosinase inhibitory, DPPH, ABTS free radicals scavenging activities, and FRP. Notably, tyrosinase inhibitory activity exhibited a positive correlation with antioxidant activity. These findings underscore the high quality of Coffea robusta honey, showcasing its potent antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.

A Dose-Response Study to Examine Paraxanthine's Impact on Energy Expenditure, Hunger, Appetite, and Lipolysis.

This study investigated if paraxanthine (PX) impacts energy expenditure, lipolysis and perceptual responses. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, 21 adults (13 M, 8 F; 26.0 ± 6.4 years, 174.9 ± 11.5 cm, 81.0 ± 15.7 kg body mass, 26.3 ± 3.4 kg/m2) consumed a placebo (PLA), 100 mg (PX100), 200 mg (PX200), and 300 mg of PX (PX300, enfinity®, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P. Lewisville, TX, USA). Venous blood was collected 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min (min) after ingestion and analyzed for glycerol and free fatty acids. Resting hemodynamics, metabolic rate and perceptual indicators of hunger, appetite and anxiety were evaluated. Mixed factorial analysis of variance were used to evaluate changes time within and between groups. Heart rate decreased in PX100 compared to PLA 60 (p = .022) and 180 min (p = .001). Blood pressure did not change. Hunger ratings in PLA increased 30 (p = .05), 60 (p = .04), 90 (p = .02), and 180 min (p = .05) after ingestion when compared to PX200. PX200 increased energy expenditure (all p < .05) when compared to PLA. Rates of fat oxidation tended to increase 90 (p = .056) and 120 min (p = .066) in PX200 compared to PLA. Free fatty acids increased in PX300 compared to PLA (p = .002). Glycerol did not change. Ingestion of PX200 augmented energy expenditure and hunger ratings when compared to PLA without impacting hemodynamics or lipolysis.

Coffee Extract as a Natural Antioxidant in Fresh Pork Sausage-A Model Approach.

Consumers are increasingly looking for healthy foods without the addition of synthetic additives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of coffee extracts as a natural antioxidant in fresh pork sausage. Firstly, the conditions for obtaining coffee green extracts were optimized (Central Composite Rotatable Design 23, variables: extraction time, ethanol-water ratio, and sample-solvent ratio) in an ultrasound bath (70 °C). The response variables were the bioactive compounds levels and antioxidant activity. Valid models were obtained (p ≤ 0.05, R2 > 0.751), with higher bioactive content and antioxidant activity in the central point region. Extracts of Robusta and Arabica coffee green (RG and AG) and medium roast (RR and AR) obtained, and central point (10 min, an ethanol concentration of 30%, and a sample-solvent ratio of 10 g/100 mL) and optimized (14.2 min, 34.2%, and 5.8 g/100 mL) parameters were characterized. The RG presented a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher content of caffeine (3114.8 ± 50.0 and 3148.1 ± 13.5 mg/100 g) and 5-CQA (6417.1 ± 22.0 and 6706.4 ± 23.5 mg/100 g) in both extraction conditions, respectively. The RG and RR coffee presented the highest antioxidant activity. Two concentrations of RG and RR coffee extracts were tested in fresh pork sausage. The Robusta coffee extract presented the highest antioxidant activity in both roasted and green states. However, when applied to a meat product, the extract prepared with RG coffee showed better results, with efficiency in replacing synthetic antioxidants (content of malonaldehyde/kg of sample below 0.696 ± 0.059 in 20 days of storage), without altering the sensory attributes of the product (average scores above 7.16 ± 1.43 for all attributes evaluated). Therefore, the RG coffee extract was a suitable alternative as a natural antioxidant applied to fresh pork sausage.

Anti-hair loss effect of a shampoo containing caffeine and adenosine.

BACKGROUND: Hair loss is a widespread health problem that affects numerous individuals and is associated with age, lack of sleep, stress, endocrine problems, and other problems. Caffeine exerts various pharmacological effects, particularly after ingestion. The caffeine-induced inhibition of phosphodiesterases can increase intracellular cAMP concentrations, ultimately resulting in stimulatory effects on cell metabolism and proliferation. Hence, caffeine has been confirmed to inhibit hair loss caused by premature termination of the hair growth phase. Adenosine also improves hair loss by stimulating hair growth and thickening hair shafts. However, further empirical evidence is required to comprehensively assess the efficacy of hair loss treatment and prevention using a formulation of caffeine and adenosine in specific proportions in shampoos. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate a shampoo with caffeine and adenosine as a daily scalp care product for hair loss in 77 subjects aged 18-60 years. METHODS: The overall and local hair densities were assessed using professional cameras and dermoscopes at different magnifications and distances. Five hairs that came off the participant's head were randomly selected to measure hair diameter. The self-assessment questionnaires were filled on third month of product use. RESULTS: The combination of caffeine and adenosine in the shampoo significantly enhanced hair density compared to that of the baseline. The results revealed a significant reduction in hair loss. The hair diameters of the subjects did not change significantly. Most of the participants (71.05%) were satisfied with their hair after using the product. CONCLUSIONS: Shampoos containing caffeine and adenosine have been demonstrated to exert therapeutic benefits for reducing hair loss.

Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small for gestational age baby: Kuopio Birth Cohort.

PURPOSE: High caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with restricted fetal growth. We aimed to evaluate the association between maternal caffeine intake during early and late pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small for gestational age (SGA) baby. METHODS: Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) is a prospective cohort study including women whose pregnancies and deliveries were treated at the prenatal clinics in outpatient healthcare centers and in Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Maternal diet and caffeine intake during the first (n = 2007) and third (n = 4362) trimester of pregnancy were assessed using a 160-item food frequency questionnaire (2013-2022). SGA was defined as birth weight corrected for gestational age below - 2 standard deviations from the mean, according to the sex-specific Finnish fetal growth curves. RESULTS: Altogether in 32 and 38% (1st and 3rd trimester) of all women and in 44 and 52% of coffee drinkers, caffeine intake exceeded the recommendation for caffeine intake ( ≤ 200 mg/day) during pregnancy. The women with moderate (51-200 mg/day) (aOR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.16-3.02) and high (> 200 mg/day) (aOR 1.51; 95% CI: 1.08-2.10) caffeine intake during the first trimester were in the highest risk of having an SGA newborn. Caffeine intake in the third trimester of pregnancy was not associated with SGA. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate and high caffeine intake during early pregnancy is associated with SGA. As the results suggest that even moderate caffeine intake during the first trimester may increase the risk of SGA, the intake within recommendation limits does not necessarily appear to be safe for pregnant women and their newborns.

Effects of isolated scenting on the taste quality of broken green tea based on metabolomics.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with multivariate analysis were used to characterize the nonvolatile compounds of broken green tea and explore the effect of isolated scenting on metabolic profile and taste quality of broken green tea in this research. A total of 236 nonvolatile compounds were identified and 13 compounds were believed to be the key characteristic taste compounds of scented broken green tea. Meanwhile, the optimal isolated scenting time of broken green tea was determined to be 10 h based on the sensory evaluation and PLS results. The contents and types of flavonoids, organic acids and catechins lead to the difference of taste quality at different scenting times. Overall, these findings provided a theoretical basis for scenting to improve the taste of broken green tea, and provide a new idea for improving the taste of broken green tea.

Beyond the Buzz: The Fatal Consequences of Caffeine Overconsumption.

Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant present in dozens of plant species including Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis, from which we obtain coffee and tea, respectively. It is one of the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substances frequently used to increase alertness, elevate mood, and ward off fatigue. In traditional preparations, caffeine is generally well-tolerated by the consumer. However, complications can arise with the addition of caffeine to products like energy drinks, medications, and supplements. Furthermore, with pure caffeine accessible online, a consumer may unknowingly or inadvertently consume caffeine in dangerous amounts. Symptoms of caffeine toxicity include classic CNS stimulation side effects such as agitation, insomnia, gastrointestinal distress, tachycardia, seizures, and death in extreme cases. To evaluate concentrations of toxicological significance, caffeine cases were assessed at a large reference laboratory (NMS Labs). From 2019-2023, 406 blood cases underwent confirmation testing via LC-MS-MS; the mean and median caffeine concentrations were 35 µg/mL and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively. While most caffeine-containing cases indicate traditional use in the general population with concentrations below 25 µg/mL (62%, N = 254), 10% (N=42) of the cases were greater than 100 µg/mL, indicating levels which may contribute to a fatal outcome. To gain insight into the significance of caffeine in determining the cause and manner of death, cases with various manners of death are presented. Despite being one of the most common toxicological findings in medicolegal death investigations, caffeine is often overlooked. Screening results should undergo scrutiny, and confirmation testing should be considered in cases where caffeine intoxication prominently features in the case history or scene investigation.