An Integrated Computational and Experimental Approach to Formulate Tamanu Oil Bigels as Anti-Scarring Agent.

Tamanu oil has traditionally been used to treat various skin problems. The oil has wound-healing and skin-regenerating capabilities and encourages the growth of new skin cells, all of which are helpful for fading scars and hyperpigmentation, as well as promoting an all-around glow. The strong nutty odor and high viscosity are the major disadvantages associated with its application. The aim of this study was to create bigels using tamanu oil for its anti-scarring properties and predict the possible mechanism of action through the help of molecular docking studies. In silico studies were performed to analyze the binding affinity of the protein with the drug, and the anti-scarring activity was established using a full-thickness excision wound model. In silico studies revealed that the components inophyllum C, 4-norlanosta-17(20),24-diene-11,16-diol-21-oic acid, 3-oxo-16,21-lactone, calanolide A, and calophyllolide had docking scores of -11.3 kcal/mol, -11.1 kcal/mol, -9.8 kcal/mol, and -8.6 kcal/mol, respectively, with the cytokine TGF-ß1 receptor. Bigels were prepared with tamanu oil ranging from 5 to 20% along with micronized xanthan gum and evaluated for their pH, viscosity, and spreadability. An acute dermal irritation study in rabbits showed no irritation, erythema, eschar, or edema. In vivo excisional wound-healing studies performed on Wistar rats and subsequent histopathological studies showed that bigels had better healing properties when compared to the commercial formulation (MurivennaTM oil). This study substantiates the wound-healing and scar reduction potential of tamanu oil bigels.

Identification of Antioxidant Metabolites from Five Plants (Calophyllum inophyllum, Gardenia taitensis, Curcuma longa, Cordia subcordata, Ficus prolixa) of the Polynesian Pharmacopoeia and Cosmetopoeia for Skin Care.

Oxidative stress contributes to impairment of skin health, the wound healing process, and pathologies such as psoriasis or skin cancer. Five Polynesian medicinal plants, among the most traditionally used for skin care (pimples, wounds, burns, dermatoses) are studied herein for their antioxidant properties: Calophyllum inophyllum, Gardenia taitensis, Curcuma longa, Cordia subcordata, and Ficus prolixa. Plant extracts were submitted to in vitro bioassays related to antioxidant properties and their bioactive constituents were identified by a metabolomic analytical approach. High performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis was performed leading to the characterization of 61 metabolites. Compounds annotated for F. prolixa and C. subcordata extracts were reported for the first time. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by total phenolic content (TPC), free radical scavenging DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power activity (FRAP) assays. F. prolixa extract was the most active one and showed antioxidant intracellular activity on keratinocytes by Anti Oxydant Power 1 assay. Online HPLC-DPPH allowed the identification of phenolic bioactive compounds such as quercetin-O-rhamnoside, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, procyanidins, epicatechin, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, and curcumin as being responsible for the scavenging properties of these plant extracts. These results highlight the potential of F. prolixa aerial roots as a source of antioxidants for skin care applications.

A new chromanone acid derivative from the nut oil resin of Calophyllum inophyllum.

One novel chromanone acid derivative, namely inocalophylline C (1), together with one known compound calophyllolide (2), were isolated from the methanolic extract of nut oil resin of Calophyllum inophyllum L., a medicinal plant widely distributed in Vietnam. The isolated compound structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by the single-crystal X-ray crystallography as ethyl (R) 3-((2 R,3R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-6-((R)-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-1-yl)-6-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-5,7-dioxo-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-chromen-8-yl)-3-phenylpropanoate.

Simultaneous removal of lead and cadmium ions from simulant and industrial waste water: using Calophyllum Inophyllum plant materials as sorbents.

NOVELTY STATEMENT: The merit of this investigation is that simple and effective bio-sorbents based on Calophyllum inophyllum plant materials with high sorption capacities, are developed for the simultaneous removal of the toxic Pb2+ and Cd2+ at neutral or nearly neutral pHs. These sorbents are successful in water remediation of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from real effluents from industries. These findings have great significance as the identified bio-sorbents are simple, effective and renewable in extracting highly toxic lead and cadmium ions from the effluents from industries or polluted water.

Size Effect of Nanoceria Blended with CIME Biodiesel on Engine Characteristics.

Diesel fuel blends with biodiesels are expected to mitigate the rising price and demand of conventional fuels. Biodiesel fuel blends are also known to reduce engine emissions. Biodiesel is produced from various sources, one of which is Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester biodiesel (CIMEBD). Even though it serves to mitigate the energy crisis and has a low overall carbon footprint, CIMEBD has certain negative issues relating to engine performance and emission characteristics. Nanoparticle (NP) addition is known to enhance the engine performance characteristics of next generation biofuels. CeO2 (cerium oxide or ceria) NPs of varying size are used in this study along with 25:75 biodiesel-diesel (BD) blend and a fixed NP concentration of 90 ppm. Ceria NP-doped fuel is shown to have better engine performance compared to diesel and BD blend for all load conditions. Improvements in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values equal to +30% and -46%, respectively, are observed from experiments for ceria NP-doped biodiesel, compared to diesel-biodiesel (BD) blend. Ceria NPs in the 20 to 40 nm range have optimum engine performance characteristics. Compared to BD blends, NP-doped biodiesel shows improvements in NOx, CO, CO2, UHC, and soot parameters up to -35%, -60%, -35%, -38%, and -40%, respectively. Likewise, the optimum size of ceria NPs is in the range 20-40 nm for better emission characteristics.

Conversion of Free Fatty Acid in Calophyllum inophyllum Oil to Fatty Acid Ester as Precursor of Bio-Based Epoxy Plasticizer via SnCl2-Catalyzed Esterification.

The preparation and application of bio based plasticizers derived from vegetable oils has gained increasing attention in the polymer industry to date due to the emerging risk shown by the traditional petroleum-based phthalate plasticizer. Epoxy fatty acid ester is among the prospective alternative plasticizers since it is ecofriendly, non-toxic, biodegradable, low migration, and low carbon footprint. Epoxy plasticizer can be synthesized by the epoxidation reaction of fatty acid ester. In this study, the preparation of fatty acid ester as a green precursor of epoxy ester plasticizer was performed via esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) in high acidic Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Oil (CSO) using methanol in the presence of SnCl2.2H2O catalyst. The analysis of the process variables and responses using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also accomplished. It was found that the quadratic model is the most appropriate model for the optimization process. The BBD analysis demonstrated that the optimum FFA conversion and residual FFA content were 75.03% and 4.59%, respectively, achieved at the following process condition: a reaction temperature of 59.36 °C, a reaction time of 117.80 min, and a catalyst concentration of 5.61%. The fatty acid ester generated was an intermediate product which can undergo a further epoxidation process to produce epoxy plasticizer in polymeric material production.

Evaluation of the cutaneous wound healing potential of tamanu oil in wounds induced in rats.

AIMS: Tamanu is a plant oil derived from the fruit and seeds of the Calophyllum inophyllum tree. Although scientific data on tamanu oil are limited, it is recommended worldwide for the treatment of abrasions, burns, diabetic wounds and scars. This study aimed to compare the wound healing efficacy of the topical use of tamanu oil with a reference drug in rats. METHODS: Uniform wounds were induced on the dorsum of 21 rats, randomly divided into three groups. The control group received normal saline; the tamanu group received tamanu oil; and the centella group was treated with Centella asiatica. Wound healing was clinically evaluated using wound healing scoring and wound contraction. A biopsy was taken from the wound sites of each rat on days 7, 14 and 21 for histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: Wound contraction was significantly lower in the tamanu group compared with the other groups. On day 7, the intensity of macrophage infiltration and mature granulation tissues were significantly higher in the centella and tamanu groups than in the control group. Fibrosis and collagen density were higher in the tamanu group than the other groups on day 7. CONCLUSION: In wound healing in rats, tamanu oil accelerated the formation of macrophage-granulation tissues-fibrosis and resulted in less wound contraction.

Two new xanthones from the root of Thai Calophyllum inophyllum and their toxicity against colon and liver cancer cells.

Two new xanthones, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxy-4-(1',1'-dimethyl-2'-propenyl)-8-(3″,3″-dimethyl-2″-propenyl)-xanthone (1) and (2'S)-7-hydroxy caloxanthone B (2), were isolated from the root of Thai Calophyllum inophyllum Linn., together with twelve known xanthones (3-14). The structures of new compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. In addition, compounds 4, 6 and 8 were isolated from the genus Calophyllum for the first time. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against colon HCT-116 and liver Hep-G2 cancer cells. Among tested compounds, xanthones 5 and 14 possessing a prenyl moiety and a pyranyl ring fused at C-2 and C-3 displayed the most potent and selective cytotoxicity against HCT-116 colon cancers with the same IC50 values of 3.04 µM.

Improving the Antioxidant Properties of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Oil from French Polynesia: Development and Biological Applications of Resinous Ethanol-Soluble Extracts.

Tamanu oil from Calophyllum inophyllum L. has long been used in traditional medicine. Ethanol extraction was found the best strategy for recovering bioactive compounds from the resin part of Tamanu oil, yielding two neutral and acidic resins fractions with high phenolics, flavonoids and pyranocoumarins concentrations. A further cascade of LPLC/HPLC separations of neutral and acidic resin fractions allowed identifying fifteen metabolites, and among them, calanolide D and 12-oxocalanolide A (both in neutral fraction) were first identified from a natural source. All these extracts, subfractions and isolated metabolites demonstrated increased free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity compared to Tamanu oil and its de-resinated lipid phase. Overall, these results could promote resinous ethanol-soluble Tamanu oil extracts as a useful multifaceted and renewable medicinal resource.

Feature-Based Molecular Networks Identification of Bioactive Metabolites from Three Plants of the Polynesian Cosmetopoeia Targeting the Dermal Papilla Cells of the Hair Cycle.

The term cosmetopoeia refers to the use of plants in folks' cosmetics. The aerial parts of Bidens pilosa L., the leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum L. and the fruits of Fagraea berteroana A.Gray ex Benth are traditionally used in French Polynesia for hair and skin care. During the hair cycle, dermal papilla cells and their interaction with epithelial cells are essential to promote hair follicle elongation. The aim of our investigations was the identification of metabolites from these three plants and chemical families responsible for their hair growth activity. A bioactivity-based molecular network was produced by mapping the correlation between features obtained from LC-MS/MS data and dermal papilla cell proliferation, using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The analyses pointed out glycosylated flavonols and phenolic acids from B. pilosa and C. inophyllum, along with C-flavonoids, iridoids and secoiridoids from F. berteroana, as potential bioactive molecules involved in the proliferation of hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Our results highlight the metabolites of the plant species potentially involved in the induction of hair follicle growth and support the traditional uses of these plants in hair care.

Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol as an oxygenated additive on Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in CI engine.

The present experimental investigation is conducted to examine the working characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engine using oxygenated additives such as diethyl ether and ethanol to the blends of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. Experiments are conducted on a water-cooled single-cylinder constant speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine under same operating circumstances. The results indicates that an enhancement of brake thermal efficiency is up to 3.7% and 6.2% with an addition of ethanol and DEE additive in biodiesel blended fuels respectively at maximum load condition. This is attributable to the existence of higher oxygen value and volatile nature of the additives. The combustion characteristics like in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate of DEE blended fuels are 1.1-5.2% and 0.4-2.7% higher than other blends respectively. This is mainly due to higher cetane number and high volatile nature of DEE. This also results in higher NOX emissions. But 2-9% drop in nitrous oxide emission is noticed for biodiesel with ethanol blends compared to all other blends. This is as a result of superior latent heat of vaporization and lesser cetane number of ethanol which results in lower cylinder pressure about 0.4-2.6% and this end up with more unburned HC and CO emissions. Energy and exergy studies help to analyze the result of ethanol and DEE additive along with blends of biodiesel. The exergy efficiencies of DEE blended fuels enhance up to 2.3-6% compared to other blends at all load conditions. This is attributable to the superior combustion characteristics of DEE.

Optimization and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil using heterogeneous nanocatalyst.

The present research work is aimed at reducing the consumption of reactants by process optimization and economic analysis of large-scale commercial plant using techno-economic analysis. The statistical optimization of biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil using Zn doped CaO nanocatalyst was used to optimize the conversion efficiency and green chemistry value. The environmental studies on transesterification reaction were done using green chemistry parameters like carbon efficiency, atom economy, reaction mass efficiency, stoichiometric factor and environmental factor. The biodiesel conversion 91.95% was achieved when maintaining the methanol to oil ratio 9.66:1, concentration of catalyst 5% (w/v), time 81.31 min and temperature 56.71 °C with green chemistry value of 0.873. Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil was executed used optimized lab-scale data. The techno-economic analysis of 21 million kg/year biodiesel production plant was investigated. The annual biodiesel revenue of 15,224,000 $/yr and the payback period was about 1.15 years.

Environment-Friendly Biodiesel/Diesel Blends for Improving the Exhaust Emission and Engine Performance to Reduce the Pollutants Emitted from Transportation Fleets.

Biodiesel derived from biomass is a renewable source of fuel, and global application of biodiesel in the transport sector has rapidly expanded over the last decade. However, effort has been made to overcome its main shortcoming, i.e., efficiency and exhaust emission characteristics (NOx emissions) in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel combustion generally results in lower unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) in exhaust emissions compared to fossil diesel. In this study, various biodiesel blends (Chlorella vulgaris,Jatropha curcus, and Calophyllum inophyllum) were investigated for fuel characteristics, and engine performance with exhaust emission compared to diesel. Chlorella vulgaris, Jatropha curcus, and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel were synthesized by the acid-base transesterification approach in a microwave reactor and blended with conventional diesel fuel by volume. The fuel blends were denoted as MB10 (90% diesel + 10% microalgae biodiesel), MB20 (80% diesel + 20% microalgae biodiesel), JB10 (90% diesel + 10% jatropha biodiesel), JB20 (80% diesel + 20% jatropha biodiesel), PB10 (90% diesel + 10% polanga biodiesel) and PB20 (80% diesel + 20% polanga biodiesel). Experiments were performed using these fuel blends with a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine at different loads. It was shown in the results that, at rated load, thermal efficiency of the engine decreased from 34.6% with diesel to 34.1%, 33.7%, 34.1%, 34.0%, 33.9%, and 33.5% with MB10, MB20, JB10, JB20, PB10, and PB20 fuels, respectively. Unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke emissions improved with third-generation fuels (MB10, MB20) in comparison to base diesel fuel and second-generation fuels (JB10, JB20, PB10 and PB20). Oxides of nitrogen emissions were slightly increased with both the third- and second-generation fuels as compared to the base diesel. The combustion behavior of microalgae biodiesel was also very close to diesel fuels. In the context of comparable engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics, along with biofuel production yield (per year per acre), microalgae biodiesel could have a great potential as a next-generation sustainable fuel in compression engine (CI) engines compared to jatropha and polanga biodiesel fuels.

Bioconversion of Calophyllum inophyllum oilcake for intensification of rhamnolipid and polyhydroxyalkanoates co-production by Enterobacter aerogenes.

The biologically derived products are highly valued due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and renewability. However, most production processes are exorbitant due to high raw material cost and the downstream processing required for product recovery and purification. Therefore, the present study utilized the low-cost lignocellulosic biomass, Calophyllum inophyllum oilcake for the simultaneous production of PHA and rhamnolipid by a facultative anaerobe Enterobacter aerogenes. Both the products are produced during the stationary phase and constitute ß- hydroxyalkanoic acids, which makes it feasible for the co-production through a single fermentation process. From the batch fermentation studies, it was revealed that the under optimum condition rhamnolipid and PHA yield are 5.81 g/L and 4.2 g/L: 5%(v/v) of inoculum size, pH of 6.5, C:N ratio of 5:1 and urea are found to be the best nitrogen source for the fermentation process. Characterization studies for extracted PHA and RL was done using- FTIR, NMR and TGA analysis.

Isolation and identification of cholestane and dihydropyrene from Calophyllum inophyllum.

The highest population of Calophyllum inophyllum is in Indonesia. One of the bioactive compound contained in C. inophyllum leave is cholestane. The extraction method was employed to obtain crude extract from these leaves. It was followed by identification of the bioactive compounds. The purpose of this research was to develop a process for isolating and identifying cholestane and dihydropyrene from methanolic extract of C. inophyllum leaves in high yield and purity. The effect of crude extract to non-polar solvent mass ratio and non-polar solvent types on the separation of the bioactive compounds were also systematically investigated. New compounds (trans-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10b,10c-dimethyl-10b, 10c-dihydropyrene and anti-4-aza-B-homo-5.alpha-cholestane-3-one) were also identified in C. inophyllum leaves. The successful separation was obtained by employing CS2 as the solvent and crude extract to CS2 mass ratio of 1/10 (g/g).

Caseinate-Stabilized Emulsions of Black Cumin and Tamanu Oils: Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity.

Caseinate-stabilized emulsions of black cumin (Nigella sativa) and tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum) oils were studied in terms of preparation, characterization, and antibacterial properties. The oils were described while using their basic characteristics, including fatty acid composition and scavenging activity. The oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions containing the studied oils were formulated, and the influence of protein stabilizer (sodium caseinate (CAS), 1-12 wt%), oil contents (5-30 wt%), and emulsification methods (high-shear homogenization vs sonication) on the emulsion properties were investigated. It was observed that, under both preparation methods, emulsions of small, initial droplet sizes were predominantly formed with CAS content that was higher than 7.5 wt%. Sonication was a more efficient emulsification procedure and was afforded emulsions with smaller droplet size throughout the entire used concentration ranges of oils and CAS when compared to high-shear homogenization. At native pH of ~ 6.5, all of the emulsions exhibited negative zeta potential that originated from the presence of caseinate. The antibacterial activities of both oils and their emulsions were investigated with respect to the growth suppression of common spoilage bacteria while using the disk diffusion method. The oils and selected emulsions were proven to act against gram positive strains, mainly against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus); regrettably, the gram negative species were fully resistant against their action.

Chemodiversity of Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil bioactive components related to their specific geographical distribution in the South Pacific region.

BACKGROUND: Different parts of the tree Calophyllum inophyllum L. (nuts, leaves, roots, bark, fruits, nut oil and resin) are used as traditional medicines and cosmetics in most of the Pacific Islands. The oil efficiency as a natural cure and in traditional cosmetics has been largely described throughout the South Pacific, which led us to investigate C. inophyllum's chemical and genetic diversity. A correlative study of the nut resin and leaf DNA from three distinct archipelagos in the South Pacific was carried out in order to identify diversity patterns in C. inophyllum across the South Pacific. METHODS: Calophyllum inophyllum plants were sampled from French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Fiji. We extracted tamanu oil (nut oil) resin for chemo-diversity studies and sampled leaf tissues for genetic studies. We applied an analysis method designed for small quantities (at a microscale level), and used High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to establish the chemo-diversity of tamanu oil resin. In-house standards were co-eluted for qualitative determination. Genetic diversity was assessed using chloroplast barcoding markers (the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (accD) gene and the psaA-ycf3 intergenic spacer region). RESULTS: Our HPLC analysis revealed 11 previously known tamanu oil constituents, with variability among plant samples. We also isolated and characterized two new neoflavonoids from tamanu oil resin namely, tamanolide E1 and E2 which are diastereoisomers. Although genetic analysis revealed low genetic variation, our multivariate analysis (PCA) of the tamanu oil resin chemical profiles revealed differentiation among geographic regions. CONCLUSION: We showed here that chromatographic analysis using formalized in-house standards of oil resin compounds for co-elution studies against oil resin samples could identify patterns of variation among samples of C. inophyllum, and discriminate samples from different geographical origins.

Chemical constituents from Vietnamese mangrove Calophyllum inophyllum and their anti-inflammatory effects.

In a search for anti-inflammatory activity in resources from Vietnamese mangroves, we found that a methanolic extract from the leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum (CIL) showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Using various chromatographic techniques, we subsequently isolated 12 compounds (1-12) from a methanolic extract of CIL, including two novel compounds (1-2). The inhibitory effects of these compounds on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells were also evaluated. Compound 1 significantly suppressed NO production (IC50 = 2.44 ±â€¯0.88 µM), the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha), and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase through downregulation of nuclear factor-kappa-B signaling cascades. These results suggest that C. inophyllum leaves might be a useful resource for the development of drugs for the treatment of inflammation.

Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil using zinc doped calcium oxide (Plaster of Paris) nanocatalyst.

The present study was mainly focused on the production of biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum oil. The oil was characterized by GC-MS and stored for biodiesel production. The heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized for effective production of biodiesel. The synthesized catalyst was found to have good activity and stability. The surface and element characterization of zinc doped calcium oxide was characterized by SEM and EDAX. The size of nanocomposite was found to be in the range of 14.3-65.6 nm. The EDAX has confirmed the presence of zinc on the surface of the calcium oxide. The maximum biodiesel yield of 89.0% (v/v) was obtained at 55 °C in 80 min and catalyst concentration of 6% (w/v). The optimized methanol:oil molar ratio was obtained at 9:1 for the production of biodiesel. The produced methyl ester was confirmed by GC-MS analysis.

Experimental study of methyl tert-butyl ether as an oxygenated additive in diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester blended fuel in CI engine.

This work presents the effect of the ternary oxygenated additive on diesel biodiesel blended fuel to evaluate the engine characteristics. The Calophyllum inophyllum trees being abundant in India can lessen the dependence on petroleum imports to a specific extent. Methyl tertiary butyl ether is used as an oxygenated additive for the ternary blends preparation as 5-20% by volume. Seven blends of neat baseline diesel, biodiesel (Calophyllum inophyllum Methyl Ester), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel (50%), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel-methyl tert-butyl ether (5, 10, 15, and 20%) are prepared which are tested on a single cylinder, constant speed diesel engine. The experimental results were revealed that the replacement of biodiesel by MTBE has shown a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency with a slight increase in brake-specific fuel consumption. Further, the MTBE addition in ternary blends reduced the unburned hydrocarbon, CO, and NOx by 63.9, 6.4, and 3.37% respectively. In addition, the carbon dioxide emission is almost similar to diesel fuel at a higher addition of MTBE with diesel-biodiesel blend. In the combustion point of view, the addition of 5% MTBE resulted in 3.49 and 5.1% reduction of peak pressure and heat release rate are observed as compared to diesel fuel. Critical analysis in combustion aspects is also carried out and it is witnessed with prolonged ignition delay during MTBE addition with diesel-biodiesel blends.