Analysis and Evaluation of Dental Caries in a Mexican Population: A Descriptive Transversal Study.

Oral diseases are an important public health problem owing to their high prevalence and strong impact on people, particularly in disadvantaged populations. There is a strong relationship between the socioeconomic situation and the prevalence and severity of these diseases. Mexico is among the countries with a higher frequency range in oral diseases, highlighting dental caries, which affect more than 90% of the Mexican population. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational study was carried out in 552 individuals who underwent a complete cariogenic clinical examination in different populations of the state of Yucatan. All individuals were evaluated after providing informed consent and with the consent of their legal guardians for those under legal age. We used the caries measurement methods described by the World Health Organization (WHO). Prevalence of caries, DMFT, and dft indexes were measured. Other aspects were also studied, such as oral habits and the use of public or private dental services. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries in permanent dentition was 84%. Moreover, it was found to be statistically related to the following variables: place of residence, socioeconomic level, gender, and level of education (p < 0.05). For primary teeth, the prevalence was 64% and there was no statistical relation with any of the variables studied (p > 0.05). Regarding the other aspects studied, more than 50% of the sample used private dental services. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high need for dental treatment in the population studied. It is necessary to develop prevention and treatment strategies considering the particularities of each population, driving collaborative projects to promote better oral health conditions in disadvantaged populations.

Caries Experience and Treatment Needs in Urban and Rural Environments in School-Age Children from Three Provinces of Ecuador: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In Ecuador, national epidemiological surveys have not been updated; however, some regional studies in the northern areas of the country still report a high prevalence of dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine the experience, severity, and need for treatment of dental caries in school children aged 6 to 12 years in urban and rural settings in three provinces of southern Ecuador. This cross-sectional, relational study examined 1938 schoolchildren in the provinces of Azuay, Cañar, and Morona Santiago. The survey instruments were based mainly on the WHO manual Methods of Oral Health Surveys (dmft) for primary and permanent dentition (DMFT), as well as the prevalence, severity, and Significant Caries Index (SCI). The parametric Student's t-test was used to compare two groups, and the Spearman's Rho and Tau-c Kendall correlation coefficients were used to associate the categorical variables. Results: The prevalence of caries in the primary dentition was 78% and 89.2% in the permanent dentition. The dmft (M = 4.12, SD = 2.86) and DMFT (M = 3.62: SD = 3.07) placed the general group in a moderate caries index. The need for treatment was 90.68% in the primary dentition, while it was 87.99% in the permanent dentition. Caries severity in both dentitions was high (M = 7.74; SD = 3.42). Conclusions. Alarming indicators of caries experience and the need for treatment were observed in the population studied.

Prevalence of Caries According to the ICDAS II in Children from 6 and 12 Years of Age from Southern Ecuadorian Regions.

In Ecuador, national data on dental caries are scarce and the detection of incipient enamel lesions has been omitted. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of caries in school children aged 6 and 12 years of both sexes, belonging to urban and rural areas of three provinces of the country, using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). The sample consisted of 665 children from public schools, examined according to ICDASII. Caries prevalence and caries index were established using ICDAS II 2-6/C-G and ICDAS II 4-6/E-G criteria for comparison with WHO indicators. The Mann−Whitney U statistical test was used for comparison of two groups, the effect size was measured with the correlation coefficient. and the Kruskal−Wallis H test (p < 0.05) for multiple comparisons. Caries prevalence exceeded 87% for primary and permanent dentition. There were no significant differences according to province (p ≤ 0.05). The caries index at 6 years was 6.57 and at 12 years 9.21. The SIC was high at 12 years in rural areas. The prevalence of caries in the population studied was high despite the preventive measures established by health agencies.

Caries Prevalence and Severity for 12-Year-Old Children in Latvia.

OBJECTIVES: To study caries prevalence/severity in 12-year-old children in Latvia and potential risk indicators. METHODS: A cross-sectional oral-health national survey of 12-year-old children was conducted in 2016. A nationally representative stratified-cluster probabilistic sample of 2,138 pupils in 92 schools was selected. Children were examined by seven calibrated examiners (kappa inter-examiner, intra-examiner scores of 0.71-0.77, 0.81-0.97, respectively) at school. Enamel-non-cavitated decay (D1), enamel cavitation (D3), dentine cavitation (D5), missing (M) or filled (F) status at the tooth (T)/surface (S) levels were evaluated, and decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) index scores for severity, along with the Significant Caries Index (SiC), were calculated. An associated caries factor questionnaire was completed by participants. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was 98.5% for D1MFT, 79.7% for D3MFT, and 71.9% for D5MFT. The means (standard deviations) for severity were 9.2 (5.3) for D1MFT, 3.3 (3.0) for D3MFT, and 2.4 (2.4) for D5MFT, and 5.6 (2.1) for the SiC. Indicators associated with a lower risk of caries (D5MFT) were irregular dental visits (prevalence odds ratio POR = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36, 0.56) and irregular use of mouthwashes (POR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high caries prevalence and severity in 12 year-old children in Latvia. Although the WHO target for 2010 (D5MFT ≤ 3) is met, the values for caries prevalence (D5MFT > 0 = 71.9%) and severity (D5MFT = 2.5) in 12-year-old Latvian children are higher than the European averages (D5MFT > 0 = 52%, D5MFT = 1.1).

Asociación entre caries dental de madres y de sus hijos menores de 72 meses en el centro de crecimiento y desarrollo - lactancia materna Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú / Association between dental caries in mothers and their children under 72 months old from the Center of Growth and Development- Breastfeeding Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre caries dental de madres y de sus hijos menores de 72 meses del Centro de Crecimiento y desarrollo- Lactancia materna del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio fue analítico, observacional, y transversal. Y se realizó sobre una muestra de 102 pares madre-hijo, los niños fueron menores de 72 meses de edad. Se realizaron exámenes bucales a ambos y se buscó asociación entre prevalencia de caries dental y experiencia de caries dental con otras variables como edad, sexo y grado de instrucción. Se empleó la prueba estadística de Chi-cuadrado corregida por Yates y Fisher. El estudio contó con un nivel de confianza de 95% y un p<0,05. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries dental en madres fue de 59.8% y en los niños de 9,8%. En cuanto a la experiencia de caries dental, las madres tuvieron un CPOD promedio de 6,8 y un CPOS de 16,7. Los niños tuvieron un ceod promedio de 0,3, y el mismo valor para el ceos. Conclusión: No existió asociación entre caries dental de la madre y sus hijos menores de 72 meses del Centro de Desarrollo y Crecimiento - Lactancia materna en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima- Perú.

SUMMARY Objective: Analyze the association between dental caries in mothers y and their children under 72 months old from the Center of Growth and Development- Breastfeeding in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: This study was analytical, observational and cross- sectional. The analysis was made with a sample of 204 subjects, 102 pairs of mothers-children, the children were under 72 months old. Oral examinations were performed to the mothers and their children, we tried to associate the prevalence of dental caries and dental caries experience with other variables such as age, sex and level of education. Chi- Square corrected by Yates and Fisher was used as a statistical test. The study had a 95% of confidence level and p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of dental caries in mothers was 59.8% and in their children 9.8%. The mothers had an average of 6.8 DMFT and DMFS of 16.7 in dental caries. The children had an average of 0.3 ceod with the same value for the ceos. Conclusions: There was no association between dental caries in mothers and their children under 72 months of the Growth and Development Center - Breastfeeding in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima- Peru.

Malocclusion, Dental Caries and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Comparison between Adolescent School Children in Urban and Rural Regions in Peru.

Rural, isolated areas benefit less from caries prevention programs and access to treatment than urban areas, and, hence, differences in oral health can be expected. This study aims to assess the prevalence of caries and malocclusion in urban and rural areas of Peru and to compare them with patients' oral health perception. A total of 1062 adolescents were examined in five schools of rural (Titicaca) and urban (Lima and Cuzco) areas in Peru. Decay Missing Filled Teeth's Surfaces, the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need and the Child Oral Health Impact Profile short form-19 (COHIP-SF 19) were used to assess caries, severity of malocclusion and Oral Health Quality of Life, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence (p = 0.001) and degree of caries (p = 0.001) were found between regions. The prevalence of caries was the highest in Cuzco (97.65%), followed by Titicaca (88.81%) and Lima (76.42%). The severity of malocclusion was the lowest in Titicaca. There was a negative relation between malocclusion, caries and COHIP-SF 19, with no evidence of a difference between the regions. This suggests that the higher the prevalence of caries and the more severe the malocclusion, the poorer the perception of oral health. In our study, rural areas presented a lower severity of malocclusion than urban areas.

Sweet Taste Perception and Dental Caries in 13- to 15-Year-Olds: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Dietary habits and, in particular, the intake frequency of sucrose are of major importance for the development of dental caries. The perception of sweet taste is believed to have an influence on sucrose intake and therefore affects the predisposition to dental caries. The aim was to study the caries experience and sweet taste perception and to further analyze the possible relationship between the 2 tested variables in 13- to 15-year-old children from 3 different geographical areas. A cross-sectional survey comprising 669 children (220 Italian, 224 Mexican, and 225 Saudi Arabian) was conducted. The children were examined in their school setting. A sweet taste perception level was determined by the sweet taste threshold (TT) and sweet taste preference (TP). The sweet test was performed with sucrose solutions varying in concentration from 1.63 to 821.52 g/L. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and DMFS indices were used to diagnose caries. The highest mean value for TT was found for Italian children followed by Saudi and Mexican. Saudi schoolchildren showed the highest mean values for TP and DMFS, followed by Italian and Mexican. A statistically significant difference for TP, TT, DMFS, and initial caries was found between the 3 countries. A weak yet positive correlation was found between taste perception (TT and TP) versus DMFS and manifest caries in all 3 countries (r = 0.137-0.313). The findings of the present study showed a variation in sweet taste perception between the 3 countries, which may influence the caries outcome of the children in the individual countries.

Evolución de la prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en niños de 6 y 12 años de Peralillo, VI Región,entre el año 2000 y el 2010 / Caries and gingivitis changes among 6 and 12 year-old children of Peralillo, Chile, between 2000 and 2010

Objetivo: Dada la limitada información epidemiológica en Chile sobre las patologías orales más prevalentes y el efecto de los programas de salud instaurados, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en una población de 6 y 12 años de la VI Región, entre los años 2000 y 2010. Sujetos y Métodos: 143 sujetos de 6 y 12 años atendidos en el CESFAM de Peralillo fueron examinados clínicamente para detectar caries y diagnosticar gingivitis. Las fichas clínicas de 134 niños de las mismas edades y procedencia atendidos el año 2000 fueron analizadas para comparar los indicadores. Se obtuvo el índice de caries mediante el COPD y el ceod, además del diagnóstico gingival mediante parámetros clínicos. Los resultados de ambos años fueron comparados estadísticamente y las diferencias consideradas significativas si p<0.05. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries a los 6 años disminuyó de 89 por ciento a 65 por ciento, pero sólo el COPD mostró una reducción estadísticamente significativa de 0.93 a 0.086. A los 12 años, ni la prevalencia de caries ni el índice COPD mostraron un cambio significativo. La prevalencia de gingivitis disminuyó significativamente en ambos segmentos de edad en los 10 años de evaluación. Conclusiones: Pese a verificarse una leve disminución, la prevalencia de caries en Peralillo continua siendo muy alta y no ha variado sustancialmente en 10 años. Se sugieren más estudios similares para evaluar la eficacia de los programas en curso.

Aim: Given the limited epidemiological information in Chile on the most common oral diseases and the effectiveness of the existent programs, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in caries and gingivitis prevalence in a 6 and 12 year-old children from the VI Region, between the years 2000 and 2010. Subjects and Methods: 143 6 and 12 year-old children treated at the CESFAM of Peralillo were clinically examined to detect and diagnose caries and gingivitis. Clinical records of 134 same ages children treated at the same service in the year 2000 were analyzed to compare the indexes. Caries index was obtained by DMFT and dmft and gingivitis was assessed by clinical parameters. Results obtained both years were compared and considered significant if p<0.05. Results: Caries prevalence decreased in the group of 6 year-olds from 89 percent to 65 percent, but only DMFT showed a significant reduction from 0.93 to 0.086. In the 12 year-old children, neither caries prevalence nor DMFT showed significant changes within the 10-year period. Conclusions: In spite of a slight decrease, caries prevalence in Peralillo continues to be very high and it has not substantially changed in 10 years. Further similar studies are suggested to assess the efficacy of the current programs in use.

Caries dental y necesidades de tratamiento en el primer molar permanente en escolares de 12 años de las escuelas públicas del municipio de Rionegro (Antioquia, Colombia), 2010 / Dental Caries and Treatment Needs in the First P ermanent Mol ar in 12-year-old School children fr om P ublic Schools in the Municipal ity of Rionegro (Antioquia, Colombia), 2010

Antecedentes: es importante evaluar el primer molar permanente, ya que en edad escolares el diente permanente más afectado por caries. La prevalencia de caries en estos dientesse ha asociado con la actividad futura de caries. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia decaries y las necesidades de tratamiento de los primeros molares permanentes en la poblaciónescolar de 12 años de las escuelas oficiales del municipio de Rionegro (Antioquia).Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 808 escolares de 12 años deescuelas públicas del municipio. Se analizó la prevalencia de caries dental en el primer molarpermanente por número y tipo de dientes afectados y de acuerdo con sexo, escolaridad,zona de residencia y afiliación al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS).También se describieron las necesidades de tratamiento para cada primer molar permanente.Resultados: los molares inferiores presentaron la mayor prevalencia de cariesdental en relación con las variables de afiliación al SGSSS, sexo y zona de residencia;en estas dos últimas variables se evidenció más afectación en el primer molar inferiorderecho y concentración en este molar de las necesidades de tratamiento restaurativo.Conclusiones: aunque se cuenta con estudios previos sobre prevalencia de caries dentalen el municipio que muestran cumplimiento de metas de la Organización Mundial de laSalud, son más escasos los estudios que evalúen de manera individual los primeros molarespermanentes para orientar políticas de salud pública dirigidos a la preservación de estasimportantes estructuras dentales...

Background: Evaluation of the first permanent molar is important since it is the tooth thatis most affected from dental cavities in schoolers. Caries prevalence of this molar has beenassociated with future caries activity. Objective: Determine caries prevalence and treatmentneeds in the first permanent molar of a 12-year-old population from public schools in themunicipality of Rionegro (Antioquia). Methods: A descriptive study in 808 12-year-old schoolchildren from public schools in Rionegro was conducted. Caries prevalence in the first permanentmolar was analyzed regarding number and type of teeth affected and associationwith sex, grade, zone of residence, and type of affiliation to the social security system (SSS).Needs for dental treatment in this molar were also described. Results: Lower molars werethe most affected by dental caries in relationship with sex, SSS, and zone of residence; in thelatter two dental cavities were more prevalent in the right lower first molar, tooth in which theneed for restorative treatment is higher than the other first molars. Conclusions: Althoughthere are previous studies on the dental health status in Rionegro and indicators show thatthe goals of the World Health Organization are being met, evaluative research focused onthe first permanent molar is scarce and necessary given its importance for health publicpolicymaking intended to preserve this teeth...

Estudio clínico del primer molar permanente en niños de 6 años de edad de la comuna de calbuco, chile / Clinical study of the first permanent molar in children 6 years of age Calbuco commune, chile

Determinar la prevalencia de caries que presentan los Primeros Molares Permanentes (PMP) en niños chilenos de 6 años. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal del estado de los PMP, en niños de seis años que asistieron al Hospital de Calbuco, X Región, Chile, durante el año 2008. Un operador calibrado examinó 166 niños de nivel socio-económico similar. La presencia de caries se estableció en base a los criterios propuestos por la OMS en el Oral Health Survey Basic Methods, para estudios epidemiológicos. El 65% (434/664) de los PMP se encontraban erupcionados, 47 (7%) semi- erupcionados y el 28% (183/664) aún no erupcionaban. De los PMP erupcionados y semierupcionados, el 69,02% (332/481) presenta caries. Al comparar la prevalencia de caries entre los PMP superiores y los inferiores se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001). En los PMP superiores la mayor prevalencia de caries fue en la superficie oclusal, con un 56% (131/235), y en los PMP inferiores la superficie más afectadas fue la vestibular con un 68% (168/246).Conclusión: Los resultados demuestran la necesidad de incorporar estrategias de educativas y preventivas antes de la erupción del PMP

To determinate the prevalence of caries in first permanent molar (FPM) in six year-old Chilean children.Method: A Cross-sectional study was performed to state of FPM in six year-old children who attended in Calbuco Hospital, during 2008. A investigator previously calibrated to examined 166 Children belonging to the same socio-economic level. Caries diagnoses were carried out using standardized methods World Health Organization. 65% (434/664) of FPM were erupted and 47 (7%) partially erupted and 28% (183/664) were not erupted yet. From FPM erupted and partially erupted 69,02% (332/481) have caries. When comparing the prevalence of caries between upper and lower PFM, a significant statistical association was found (p<0,001). In the upper FPM the mayor prevalence of caries was found in the occlusal with 56% (131/235), in the lower FPM the most affected surface was the vestibular with a 68% (168/246). The results show the necessity of incorporating educative and preventive strategies before the eruption of FPM

Prevalencia de caries dental en preescolares con dentición decidua área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá / Prevalence of dental caries in preschool children with primary dentition area Metropolitan of Valle the Aburra

Introducción y Objetivo: El diagnóstico de caries de la infancia temprana debe ser una prioridad en todos los sistemas de salud. El propósito del estudio fue describir la situación de caries dental en niños con dentición decidua completa, pertenecientes a un estrato socioeconómico 2 y 3 del área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. Materiales y Métodos: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo en 447 niños entre 2 y 4 años de edad, seleccionados de los registros de Susalud, con confiabilidad del 95%y un error de muestreo de 5%. Se realizó un examen clínico por 3 examinadores estandarizados en el Sistema Internacional de Evaluación y Detección de Caries Dental (ICDAS). (Kappa 0.73 – 0.85). Resultados: La prevalencia de niños con caries dental fue de 74.7% y un promedio de 7.3±9.1 superficies afectadas, la experiencia de caries fue 74.9% con un promedio ceo-s de 7.7±9.7 superficies afectadas. La prevalencia de niños con al menos una superficie afectada por lesión no cavitada fue del 73.4%. La prevalencia de caries dental fue significativamente mayor en la IPS La Playa (70.2%) que en Itagüí (62.8%). Conclusión: El uso de sistemas de diagnóstico de caries dental que incluyen la lesión no cavitada es de gran importancia, el elevado porcentaje de caries dental encontrado en este grupo de la población indica la necesidad de un diagnóstico precoz y al mismo tiempo de desarrollar actividades terapéuticas y preventivas específicas y oportunas para este grupo de edad.

Introduction and Objective: Dental caries diagnosis during early childhood should be a priorityin all health systems. The purpose of this study was to describe the initial dental caries situation in children with complete deciduous teeth, both genders, with lower and middle lower social-economic level from an urban area in Medellín. Materials and Methods: A randomly selected sample of 447children between 2 and 4 years old was calculated; the sample was taken from the Susalud database, with 95% reliability, power of 80% and an error of 5%. A clinical test was performed by 3 calibrated examiners according to the International Dental Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)(Kappa 0.73 – 0.85). A WHO periodontal probe (11.5) was used for caries detection. Results: Treated and untreated dental caries prevalence of children was 74.7% with a specific mean of 9.7 ± 9.3 (SD), affected surfaces, prevalence of children having surfaces affected by non- treated dental decay was 74.9% while the dmf-s mean was 7.6 ± 7.7 (SD). 73.4% of children had at least one non-cavitated affected surface. Dental caries prevalence at “La Playa” Dental Clinic (70.2%) was higher than the“Itagúi” Dental Clinic (62.8%) with a significant statistical difference (p value = 0.01 chi). The dmf-smean according to Dental Clinic was 0.8 ± 2.7 (SD) in Itagui and 1.5 ± 3.9 at La Playa. Conclusions: The use of diagnostic systems that include non-cavited lesions is very important, the high percentage of decay at this age indicates the early presence of this illness, thus the importance of an early diagnosisand at the same time the implementation of specific treatment and prevention.

Prevalencia y severidad de caries dental en niños institucionalizados de 2 a 5 años / Prevalence and severity of dental caries present in institutionalized children aged 2 to 5

Se identificó la prevalencia y severidad de la caries dental, según edad y sexo, en niños institucionalizados de 2 a 5 años. Se utilizó el método descriptivo y observacional de corte transversal, donde el universo de trabajo estuvo representado por 150 niños matriculados en el Círculo Infantil Amiguitos de la Electrónica del municipio Marianao de la Ciudad de La Habana, durante el curso escolar 2005-2006. La prevalencia y severidad de la caries dental aumentó proporcionalmente con la edad, y afectó indistintamente ambos sexos. La proporción de niños sin antecedentes de caries dental fue de un 72,0 por ciento, con un índice de caries de 0,7. Se concluyó que la prevalencia y el grado de severidad de la caries dental en este grupo de edad fueron bajos, pero se demostró que guarda estrecha relación con la edad(AU)

Aim of present paper is to identify the prevalence and the severity of dental caries by age and sex in institutionalized children aged from 2 to 5 using the cross-sectional observational and descriptive method where the study universe included the children registered in Amiguitos de la Electrónica Nursery from Marianao municipality of Ciudad de la Habana during the school course 2005-2006. Prevalence and severity of dental caries increased according age and affected indiscriminately to both sexes. Children ratio without backgrounds of dental caries was of 72,0 percent with a caries rate of 0,7. We conclude that caries prevalence and severity degree in this age group was low, but there was a close relation with age(AU)

Prevalencia y severidad de caries dental en niños institucionalizados de 2 a 5 años / Prevalence and severity of dental caries present in institutionalized children aged 2 to 5

Se identificó la prevalencia y severidad de la caries dental, según edad y sexo, en niños institucionalizados de 2 a 5 años. Se utilizó el método descriptivo y observacional de corte transversal, donde el universo de trabajo estuvo representado por 150 niños matriculados en el Círculo Infantil Amiguitos de la Electrónica del municipio Marianao de la Ciudad de La Habana, durante el curso escolar 2005-2006. La prevalencia y severidad de la caries dental aumentó proporcionalmente con la edad, y afectó indistintamente ambos sexos. La proporción de niños sin antecedentes de caries dental fue de un 72,0 por ciento, con un índice de caries de 0,7. Se concluyó que la prevalencia y el grado de severidad de la caries dental en este grupo de edad fueron bajos, pero se demostró que guarda estrecha relación con la edad(AU)

Aim of present paper is to identify the prevalence and the severity of dental caries by age and sex in institutionalized children aged from 2 to 5 using the cross-sectional observational and descriptive method where the study universe included the children registered in Amiguitos de la Electrónica Nursery from Marianao municipality of Ciudad de la Habana during the school course 2005-2006. Prevalence and severity of dental caries increased according age and affected indiscriminately to both sexes. Children ratio without backgrounds of dental caries was of 72,0 percent with a caries rate of 0,7. We conclude that caries prevalence and severity degree in this age group was low, but there was a close relation with age(AU)