Topical Transdermal Administration of Supramolecular Self-Assembled Carnosine for Anti-Melanin and Anti-Aging.

The structure of natural proteins has inspired the hypothesis that L-carnosine (LC), acetyl carnosine (AC), and decarboxy carnosine (DC) self-assemble into highly bioactive carnosine with supramolecular structures. These structures are proposed to combat skin pigmentation and aging through the coordination of weak interactions between molecules. Simulations are conducted to ascertain the precise free energies of the potential supramolecular structures and to identify the equilibrium structure. The mechanism of transdermal action of supramolecular carnosine is investigated through experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrate that supramolecular carnosine exhibits a more pronounced reactivity with the skin than LC, primarily due to the interaction of AC and DC with the lipid matrix, which reduces interfacial resistance. The anti-photoaging and anti-glycation cell models demonstrate that supramolecular carnosine upregulates the expression of the Nrf2 protein, activates the antioxidant defense system of melanocytes, inhibits the expression of the receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), and reduces the level of AGEs in vivo. Moreover, supramolecular carnosine has demonstrated satisfactory whitening efficacy in cells and clinical efficacy tests, thereby underscoring its considerable potential for biomedical and aesthetic applications.

A comprehensive review on physiological and biological activities of carnosine: turning from preclinical facts to potential clinical applications.

Carnosine, a compound with plethora of benefits, was originally discovered in 1900 and is formed by the amide linkage of ß-alanine and L-histidine. Carnosine production is limited by ß-alanine whereas the imidazole ring of histidine moiety makes it a suitable buffer in physiological pH range. It is reported to be found in the skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans. This review focuses on the biological properties of carnosine including pH buffering ability, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-aging effect, enhancement of cognitive function, and immunomodulation. The relevance of carnosine in muscle function attributing to enhancement of physical performance has also been highlighted. Studies spanning several years have proved the preclinical effectiveness of carnosine in treating diverse pathological diseases. A complete summary of all key activities of carnosine from in vivo investigations and clinical trials has been compiled. Considering its numerous advantages, carnosine may be a promising option for the development of a nutraceutical.

Oral Supplementation of L-Carnosine Attenuates Acute-Stress-Induced Corticosterone Release and Mitigates Anxiety in CD157 Knockout Mice.

Corticosterone, an end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is a crucial stress hormone. A dysregulated HPA axis and corticosterone release play pivotal roles in the onset and persistence of symptoms of stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety. The intake of nutrients, probiotics, and prebiotic supplements decreases blood corticosterone levels. The dipeptide L-carnosine is composed of beta-alanine and L-histidine and is commercially available as a nutritional supplement for recovery from fatigue. L-carnosine is involved in stress-induced corticosterone responses and anxiety behaviors in rodents. Here, we assessed the effect of L-carnosine in CD157 knockout (KO) mice, a murine model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The uptake of L-carnosine suppressed the increase in plasma corticosterone levels in response to acute stress and attenuated anxiety-like behaviors in CD157 KO mice. These results suggest that L-carnosine supplementation may relieve anxiety by suppressing excessive stress responses in individuals with ASD.

Supplementation with carnosine, a food-derived bioactive dipeptide, alleviates dexamethasone-induced oxidative stress and bone impairment via the NRF2 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Carnosine, a natural bioactive dipeptide derived from meat muscle, possesses strong antioxidant properties. Dexamethasone, widely employed for treating various inflammatory diseases, raises concerns regarding its detrimental effects on bone health. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of carnosine against dexamethasone-induced oxidative stress and bone impairment, along with its underlying mechanisms, utilizing chick embryos and a zebrafish model in vivo, as well as MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that carnosine effectively mitigated bone injury in dexamethasone-exposed chick embryos, accompanied by reduced oxidative stress. Further investigation demonstrated that carnosine alleviated impaired osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells and zebrafish by suppressing the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Moreover, mechanistic studies elucidated that carnosine promoted the expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), thereby facilitating the transcription of its downstream antioxidant response elements, including heme oxyense-1 (HO-1), glutamate cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM), and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) to counteract dexamethasone-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study underscores the potential therapeutic efficacy of carnosine in mitigating oxidative stress and bone damage induced by dexamethasone exposure, shedding light on its underlying mechanism of action by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cyclic homodimer formation by singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation of carnosine.

Although carnosine (ß-Ala-L-His) is one of physiological protectants against in vivo damages caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), its reactivity against singlet oxygen (1O2), an ROS, is still unclear at the molecular level. Theoretically, the reaction consists of two steps: i) oxygenation of the His side chain to form an electrophilic endoperoxide and ii) nucleophilic addition to the endoperoxide. In this study, the end product of 1O2-mediated carnosine oxidation was evaluated using 2D-NMR and other analytical methods both in the presence and absence of external nucleophiles. Interestingly, as the end product without external nucleophile, a cyclic homodimer was confirmed under our particular conditions. The reaction was also replicated in pork specimens.

Reconfigurable Optical Sensor for Metal-Ion-Mediated Label-Free Recognition of Different Biomolecular Targets.

Reconfiguration of chemical sensors, intended as the capacity of the sensor to adapt to novel operational scenarios, e.g., new target analytes, is potentially game changing and would enable rapid and cost-effective reaction to dynamic changes occurring at healthcare, environmental, and industrial levels. Yet, it is still a challenge, and rare examples of sensor reconfiguration have been reported to date. Here, we report on a reconfigurable label-free optical sensor leveraging the versatile immobilization of metal ions through a chelating agent on a nanostructured porous silica (PSiO2) optical transducer for the detection of different biomolecules. First, we show the reversible grafting of different metal ions on the PSiO2 surface, namely, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+, which can mediate the interaction with different biomolecules and be switched under mild conditions. Then, we demonstrate reconfiguration of the sensor at two levels: 1) switching of the metal ions on the PSiO2 surface from Cu2+ to Zn2+ and testing the ability of Cu2+-functionalized and Zn2+-reconfigured devices for the sensing of the dipeptide carnosine (CAR), leveraging the well-known chelating ability of CAR toward divalent metal ions; and 2) reconfiguration of the Cu2+-functionalized PSiO2 sensor for a different target analyte, namely, the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP), switching Cu2+ with Fe3+ ions to exploit the interaction with ATP through phosphate groups. The Cu2+-functionalized and Zn2+-reconfigured sensors show effective sensing performance in CAR detection, also evaluated in tissue samples from murine brain, and so does the Fe3+-reconfigured sensor toward ATP, thus demonstrating effective reconfiguration of the sensor with the proposed surface chemistry.

Effect of precursor amino acids for carnosine synthesis on breast fiber microstructures and myofiber differentiation-related gene expression in slow-growing chicken.

Objective: : The effects of carnosine synthesis on the structural and microstructural determinants of meat quality have not been studied to date. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with carnosine synthesis precursors on the characteristics and microstructure of breast muscle fibers in slow-growing Korat chickens (KR). Methods: : Slow-growing KR were fed a non-supplemented commercial diet (control group) or a commercial diet supplemented with 1.0% ß-alanine, 0.5% L-histidine, or a combination of both 1.0% ß-alanine and 0.5% L-histidine. At 10 weeks, KR were slaughtered, and the breast muscle was collected. Samples were fixed and extracted to study the microstructure, fat level, and porosity of the meat using X-ray and scanning electron microscopy, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the expression of genes related to myofiber differentiation. Results: : L-histidine supplementation significantly altered myofiber diameter and muscle fiber density and compactness by regulating muscle fiber-type differentiation via carnosine synthase (CARNS1) and myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) expression, as well as myogenic differentiation antigen (MyoD) and myogenic regulatory factor 5 (Myf5) expression. While excess L-histidine potentially stimulated CARNS1 to modify muscle fiber arrangement and tenderness in breast meat, dietary ß-alanine supplementation alone or in combination with L-histidine supplementation induced a relatively less remarkable but not significant (p<0.05) effect on the breast meat characteristics studied. Conclusion: : Interestingly, the combination of ß-alanine and L-histidine supplementation had no effect on meat microstructure, meat porosity, and fat content in comparison with the control group. Thus, this combination had the best selectivity for improving meat quality. However, further studies are required to clarify the effects of carnosine levels on meat processing.

The impact of carnosine on biological ageing - A geroscience approach.

Biological ageing involves a gradual decline in physiological function and resilience, marked by molecular, cellular, and systemic changes across organ systems. Geroscience, an interdisciplinary field, studies these mechanisms and their role in age-related diseases. Genomic instability, inflammation, telomere attrition, and other indicators contribute to conditions like cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Geroscience identifies geroprotectors, such as resveratrol and metformin, targeting ageing pathways to extend the healthspan. Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide (b-alanine and l-histidine), has emerged as a potential geroprotector with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycating properties. Carnosine's benefits extend to muscle function, exercise performance, and cognitive health, making it a promising therapeutic intervention for healthy ageing and oxidative stress-related pathologies. In this review, we summarize the evidence describing carnosine's effects in promoting healthy ageing, providing new insights into improving geroscience.

Targeted colorectal cancer treatment: In vitro anti-cancer effects of carnosine nanoparticles supported by agar and magnetic iron oxide.

The usage of peptides in the colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment promises to be a new anti-cancer therapy with improved treatment efficacy. Carnosine, a natural dipeptide molecule, has been demonstrated to be a potential anti-cancer drug. Nonetheless, it shows an exhibition of high-water solubility and is quickly degraded by carnosinase. Meanwhile, agar and magnetic iron oxide are the most used materials for drug delivery due to some of their advantages such as the low cost and the larger biocompatibility feature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer ability of agar-encapsulated carnosine nanoparticles (AgCa-NPs) and agar-encapsulated carnosine nanoparticles-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (AgCaN-MNPs) in human CRC cells, HCT-116. We evaluated the effects of AgCa-NPs and AgCaN-MNPs with a variety of concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 40, or 50 mM) on HCT-116 cells after 72 h and 96 h by using MTT assay and observation cell morphology. We then analyzed the cell cycle progression and assessed the expression changes of genes related to apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and angiogenesis after treatment for 96 h. The results showed that AgCa-NPs and AgCaN-MNPs in vitro study decreased HCT-116 cells viability. This effect was attributed to arrest of cell cycle, induction of programmed cell death, and suppression of angiogenesis by AgCa-NPs and AgCaN-MNPs. These findings revealed the antitumor efficacy of AgCa-NPs or AgCaN-MNPs for CRC treatment.

Revealing the global mechanism related to carnosine synthesis in the pectoralis major of slow-growing Korat chickens using a proteomic approach.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find global mechanisms related to carnosine synthesis in slow-growing Korat chickens (KRC) using a proteomic approach. METHODS: M. pectoralis major samples were collected from 10-week-old female KRC including low-carnosine (LC, 2,756.6±82.88 µg/g; n = 5) and high-carnosine (HC, 4,212.5 ±82.88 µg/g; n = 5). RESULTS: We identified 152 common proteins, and 8 of these proteins showed differential expression between the LC and HC groups (p<0.05). Heat shock 70 kDa protein 8, Heat shock 70 kDa protein 2, protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 6, and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 29 were significantly involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum pathway (false discovery rate<0.05), suggesting that the pathway is related to differential carnosine concentration in the M. pectoralis major of KRC. A high concentration of carnosine in the meat is mainly involved in low abundances of Titin isoform Ch12 and Connectin and high abundances of M-protein to maintain homeostasis during muscle contraction. These consequences improve meat characteristics, which were confirmed by the principal component analysis. CONCLUSION: Carnosine synthesis may occur when muscle cells need to recover homeostasis after being interfered with carnosine synthesis precursors, leading to improved muscle function. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe in detail the global molecular mechanisms in divergent carnosine contents in meat based on the proteomic approach.

Carnosine and Retinol Synergistically Inhibit UVB-Induced PGE2 Synthesis in Human Keratinocytes through the Up-Regulation of Hyaluronan Synthase 2.

Skin aging results from complex interactions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, leading to structural and biochemical changes such as wrinkles and dryness. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to the degradation of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the skin, and the with fragmented HA contributes to inflammation. This study revealed that the synergistic combination of carnosine and retinol (ROL) increases HA production in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) by upregulating hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene transcription. Simultaneously, the combined treatment of carnosine and ROL significantly attenuates UVB-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in NHEKs. A significant correlation exists between the increase of HA synthesis and the inhibition of PGE2 production. This study suggested that combined treatment of carnosine and ROL can improve skin aging phenotypes associated with UVB irradiation.

A cocktail of histidine, carnosine, cysteine and serine reduces adiposity and improves metabolic health and adipose tissue immunometabolic function in ovariectomized rats.

Many women have sought alternative therapies to address menopause. Recently, a multi-ingredient supplement (MIS) containing L-histidine, L-carnosine, L-serine, and L-cysteine has been shown to be effective at ameliorating hepatic steatosis (HS) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, a postmenopausal oestrogen deficiency model. Considering that HS frequently accompanies obesity, which often occurs during menopause, we aimed to investigate the effects of this MIS for 8 weeks in OVX rats. Twenty OVX rats were orally supplemented with either MIS (OVX-MIS) or vehicle (OVX). Ten OVX rats received vehicle orally along with subcutaneous injections of 17ß-oestradiol (OVX-E2), whereas 10 rats underwent a sham operation and received oral and injected vehicles (control group). MIS consumption partly counteracted the fat mass accretion observed in OVX animals, leading to decreased total fat mass, adiposity index and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RWAT) adipocyte hypertrophy. OVX-MIS rats also displayed increased lean mass and lean/fat ratio, suggesting a healthier body composition, similar to the results reported for OVX-E2 animals. MIS consumption decreased the circulating levels of the proinflammatory marker CRP, the total cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, a biomarker of diabetes risk and metabolic syndrome. RWAT transcriptomics indicated that MIS favourably regulated genes involved in adipocyte structure and morphology, cell fate determination and differentiation, glucose/insulin homeostasis, inflammation, response to stress and oxidative phosphorylation, which may be mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects described for OVX-MIS rats. Our results pave the way for using this MIS formulation to improve the body composition and immunometabolic health of menopausal women.

Evaluation of supplementary carnosine accumulation and distribution: an initial analysis of participants in the Nucleophilic Defense Against PM Toxicity (NEAT) clinical trial.

Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide that buffers intracellular pH and quenches toxic products of lipid peroxidation. Used as a dietary supplement, it also supports exercise endurance. However, the accumulation and distribution of carnosine after supplementation has not been rigorously evaluated. To do this, we randomized a cohort to receive daily supplements of either placebo or carnosine (2 g/day). Blood and urine samples were collected twice over the subsequent 12 week supplementation period and we measured levels of red blood cell (RBC) carnosine, urinary carnosine, and urinary carnosine-propanol and carnosine-propanal conjugates by LC/MS-MS. We found that, when compared with placebo, supplementation with carnosine for 6 or 12 weeks led to an approximate twofold increase in RBC carnosine, while levels of urinary carnosine increased nearly sevenfold. Although there were no changes in the urinary levels of carnosine propanol, carnosine propanal increased nearly twofold. RBC carnosine levels were positively associated with urinary carnosine and carnosine propanal levels. No adverse reactions were reported by those in the carnosine or placebo arms, nor did carnosine supplementation have any effect on kidney, liver, and cardiac function or blood electrolytes. In conclusion, irrespective of age, sex, or BMI, oral carnosine supplementation in humans leads to its increase in RBC and urine, as well as an increase in urinary carnosine-propanal. RBC carnosine may be a readily accessible pool to estimate carnosine levels. Clinical trial registration: This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Nucleophilic Defense Against PM Toxicity (NEAT Trial)-Full Text View-ClinicalTrials.gov), under the registration: NCT03314987.

Jejunal transcriptomic profiling of carnosine synthesis precursor-related genes and pathways in slow-growing Korat chicken.

Carnosine is a physiologically important molecule in normal human body functions. Chicken meat is an excellent source of carnosine; especially slow-growing Korat chicken (KR) females have a high carnosine content in their meat. The carnosine content of chicken meat can be increased by dietary supplementation of ß-alanine (ßA) and L-histidine (L-His). Our objective was to reveal the pathways and genes through jejunal transcriptomic profiling related to ßA and L-His absorption and transportation. We collected whole jejunum samples from 5 control and 5 experimental KR chicken, fed with 1% ßA and 0.5% L-His supplementation. A total of 407 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05, log2 fold change ≥2) were identified, 272 of which were down-regulated and 135 up-regulated in the group with dietary supplementation compared to the control group. Based on the integrated analysis of the protein-protein interaction network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway maps, 87 gene ontology terms were identified and 6 KEGG pathways were significantly (P < 0.05) enriched in the jejunum. The analyses revealed 6 key genes, KCND3, OPRM1, CCK, GCG, TRH, and GABBR2, that are related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and the calcium signaling pathway. These findings give insight regarding the molecular mechanism related to carnosine precursor absorption and transportation in the jejunum and help to identify useful molecular markers for improving the carnosine content in slow-growing KR chicken meat.

Carbon dots fluorescence can be used to distinguish isobaric peptide and to monitor protein oligomerization dynamics.

Carbon dots (CD) are widely investigated particles with interesting fluorescent properties which are reported to be used for various purposes, as they are biocompatible, resistant to photobleaching and with tuneable properties depending on the specific CD surface chemistry. In this work, we report on the possibility to use opportunely designed CD to distinguish among isobaric peptides almost undistinguishable by mass spectrometry, as well as to monitor protein aggregation phenomena. Particularly, cell-penetrating peptides containing the carnosine moiety at different positions in the peptide chain produce sequence specific fluorescent signals. Analogously, different insulin oligomerization states can also be distinguished by the newly proposed experimental approach. The latter is here described in details and can be potentially applied to any kind of peptide or protein.

ß-Alanine supplementation improves fractional anisotropy scores in the hippocampus and amygdala in 60-80-year-old men and women.

Recently, ß-alanine (BA) supplementation was shown to improve cognitive function in older adults with decreased cognitive function. Mechanisms supporting these improvements have not been well defined. This study examined the effects of 10-weeks of BA supplementation on changes in circulating brain inflammatory markers, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and brain morphology. Twenty participants were initially randomized into BA (2.4 g·d-1) or placebo (PL) groups. At each testing session, participants provided a resting blood sample and completed the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test and magnetic resonance imaging, which included diffusion tensor imaging to assess brain tissue integrity. Only participants that scored at or below normal for the MoCA assessment were analyzed (6 BA and 4 PL). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine Δ (POST-PRE) differences between the groups. No differences in Δ scores were noted in any blood marker (BDNF, CRP, TNF-α and GFAP). Changes in fractional anisotropy scores were significantly greater for BA than PL in the right hippocampus (p = 0.033) and the left amygdala (p = 0.05). No other differences were noted. The results provide a potential mechanism of how BA supplementation may improve cognitive function as reflected by improved tissue integrity within the hippocampus and amygdala.

Effects of ß-Alanine Supplementation on Subjects Performing High-Intensity Functional Training.

BACKGROUND: ß-alanine, a non-essential amino acid found in the diet and produced through nucleotide catabolism, is significant for muscle performance due to its role in carnosine synthesis. This study aims to assess the impact of a 4-week ß-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in individuals engaging in High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and its subsequent effect on sports performance, distinguishing between central fatigue from the CNS and peripheral fatigue from the muscular system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study (a randomized controlled trial) comprised a total of 27 subjects, who were divided into two groups. Group A (the control group) was administered sucrose powder, while Group B (the experimental group) was given ß-alanine powder. The subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. This study lasted four weeks, during which both groups participated in high-intensity interval training (HIFT) on the first day to induce fatigue and work close to their VO2 max. RESULTS: Statistically significant changes were in the sports performance variables, specifically vertical jump and jumping power (p = 0.027). These changes were observed only in the group that had been supplemented with ß-alanine. Nevertheless, no alterations were observed in any other variables, including fatigue, metabolic intensity of exercise, or perceived intensity (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A four-week ß-alanine intake program demonstrated an improvement in the capacity of subjects, as evidenced by enhanced vertical jump and power performance. Nevertheless, it does result in discernible alterations in performance.

Carnosine supplementation in cryopreservation solution improved frozen-thawed bovine embryo viability.

Cryopreservation adversely affects embryo quality and viability in vitro.We investigated the effects of cryopreservation solutions supplemented with the antioxidant carnosine on frozen-thawed bovine embryo viability. Bovine blastocysts were produced in vitro and cryopreserved using slow freezing. The rates of re-expanded and hatched blastocysts in the 50 µg/ml carnosine-supplemented group at 4, 24, and 48 h after thawing were higher than those in the control (P< 0.05) group. In frozen-thawed embryos, cryopreservation solution supplemented with carnosine (50 µg/ml) significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production(P < 0.05), decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (P< 0.05), and increased the mRNA expression of BCL2 (P< 0.05), an apoptosis suppressor gene. The expression of translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20), which is involved in protein mitochondrial transport, in the carnosine (50 µg/ml)-treated embryos was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). ATP production in frozen-thawed embryos in the 50 µg/ml carnosine-supplemented group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P< 0.05), however no significant difference in the total number of cells per embryo among the groups was observed. These results suggest that supplementing the cryopreservation solution with carnosine can improve the viability of frozen-thawed bovine embryos by reducing oxidative damage.

Effect of carnosine on nitrosamine formation in gastric-simulated aqueous and lipid environments.

BACKGROUND: Nitrite salts are frequently utilized as meat additives to improve the quality and safety of processed meat products. However, these salts are associated with the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Given its potential regulating effect on the formation of intermediate molecules, such as nitric oxide, it is hypothesized that carnosine, a meat constituent possessing antioxidant activity and other multiple health benefits, could dampen the formation of nitrosamines. The current study therefore assessed the effect of carnosine on nitrosamine formation in both a monophasic aqueous system and a biphasic water-lipid system simulating a gastric environment. RESULTS: In the monophasic system, relatively high levels of carnosine were required to significantly reduce the formation of different species of nitrosamine compared with the control (no carnosine). While higher levels of some nitrosamines were generated in both phases of the biphasic system, low carnosine concentrations significantly suppressed nitrosamine formation in the aqueous phase, while in the lipid phase, intermediate levels of carnosine were required. At higher carnosine levels, further reduction in nitrosamines was observed in the lipid phase. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the capacity of carnosine to reduce nitrosamine formation in aqueous and lipid environments and suggests the potential of dietary carnosine to lower the risks associated with the consumption of processed meat products. © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.