Pressão arterial central e risco cardiovascular / Central blood pressure and cardiovascular risk

Pressão Central, como o nome indica, é uma medida hemodinâmica semelhante a pressão arterial convencional porém avaliada de forma indireta por equipamento especifico, que avalia estes parâmetros na saída do sangue na raiz da aorta. Esta medida tem uma maior confiabilidade pois prediz de forma mais acurada os riscos de adoecimento e morte cardiovascular. Isto ocorre, pois a a onda de pulso (OP) ao percorrer os trajetos arteriais sofrem ampliações e importantes modificações no seu contorno deformando o valor original. Embora seja mais precisa em valores, ainda não é usado de rotina na pratica clinica por razoes de custos dos seus equipamentos e provavelmente por exigir habilidades maiores que as medidas captadas pelo equipamentos de mensuração periférica

Central pressure, as the name implies, is a hemodynamic measure similar to conventional blood pressure, but indirectly assessed by specific equipment, which evaluates these parameters at the blood outlet at the root of the aorta. This measure has greater confidence because it more accurately predicts the risks of cardiovascular disease and death. This occurs because the pulse wave (OP) when traversing the arterial paths provides enlargements and modifications in its contour, deforming the original value. Although it is more precise in terms of values, it is not yet routinely used in clinical practice for reasons of the cost of its equipment and probably because it requires greater needs than measures captured by peripheral measurement equipment

Central Blood Pressure Waves Assessment: A Validation Study of Non-invasive Aortic Pressure Measurement in Human Beings.

INTRODUCTION: Measurement of central (aortic) systolic blood pressure has been shown to provide reliable information to evaluate target organ damage. However, non-invasive central blood pressure measurement procedures are still under analysis. AIM: To compare human pressure waveforms invasively obtained in the aorta, with the corresponding waveforms non-invasively recorded using an oscillometric device (Mobil-O-Graph). METHODS: In this research were included 20 subjects in which invasive percutaneous coronary interventions were performed. They were 10 males (68 ± 12 y. o. , BMI: 27.4 ± 4.6 kg/m2) and 10 females (77 ± 8 y. o. , BMI: 28.5 ± 5.3 kg/m2). During the invasive aortic pressure recording, a synchronized non-invasive Mobil-O-Graph acquisition beat by beat and reconstructed central pressure wave was performed. Both, invasive and non-invasive pressure waves were digitized and stored for subsequent analysis and calculations. A computerized interpolation procedure was developed in our laboratory to compare these pressure waves. RESULTS: A significant correlation between Mobil-O-Graph central blood pressure measurements and the corresponding invasive values was found in males (r < 0.81; p < 0.01) and females (r < 0.93; p < 0.01). However, in both genders, the slope of the regression lines was lesser than 1 (males: y = 0.7354x + 18.998; females: y = 0.9835x + 2.8432). In the whole population (n = 20), a significant correlation between Mobil-O-Graph central blood pressure measurements and the corresponding invasive values was found (r < 0.89; p < 0.01) and the regression line was lesser than 1 (y = 0.9774x + 1.7603). CONCLUSIONS: In this research, a high correlation between invasive central blood pressure values and those measured with the Mobil-O-Graph device was found in males, females and the whole population. However, a sub estimation of Mobil-O-Graph central blood pressure values was observed.

Quantitative Vascular Evaluation: From Laboratory Experiments to Point-of-Care Patient (Clinical Approach).

To enhance the efficiency of patient-specific risk stratification and diagnosis, an assessment of arterial structural and functional changes associated to a vascular disease in both early and advanced stages have been proposed, with the objective of limiting the progression or revert vascular alterations. In this connection, an interdisciplinary international partnership made up by research institutions from France, Argentina, Uruguay and Spain was established, with the objective of contributing to the evaluation and follow-up of factors involved in the physiopathology of cardiometabolic diseases and human aging. Several studies, such as the effect of hypertension in large arteries, alterations in arterial wall viscosity, stiffness and inertia, endothelial function and vascular reactivity, cardiovascular risk improvement, vascular age assessment and cryografts vascular response evaluation were carried out as a result of this international collaboration during the last twenty-five years.

Hipertensión arterial, mecánica arterial y otras lides / Hypertension, Arterial Mechanics and Other Issues

La hipertensión arterial incide sobre las paredes de las arterias alterando su funcionalidad. La aplicación del conocimiento de los principios de la mecánica arterial posibilita diagnósticos más adecuados con mejores indicaciones terapéuticas para los pacientes. Los grandes ensayos clínicos y de indicaciones terapéuticas generaron la llamada medicina basada en la evidencia. Han significado un enorme avance en el conocimiento de la historia natural de las enfermedades y permitieron establecer las mejores opciones terapéuticas, pero el paciente que se presenta ante el médico asistencial tiene condiciones personales, geográficas, sociales, culturales y emocionales que en la mayoría de los casos difieren de las de los seleccionados en los ensayos y requieren variantes dentro de los tratamientos resultantes de dichos estudios. Las guías de indicaciones terapéuticas fueron diseñadas de acuerdo con los resultados de los estudios de medicina basada en la evidencia y son de gran utilidad para reducir los errores de quienes no son expertos en el tema. Pero el médico especializado debe considerar al paciente en particular que tiene frente a sí y utilizar los conocimientos que le brindaron no sólo la medicina basada en la evidencia, sino añadir el que surge de su experiencia personal y de otras formas de evaluación para que, fundamentada su resolución, pueda salirse de las prácticas aconsejadas en las guías en bien de su paciente. Brevemente, implicaría virar de la medicina basada sólo en evidencia a la medicina personalizada basada en evidencia.

Hypertension alters arterial wall function. The application of knowledge of the principles of arterial mechanics allows making more adequate diagnoses with better indications about how to treat patients. The development of large clinical and treatment trials produced the so-called evidence based medicine. These studies have represented a significant advance in the knowledge of the natural history of diseases and allowed establishing the best therapeutic options. However, the patient seeking medical advice has personal, geographical, cultural and emotional conditions that, in most cases, differ from those of the patients selected in the trials, and require a variant of the therapeutic approaches used in those trials. Treatment guidelines were designed on the basis of the results of evidence based medicine and are useful to reduce mistakes made by those who are not experts in the topic. The specialist should consider the particular patient he/she is facing using the knowledge provided not only by evidence based medicine but also by his/her personal experience and other ways of evaluation. In this way, the specialist can justify why he/she does not follow the recommendations suggested by the guidelines for his/her patient's benefit. Briefly, this would mean moving from only evidence-based medicine to personalized evidence-based medicine.