Chemical and Biological Prospection of Marine Sponges Belonging to the Class Demospongiae: A Review.

Marine sponges belonging to the class Demospongiae have shown to be promising sources of bioactive compounds. This review aimed to compile studies on the biological activities and chemical components of sponge species from this class, highlighting the structure/activity relationship. Data collection was conducted using the Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases, employing the following descriptors: antimicrobial marine sponges, antioxidant marine sponges, and biological activity of marine sponges. The inclusion criteria were: (1) publications from the year 2022 onwards; (2) written in English or Portuguese; and (3) that evaluated biological activities. Exclusion criteria included: (1) duplicate studies; (2) studies that were not within the scope; and (3) studies that did not evaluate biological activities. As a result of this survey, it was possible to isolate and identify 262 compounds from different metabolic classes, with terpenes, lipids, and alkaloids being highlighted. The extracts, fractions, and isolates were investigated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. The sponges demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential and cytotoxic potential against various cancer cell lines. Based on data analysis, it is concluded that the studied compounds show promise for the development of drugs for microorganism control and cancer treatment, acting through different mechanisms of action.

Exploring differences in the physicochemical and nutritional properties of mango flours and starches.

Mangoes contain several components that are beneficial for health, in addition to being potential sources of starch for the food industry. However, a substantial amount of fruit is lost in the field because it does not meet commercial standards, resulting in food losses and environmental damage. Herein, the physicochemical properties of mango flours and starches obtained from different parts of the fruit of two cultivars were evaluated. Mango peel flours have higher levels of proteins, fibers, minerals, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity than pulp flours, in addition to a higher yellowing index and water and oil-holding capacity, and can be used as a functional flour. The pulp flours, with the higher starch content, showed characteristics that make them valuable as a potential ingredient in soft baking and gluten-free products. Mango starches have circular and oval shapes, with a bimodal distribution. All starches showed an A-type crystallinity pattern. Pulp starches showed a higher peak viscosity and breakdown, with a lower setback, and can be used as a thickening or gelling agent. The higher thermal stability of kernel starch suggests its application in sauces, baking, dairy products, and canned foods.

Determinação do rendimento, teor e composição química de óleo essencial de espécie medicinal aloysia gratíssima (gillies & hook.) tronc. em diferentes horários do dia / Determination of yield, content and chemical composition of essential oil of medicinal plant aloysia gratissima (gillies & hook.) tronc. at different times of the day / Determinación del rendimiento, contenido y composición química del aceite esencial de la especie medicinal aloysia gratíssima (gillies & hook.) tronc. en distintos momentos del día

A Aloysia gratíssima, popularmente conhecida como alfazema-do-brasil é uma importante planta medicinal, sendo o óleo essencial rico em terpenos. Determinar o horário de colheita que resulte em maior rendimento, teor de óleo essencial e compostos químicos, são informações importantes para toda cadeia produtiva de plantas medicinais. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o rendimento, teor e composição química do óleo essencial de A. gratíssima, em diferentes horários de colheita. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Os tratamentos foram diferentes horários de colheita (9:00, 11:00, 15:00 e 17:00 horas) de massa fresca de A. gratíssima. O óleo essencial foi obtido pelo método de hidrodestilação e a composição química determinada por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa. Os melhores resultados de teor (1,18 e 0,55%) e rendimento de óleo essencial (0,71 e 0,33 g planta-1) foram obtidos nos horários de colheita das 9:00 e 11:00 horas, respectivamente, quando as plantas estavam no estádio de floração, e também as condições climáticas favoráveis, como temperaturas amenas. A cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa revelou que os principais componentes dos óleos essenciais foram classificados como terpenos. Eucaliptol (39,30%) foi o componente majoritário do óleo essencial no horário de colheita das 9:00 horas. Os resultados desse estudo podem contribuir para otimizar o período de colheita de A. gratíssima, quanto à quantidade e qualidade dos óleos essenciais para indústria de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos.

Aloysia gratissima, popularly known as Brazilian lavender, is an important medicinal plant, the essential oil being rich in terpenes. Determining the harvest time that results in greater yield, essential oil content and chemical compounds, are important information for the entire production chain of medicinal plants In this sense, the objective of this work was to analyze the yield, content and chemical composition of the essential oil of A. gratíssima, at different harvest times. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, in the years 2018 and 2019. The treatments were different harvest times (9:00 am, 11:00 am, 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm) of fresh mass by A. gratissima. The essential oil was obtained by the hydrodistillation method and the chemical composition determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The best results for essential oil content (1.18 and 0.55%) and yield (0.71 and 0.33 g plant-1) were obtained at 9:00 am and 11:00 am, respectively, when the plants were in the flowering stage, and also favorable climatic conditions, such as mild temperatures. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the main components of essential oils were as terpenes. Eucalyptol (39.30%) was the major component of the essential oil at the 9:00 am harvest time. The results of this study may contribute to optimizing the period of harvesting A. gratissima, regarding the quantity and quality of essential oils for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.

Aloysia gratissima, conocida popularmente como lavanda brasileña, es una importante planta medicinal, siendo el aceite esencial rico en terpenos. Determinar el tiempo de cosecha que resulte en mayor rendimiento, contenido de aceites esenciales y compuestos químicos, son información importante para toda la cadena productiva de las plantas medicinales. En ese sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el rendimiento, contenido y composición química del aceite esencial de A. gratíssima, en diferentes épocas de cosecha. El experimento se realizó en la Universidad Tecnológica Federal de Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, en los años 2018 y 2019. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes tiempos de cosecha (9:00 am, 11:00 am, 3:00 pm y 5:00 pm ) de masa fresca por A. gratissima. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por el método de hidrodestilación y la composición química determinada por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. Los mejores resultados para contenido de aceite esencial (1.18 y 0.55%) y rendimiento (0.71 y 0.33 g planta-1) se obtuvieron a las 9:00 am y 11:00 am, respectivamente, cuando las plantas se encontraban en etapa de floración, y también condiciones climáticas favorables, como temperaturas suaves. La cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas reveló que los principales componentes de los aceites esenciales se clasificaron como terpenos. El eucaliptol (39,30%) fue el componente mayoritario del aceite esencial a las 9:00 a. m. del tiempo de cosecha. Los resultados de este estudio pueden contribuir a optimizar el período de cosecha de A. gratissima, en cuanto a la cantidad y calidad de los aceites esenciales para la industria farmacéutica y cosmética.

Effects of autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus grandis on influence of chemical components and crystallinity index.

Samples of Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus grandis sawdust were autohydrolyzed in aqueous conditions to reach temperatures in the range 110-190°C and reaction times of 0-150min in a minireactor. In each minireactor were used a liquor:wood ratio (10:1 L:kg dry wood), in order to assess the effects of the autohydrolysis severity and the crystalline properties of cellulose. The content of extractives, lignin, holocellulose, cellulose, hemicelluloses and crystallinity index obtained from the solid fraction after autohydrolysis of sawdust were determined. This study demonstrated that the hemicelluloses were extensively removed at 170 and 190°C, whereas cellulose was partly degraded to Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus grandis sawdust. The lignin content decreased, while the extractives content increased. It was defined that during autohydrolysis, had a slight decreased on crystalline structure of cellulose of Eucalyptus urogandis and Eucalyptus grandis.

Analysis of some chemical nutrients in four Brazilian tropical seaweeds / Análise de alguns nutrientes químicos em quatro algas marinhas tropicais brasileiras

Seaweeds have various chemical components with beneficial effects for human use; however, their nutritional values in Brazilian species are not well known. This study aimed to evaluate the content of water, ash, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid in four seaweeds (Hypnea musciformis, Solieria filiformis, Caulerpa cupressoides and C. mexicana). Algal constituents were determined by difference, gravimetric or colorimetric method, being the values expressed as g 100 g-1 dehydrated weight (d.w.). Results revealed that the water (10.7 ± 0.18-15.06 ± 1.14 g 100 g-1 d.w.), ash (7.79 ± 0.87-15.12 ± 0.51 g 100 g-1 d.w), protein (17.12 ± 0.99-20.79 ± 0.58 g 100 g-1 d.w.), lipid (0.33 ± 0.01-3.77 ± 0.13 g 100 g-1 d.w.) and carbohydrate (38.07 ± 0.32-54.24 ± 0.157 g 100 g-1 d.w.) contents varied between the species (p < 0.05). H. musciformis and S. filiformis (Rhodophyta) had highest ash contents (14.14 ± 1.23-15.12 ± 0.51 g 100 g-1 d.w.), whereas lipids were higher for Caulerpa species (Chlorophyta) (1.52 ± 0.17-3.77 ± 0.13 g 100 g-1 d.w.) (p < 0.05). Protein and carbohydrate were the most sources in all the species. Therefore, the studied seaweeds could be a potential source of food ingredients for diets.

As algas marinhas possuem vários componentes químicos com efeitos benéficos para uso humano. Entretanto, não são conhecidos bem seus valores nutricionais em espécies brasileiras. Objetivou-se avaliar os conteúdos de água, cinza, proteína, carboidrato e lipídio em quatro algas marinhas (Hypnea musciformis, Solieria filiformis, Caulerpa cupressoides e C. mexicana). Os constituintes das algas foram determinados por método de diferença, gravimétrico ou colorimétrico, sendo os valores expressos em g 100 g-1 de peso desidratado (p.d.). Os resultados revelaram que os conteúdos de água (10,7 ± 0,18-15,06 ± 1,14 g 100 g-1 p.d.), cinza (7,79 ± 0,87-15,12 ± 0,51 g 100 g-1 p.d.), proteína (17,12 ± 0,99-20,79 ± 0,58 g 100 g-1 p.d.), lipídio (0,33 ± 0,01-3,77 ± 0,13 g 100 g-1 p.d.) e carboidrato (38,07 ± 0,32-54,24 ± 0,157 g 100 g-1 p.d.) variaram entre as espécies (p < 0,05). H. musciformis e S. filiformis (Rhodophyta) tiveram os maiores conteúdos de cinza (14,14 ± 1,23-15,12 ± 0,51 g 100 g-1 p.d.), enquanto as espécies Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) foram para lipídio (1,52 ± 0,17-3,77 ± 0,13 g 100 g-1 p.d.) (p < 0,05). Todas as espécies foram fontes maiores em proteína e carboidrato. Portanto, as algas marinhas estudadas poderiam ser uma fonte de ingrediente alimentar potencial para dietas.

Analysis of some chemical nutrients in four Brazilian tropical seaweeds / Análise de alguns nutrientes químicos em quatro algas marinhas tropicais brasileiras

Seaweeds have various chemical components with beneficial effects for human use; however, their nutritional values in Brazilian species are not well known. This study aimed to evaluate the content of water, ash, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid in four seaweeds (Hypnea musciformis, Solieria filiformis, Caulerpa cupressoides and C. mexicana). Algal constituents were determined by difference, gravimetric or colorimetric method, being the values expressed as g 100 g-1 dehydrated weight (d.w.). Results revealed that the water (10.7 ± 0.18-15.06 ± 1.14 g 100 g-1 d.w.), ash (7.79 ± 0.87-15.12 ± 0.51 g 100 g-1 d.w), protein (17.12 ± 0.99-20.79 ± 0.58 g 100 g-1 d.w.), lipid (0.33 ± 0.01-3.77 ± 0.13 g 100 g-1 d.w.) and carbohydrate (38.07 ± 0.32-54.24 ± 0.157 g 100 g-1 d.w.) contents varied between the species (p 0.05). H. musciformis and S. filiformis (Rhodophyta) had highest ash contents (14.14 ± 1.23-15.12 ± 0.51 g 100 g-1 d.w.), whereas lipids were higher for Caulerpa species (Chlorophyta) (1.52 ± 0.17-3.77 ± 0.13 g 100 g-1 d.w.) (p 0.05). Protein and carbohydrate were the most sources in all the species. Therefore, the studied seaweeds could be a potential source of food ingredients for diets.(AU)

As algas marinhas possuem vários componentes químicos com efeitos benéficos para uso humano. Entretanto, não são conhecidos bem seus valores nutricionais em espécies brasileiras. Objetivou-se avaliar os conteúdos de água, cinza, proteína, carboidrato e lipídio em quatro algas marinhas (Hypnea musciformis, Solieria filiformis, Caulerpa cupressoides e C. mexicana). Os constituintes das algas foram determinados por método de diferença, gravimétrico ou colorimétrico, sendo os valores expressos em g 100 g-1 de peso desidratado (p.d.). Os resultados revelaram que os conteúdos de água (10,7 ± 0,18-15,06 ± 1,14 g 100 g-1 p.d.), cinza (7,79 ± 0,87- 15,12 ± 0,51 g 100 g-1 p.d.), proteína (17,12 ± 0,99-20,79 ± 0,58 g 100 g-1 p.d.), lipídio (0,33 ± 0,01-3,77 ± 0,13 g 100 g-1 p.d.) e carboidrato (38,07 ± 0,32-54,24 ± 0,157 g 100 g-1 p.d.) variaram entre as espécies (p 0,05). H. musciformis e S. filiformis (Rhodophyta) tiveram os maiores conteúdos de cinza (14,14 ± 1,23-15,12 ± 0,51 g 100 g-1 p.d.), enquanto as espécies Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) foram para lipídio (1,52 ± 0,17-3,77 ± 0,13 g 100 g-1 p.d.) (p 0,05). Todas as espécies foram fontes maiores em proteína e carboidrato. Portanto, as algas marinhas estudadas poderiam ser uma fonte de ingrediente alimentar potencial para dietas.(AU)