Irregular breakfast eating in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with greater social jetlag and poorer metabolic health.

Circadian disruption, arising from conflict between internal circadian time and behavioural sleep-wake and fasting-feeding rhythms, may contribute to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and disease severity. Previous studies have demonstrated a link between irregular breakfast eating and poorer metabolic health. We aimed to further explore the relationships between breakfast habits, circadian misalignment (social jetlag), and metabolic parameters in a cohort of adult participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 330 adult participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending for routine clinical review completed structured questionnaires to assess habitual sleep timing, chronotype, and social jetlag. Statistical analysis was via inferential groupwise approaches and path analysis to establish interdependencies of effects of social jetlag, chronotype, and breakfast eating regularity on HbA1c. 22.7% of the participants reported eating breakfast five times or fewer a week, and were categorised as irregular breakfast eaters. Compared with those who ate breakfast six or seven times a week, irregular breakfast eaters had significantly higher HbA1c and diastolic blood pressure, were younger and had greater social jetlag. In the path analysis, irregular breakfast eating exerted a direct effect on HbA1c, whilst social jetlag exerted only an indirect effect on HbA1c through breakfast eating regularity. Chronotype did not exert any effect on HbA1c, but did exert an indirect effect on breakfast eating regularity via social jetlag. Our results showed that adult participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who ate breakfast irregularly had poorer metabolic health and greater social jetlag. The relationship between social jetlag and glycaemic control appears to be mediated through breakfast eating habits.

Anthropogenic noise and light pollution decrease the repeatability of activity patterns and dampen expression of chronotypes in a free-living songbird.

Anthropogenic environmental change is introducing a suite of novel disturbance factors, which can have wide-ranging effects on mean behavior and behavioral repeatability. For example, exposure to sensory pollutants, such as anthropogenic noise and artificial light at night (ALAN), may affect consistent and repeatable individual-level timing of daily activity, which is referred to as chronotypes. Although chronotypes have been increasingly documented in wild animal populations and may affect fitness, evidence for long-term stability across life-history stages and seasons is notably lacking. Furthermore, how multiple anthropogenic stressors may interact to erode or magnify the expression of chronotypes remains unclear. We tested for existence of chronotypes across life-history stages and seasons in suburban female great tits (Parus major), using emergence time from nest boxes in the morning as a proxy for activity onset. We then examined joint effects of noise pollution and ALAN on expression of chronotypes, and tested for effects of noise, ALAN, and weather conditions on mean emergence time. We found repeatability of daily activity patterns (emergence times) across life-history stages and seasons, providing evidence of chronotypes, as well as interactive effects of anthropogenic disturbance factors and weather conditions on population mean behavior. Furthermore, across-season repeatability of emergence times was approximately double in magnitude in low light and low noise conditions, relative to in conditions with higher light and/or noise pollution. Thus, joint exposure to these sensory pollutants tends to erode expression of chronotypes. This effect was driven by higher among-individual variance in the relatively undisturbed environment and collapse of this variance in the more disturbed environments. Decreased repeatability in environments with high disturbance levels may reduce potential for behavioral traits, such as chronotype, to be the target of selection and limit adaptability.

The relationship between chronotype and mental toughness in adolescents: Is resilience a mediator?

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to examine the mediator role of resilience in the relationship between chronotype and mental toughness in adolescents. METHODS: The descriptive correlational study was completed with 342 high school students from one school in Türkiye (mean age 17.25±1.11 years). Data were collected with the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children, Child and Youth Resilience Measure, and Mental Toughness Scale for Adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses with PROCESS Model 4 were used to evaluate the mediator effect. RESULTS: It was observed that the morning chronotype tendency increased resilience (p < 0.001) mental toughness (p < 0.001). Higher resilience led to increased mental toughness. When the mediation effect was examined, resilience was a full mediator in the relationship between chronotype characteristics and mental toughness (ß=0.396; p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: According to these results, a morning chronotype tendency in adolescents increases their resilience and, therefore, mental toughness. These results suggest that effective methods for enhancing mental toughness in adolescents should be multifaceted. Additionally, it highlights the importance of identifying and regulating chronotype tendencies among adolescents, while also emphasizing the need to increase resilience in this demographic.

Efficacy of digital brief behavioural treatment for insomnia using a smartphone application in conjunction with light therapy in university students with insomnia symptoms with late chronotypes: A pilot randomized-controlled trial.

The efficacy of digital brief behavioural treatment for insomnia using a smartphone application in conjunction with light therapy was investigated in university students who had insomnia symptoms with late chronotypes. In this two-arm parallel randomized-controlled trial, participants with insomnia symptoms and late chronotypes were recruited between October and November 2023. The duration of the intervention program was 4 weeks. The smartphone application provides digital brief behavioural treatment for insomnia, including programs for advanced phases. The intervention group used blue-light-emitting diode glasses in the morning after waking up for 2-4 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in the Insomnia Severity Index during the study period. The Insomnia Severity Index was obtained weekly using a web questionnaire. Of the 28 students, 14 each were assigned to the intervention and control groups. The mean Insomnia Severity Index scores at baseline were 12.2 and 12.5; after 4 weeks, they declined to 7.2 and 10.6 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Primary analysis using a linear mixed model showed a significant improvement in the temporal trends of the Insomnia Severity Index in the intervention group (p < 0.001). The scores on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (p = 0.008) and RU-SATED (p = 0.005) significantly improved in the intervention group relative to the control group following the intervention. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the digital brief behavioural treatment for insomnia with light therapy in participants with both insomnia symptoms and late chronotypes.

Sleep problems in preschool mediate the association between chronotype and socioemotional problems at school-age.

OBJECTIVES: Evening-chronotype is associated with increased socioemotional problems among school-aged children. Inadequate sleep and increased sleep problems are also prevalent among evening-chronotype children and may underlie the relationship between chronotype and socioemotional problems. However, it is unclear whether the association between chronotype and socioemotional problems at school-age may be mediated by poorer sleep during late preschool. METHODS: Our study utilized cross-sectional data to examine the relations between chronotype, sleep duration, sleep problems and socioemotional problems in preschoolers. We subsequently performed longitudinal mediation analyses to examine how the association between chronotype at preschool-age and later socioemotional problems at school-age may be mediated by sleep problems and sleep duration during late preschool. 399 children from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort study were included for analyses. Children's chronotype were identified with the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire at 4.5 years old. Sleep duration and problems were measured with the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire at 4.5 and 6 years old. Socioemotional problems were evaluated using the Child Behavioral Checklist at 4 and 7 years of age. All questionnaires were caregiver-reported. RESULTS: Linear regressions demonstrated that eveningness was associated with concurrent sleep problems and internalizing, externalizing and total behavioral problems at 4-4.5 years old, but not sleep duration. Mediation analyses supported that sleep problems (and not sleep duration) at 6 years old mediated the relationship between chronotype and socioemotional problems at 7 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest addressing sleep problems during early development may reduce socioemotional problems at school-age, especially among evening-chronotype children.

Assessment of BDNF and sialic acid levels in children with ADHD: Relation of chronotypes.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the biomarkers and their relations with sleep in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is important for understanding the impairments in cognitive functioning. In this study, we aimed to investigate the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and sialic acid (Sia) levels, and their possible relations with chronotypes in ADHD. METHODS: The study included 100 drug-naive children with ADHD and 74 healthy children as controls. Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-R) scores were used for the severity assessment. Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was used to determine the chronotypes of participants. ELISA kits were used for the assessment of BDNF and Sia plasma levels. RESULTS: Levels of BDNF and Sia were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group compared to healthy children (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). BDNF and Sia levels were found to be higher in the ADHD group with eveningness chronotype (p = 0.045, p = 0.038). The binary logistic regression model was statistically significant (p = 0.033), higher BDNF and Sia levels were assessed as predictive factors for the diagnosis of ADHD. Also, eveningness chronotype was found as a predictive factor of BDNF and Sia levels in ADHD. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that BDNF and Sia levels, which are related to cognitive functions and sleep, increase with the age of ADHD. Eveningness chronotype, connected with the severity of ADHD, is related to BDNF and Sia levels. There is a need for further studies to confirm these results.

Determination of chronotype at preschoolers: psychometric properties of the Turkish adaptation of the Morningness/Eveningness Scale (Parent Report Form).

The aim of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish adaptation of the Morningness/Eveningness Scale (M/E Scale-Parent Report Form) family evaluation form for preschool children. The study sample consisted of 276 parents with children aged 4-6 years. The study calculated Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient and corrected item-total correlations of the scale. It also determined the scale's distinctiveness, stability analyses, and convergent validity. The Turkish version of the M/E Scale (Parent Report Form), consisting of 10 items, is unidimensional. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was 0.80 and the corrected item-total correlation values varied between 0.51 and 0.76. There was a positive correlation at the level of 0.75 between the applications of the scale with two-week intervals and at the level of 0.63 between the single-item chronotype scale within the scope of convergent validity and the M/E Scale (Parent Report Form). This study determined a low correlation between the child's chronotype and the father's chronotype, and a moderate correlation with the mother's chronotype. The Turkish M/E Scale (Parent Report Form) was found to be valid and reliable. This scale is a short and easy-to-use measurement tool for determining the chronotypes of 4-6-year-old children.

Sleep quality and glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes during the seasonal daylight saving time shifts.

AIM: There is a bidirectional relationship between glucose control and sleep quality and timing in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of the study was to investigate the sleep quality and the glucose metrics in people with T1D at the seasonal clock adjustment. METHODS: This observational study retrospectively compared the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) derived metrics and sleep quality observed before (Time 0) and after (Time 1) transition in autumn and before (Time 2) and after (Time 3) transition in spring. We included adults with T1D, treated with CGM systems, who completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. The main outcome measure was the change in glucose monitoring indicator (GMI), time in range (TIR), time above range (TAR) and time below range. RESULTS: Sixty-two participants showed no changes in sleep quality at time transitions. GMI values increased during both time transitions and the percentage of TIR decreased from Time 0 to Time 1 and from Time 2 to Time 3. The percentage of level 2 TAR increased during the observation. CONCLUSIONS: At similar level of sleep quality, adults with T1D underwent the worsening of most of CGM-derived glucose control metrics during the transition time.

The relationship between chronotype and treatment time of day on post-treatment depression symptom severity for depressed patients receiving cognitive behavioural therapy.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a serious public health problem that affects a quarter billion individuals worldwide. Consequently, there is a need to identify modifiable factors of services that support treatment success. The relationship between circadian preferences (i.e., chronotype), treatment time of day, and outcomes is an understudied research area. Executing optimal treatment timing based on these factors could lead to substantial returns on a modifiable variable. METHOD: The present study evaluated the associations between chronotype and treatment time of day on post-treatment depression symptom severity. In a tertiary setting, outpatients with MDD (n = 227) received 14 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy in a group format, at one of three time of days: morning, afternoon, or evening. Participants completed measures of depression and chronotype at baseline and post-treatment. RESULT: Statistically significant increases in morningness were found for the afternoon and evening groups, but not the morning group. There was no significant interaction effect between pre-treatment morningness-eveningness scores and treatment time of day on post-treatment depression scores nor treatment response. However, there was a significant interaction effect of change in morningness-eveningness scores and post-treatment depression severity in the afternoon group. LIMITATIONS: The lack of a control group limits conclusions drawn. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that individual circadian phase may impact treatment outcomes in relation to time of day. Further intentionally designed research is warranted to improve understanding of predictors, moderators, and mediators of patient outcomes based on treatment time of day and circadian phase and amplitude.

A prospective examination of sleep chronotype and future suicide intent among adults in the United Kingdom: A test of the integrated motivational volitional model of suicide.

OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND: Prior research identified a connection between evening chronotype and suicidality, but the mechanism underlying that connection is not well understood. The Integrated Motivational Volitional (IMV) Model of Suicide may provide a theoretical explanation for this link. The current project includes a three-time point longitudinal survey to examine whether 1) suicide intent likelihood varies across time, 2) chronotype affects suicide intent likelihood prospectively, and 3) defeat and entrapment explain the association between chronotype and suicide intent likelihood. PATIENTS/METHODS: Participants (n = 187 UK adults) completed a baseline survey (demographics, chronotype (morning-eveningness; MEQ), defeat and entrapment, and perceived intent to make a future suicide attempt), and follow-up surveys (MEQ and suicide intent likelihood) 3 and 6 months later. RESULTS: Results indicated that suicidal intent at 6-month follow-up was lower than baseline or 3-month follow-up. It was also found that strong evening chronotype at baseline is associated with increased suicidal intent 6 months later, and that defeat mediates this relationship. CONCLUSION: Our theoretically informed findings shed light on the psychological mechanisms linking chronotype (i.e., eveningness) and future suicide intent by highlighting the role of defeat and entrapment. We propose that feelings of defeat might be derived from evening types' experiences of social jetlag (resulting from conflict between biologically driven sleep schedules and externally dictated social schedules), which consequently drives entrapment and greater future suicide intent. Within this context, defeat and entrapment may be good transdiagnostic and modifiable target variables for future intervention development.

Are Sleep Parameters and Chronotype Associated with Eating Disorder Risk? A Cross-Sectional Study of University Students in Spain.

Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) have emerged as a growing public health concern. However, the role of sleep in this context remains underexplored. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the associations between sleep parameters and chronotype with ED risk in a sample of university students in Spain. Methods: ED risk was assessed via the Sick, Control, One stone, Fat, Food Questionnaire, and sleep quality was assessed via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Other sleep parameters and chronotypes were self-reported. Sociodemographic, body composition, lifestyle, and depressive symptom data were collected. Logistic and linear regression models adjusted for the main confounders were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the study associations. Results: A total of 403 students (70.2% female) aged 18 to 30 years participated in the study. Those reporting poor sleep quality (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.08-3.17, p = 0.025) and ≤6 h of night-time sleep duration (OR = 4.14, 95% CI 2.00-8.57, p < 0.01) were more likely to be at risk of EDs in the adjusted analyses. The association between night-time sleep duration and the risk of ED did not remain significant when we adjusted for sleep quality. In addition, an evening chronotype was associated with an increased risk of EDs (OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.07-2.66, p = 0.039) only before adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: Among university students, poorer sleep quality was cross-sectionally associated with EDs. Future prospective studies are needed to examine whether promoting sleep quality may serve as an effective strategy for preventing the risk of EDs.

Chronotype and lifestyle in the transition to adulthood: Exploring the role of sleep health and circadian misalignment.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed at exploring the association between eveningness and lifestyle-related variables, that is, body mass index, alcohol, and cigarette consumption, in adults (18-40years), focusing on the possible moderator effect of age and the role of sleep disturbances and circadian misalignment (social jetlag). METHODS: A web-based survey was administered to 437 participants, covering demographics, lifestyle-related variables, chronotype, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. A subset of 206 participants wore a wrist actigraph for a week, allowing the creation of a sleep health index within the RU-SATED framework. Regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between chronotype and lifestyle-related outcomes, accounting for social jetlag and sleep health; and to explore the lifestyle trajectories over time. RESULTS: Evening chronotypes showed higher body mass index levels, consumed more alcohol, and smoked more cigarettes than other circadian typologies, in particular after 25 years of age. Poor sleep health and social jetlag significantly contribute to explaining evening types smoking behavior, while not affecting body mass index levels. Social jetlag plays a more important role compared to sleep disturbances and eveningness in predicting more detrimental drinking and smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Participants who maintain the evening trait past the age of 25years are more prone to adopt an unhealthy lifestyle, especially if experiencing poor sleep health and circadian misalignment. Circadian preferences and sleep health should be considered when planning interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles in adults aged 18-40years. Further investigations should explore the effect of modifications in lifestyle in the prevention of noncommunicable diseases.

Chronotype Differences and Symptom Network Dynamics of Post-Pandemic Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Background: Social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in altered sleep patterns and mental health challenges, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Our objective was to examine the potential difference in insomnia prevalence and sleep patterns in this population between the first COVID-19 lockdown and the post-lockdown period, with a focus on chronotype. Additionally, we explored the network of sleep-related differences between these two periods. Methods: A total of 946 respondents participated in our online questionnaire. We performed mixed ANOVA, Ising network and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) analyses. Results: Respondents reported going to bed earlier, waking up earlier, sleeping less, and feeling less mentally tired than during the lockdown. The severity of insomnia symptoms did not change. The lethargic chronotype reported more insomnia symptoms, depressive feelings, and agitation than others. Mental fatigue was the central symptom in the Ising network and served as the parent node in the DAG. Conclusions: Post-lockdown, adolescents and young adults have shifted to earlier sleep and wake times with reduced overall sleep, and they experience fewer depressive feelings and less agitation, though insomnia symptoms remain unchanged. Participants who reported increased irritability or poorer sleep quality during confinement also reported similar or diminished attentional capacities compared to their usual levels.

Exploring the role of affective temperaments: predicting major depressive disorder in the context of borderline personality disorder.

PURPOSE: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex condition believed to arise from a multifaceted interplay of genetic, environmental, and biological factors. In the pursuit of understanding its etiology, two elements that warrant investigation are borderline personality disorder (BPD) and affective temperaments. We aim to gain deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying this debilitating mental health condition. METHOD: The dataset comprises individuals who sought assistance from psychiatry outpatient clinics for diverse reasons during the period spanning from 2018 to 2022. These individuals underwent SCID-II assessments to diagnose borderline personality disorder (BPD) and also completed the TEMPS-A temperament tests. RESULTS: The mean years of schooling was lower in the MDD group (p = 0.014). Two groups are compared in terms of affective temperament. Depressive (p < 0.0001), cyclothymic (p < 0.0001), anxious (p = 0.001), and irritable (p < 0.0001) temperament scores were statistically higher in the MDD group. Apart from the scale scores, the prevalence of affective temperament was evaluated and the same temperaments (depressive (p < 0.0001), cyclothymic (p < 0.0001), anxious (p = 0.001), and irritable (p < 0.0001)) were found to be significantly higher in the MDD group. Diagnosis of BPD is higher in the MDD group (p = 0.002). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of cyclothymic temperament and marital status may be predictor factors for the development of MDD (p < 0.0001, CI: 0.001-0.121 and p = 0.002, CI: 1.550-7.172, respectively). CONCLUSION: Notably, higher scores in cyclothymic temperament and experiencing loneliness have been identified as significantly associated with MDD. Interestingly, in patients with comorbid BPD-MDD, the presence of cyclothymic temperament appears to be a more critical factor than personality traits. This finding underscores the potential role of cyclothymic temperament in contributing to the co-occurrence of BPD and MDD.

Investigating the interplay of chronotypes, neuropsychiatric dimensions, demographic and clinical characteristics and disability in migraine patients: A cross-sectional assessment.

The study investigated associations between chronotypes (Morning [M], Neither [N], Evening [E]), sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits, years with migraines, sleep quality (PSQI), anxiety (HADS-A), depression (HADS-D), migraine disability (MIDAS), headache frequency, and pain intensity (VAS) in 80 individuals with migraine. Significant age differences emerged (p < 0.001), with M-types being the oldest. BMI also varied, with M-types presenting the highest median BMI (p = 0.005). While migraine duration and headache frequency showed no significant variance, sleep quality did, with E-types reporting the poorest sleep (p = 0.030). Anxiety and depression were significantly worse in E-types (HADS-A: p = 0.002; HADS-D: p = 0.010). Differences in MIDAS levels were notable (p = 0.038); however, differences in MIDAS scores were not significant (p = 0.115). Pain intensity varied, with E-types experiencing the most severe pain (p = 0.009). Post-hoc analysis showed higher MIDAS scores in E-types compared to N-types (χ2 = 6.56, p = 0.038, ε2 = 0.0831). The findings highlight the need for thorough patient evaluations and tailored care, considering the complex interplay of factors affecting migraine severity, particularly among different chronotypes.

Association between cognitive insight and anxiety among community-dwelling schizophrenia patients: the chain mediating effects of family cohesion and chronotype.

Objective: To investigate the effect of cognitive insight on anxiety in community-dwelling schizophrenia patients and to construct a chain mediating model to determine the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between cognitive insight and anxiety through family cohesion and chronotype. Methods: The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, the Chinese version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, the Morningness-Eveningness Scale, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale were used to assess cognitive insight, family cohesion, chronotype, and anxiety in a sample of 785 individuals with schizophrenia living in the community. Spearman correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and Bootstrap methods were employed to analyze the four variables. Results: Residential region, current employment status, and family economic status impacted anxiety among community-dwelling schizophrenia patients. All variables were associated with each other, but self-certainty was not significantly associated with anxiety. Cognitive insight and self-reflection had direct effects on anxiety, as well as indirect effects on anxiety through the partial mediating effect of chronotype, the suppressing effect of family cohesion, and the chain mediating effect of family cohesion and chronotype. Conclusions: Family cohesion and chronotype can mediate the relationship between cognitive insight and anxiety. Improving family functioning, promoting emotional relationships within families, and correcting non-circadian sleep patterns can reduce anxiety in community-dwelling schizophrenia patients, with important implications for improving adverse mental health outcomes.

Influence of chronotype on sleep quality and menstrual regularity in nurses on monthly shift rotations.

OBJECTIVES: This study was to investigate factors that influence the sleep quality and menstrual cycles of female rotating-shift nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 213 female rotating-shift nurses between the ages of 20 and 45 were recruited from a medical center in Taiwan from November 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed with regard to sleep quality or menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Female rotating-shift nurses who perceived a higher level of stress (p < .001), were late chronotypes (p = .020), or were working the night shift (p = .006) were more likely to have poor sleep quality. Late-type nurses working the day shift were more likely to have poor sleep quality than were early- and intermediate-type nurses (p < .001). With regard to menstrual cycles, female rotating-shift nurses who perceived a higher level of stress (p = .008), were working the night shift (p < .001), or had poor sleep quality (p = .001) were more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles. Late-type nurses working the day shift were more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles than were early- and intermediate-type nurses (p = .013). CONCLUSIONS: A higher likelihood of poor sleep quality was found in female rotating-shift nurses when they perceived high levels of stress, and the interactions between chronotype and shift type could influence sleep quality. Shift type and the interactions between chronotype and shift type could also influence menstrual regularity.

The Relationship Between Big Five Personality Traits and Sleep Patterns: A Systematic Review.

Sleep, an intrinsic aspect of human life, is experienced by individuals differently which may be influenced by personality traits and characteristics. Exploring how these traits influence behaviors and sleep routines could be used to inform more personalized and effective interventions to promote better sleep. Our objective was to summarize the existing literature on the relationship between personality traits and sleep patterns through a systematic review. An abstract and keyword search was conducted in PsycINFO, Cochrane and PubMed, collecting relevant literature, published between January 1980 and June 2024. A total of 1713 records were found, of which 18 studies were analyzed in the descriptive synthesis. Relevant studies covered populations in 11 different countries, Australia, China, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, comprising a total of 58,812 subjects. All studies reported an association between a sleep pattern with at least one of the Big Five personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience). Ten studies found associations between personality and sleep quality, all of which reported a link between neuroticism and sleep quality (effect sizes 0.183-0.40). Five studies found an association between conscientiousness and morningness (effect sizes 0.16-0.35). Other sleep patterns linked to personality traits included sleep duration, nightmare frequency and distress, sleep deficiency, sleep continuity, insomnia severity and sleep problems, sleep hygiene, sleep latency and daytime sleepiness. This novel systematic review confirms that sleep and personality traits are related, suggesting that those traits should be considered when trying to understand or change one's sleep behavior.

Association between chronotype, social jetlag, sleep quality, and academic burnout among nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

Academic burnout in nursing students is a serious problem worldwide that results in emotional exhaustion, cynicism and low professional efficacy. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between sleep quality and circadian rhythm indicators and academic burnout among Iranian nursing students. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 325 undergraduate nursing students studying at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences between November and February 2023. Data collection was carried out using self-report questionnaires including demographic characteristics, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), reduced-Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (r-MEQ), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS). Social jetlag (SJL) was defined as the absolute value of the difference between the midpoint of sleep on free days (MSF) and the midpoint of sleep on workdays (MSW). Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear regression models. About 31.4% of participants had evening chronotype and almost half of them suffered from poor sleep quality. About 47.7% of the participants had SJL ≥ 2 h. In the multivariate linear regression model, students with evening chronotype compared to morning chronotype experienced more academic burnout in emotional exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy. PSQI score was only correlated with emotional exhaustion and cynicism subscales. Increased SJL was a predictor on all three subscales of academic burnout. The findings suggested that evening chronotype, poor sleep quality, and high SJL were associated with increased likelihood of academic burnout in nursing students. Assessment of circadian preference and sleep quality is beneficial for timely identification and prevention of academic burnout in nursing students.

Index assessment of periodontal status in patients on the background of administering a drug with circadian activity.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of application of drug with circadian activity (pioglitazone) for treatment of patients with periodontist. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: Group I - 18 individuals with healthy periodontium. Group II - 12 participants with stage II, grade B periodontitis treated with a standard treatment protocol. Group III - 12 participants with stage II, grade B periodontitis, treated with a regimen that included the standard protocol along with the administration of pioglitazone prescribed at recommended times of intake. Group IV - 12 participants with stage II, grade B periodontitis treated with the standard protocol and pioglitazone against the recommended intake hours. RESULTS: Results: The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in Group I was 0.406±0.034. In Group II, it was 2.5±0.06. In Group III, the hygiene index was 2.633±0.056 and in Group IV it was 2.5±0.059. The Papillary-Marginal-Alveolar Index in Group I was 0.033±0.004. In Group II, it was 0.366±0.011. For Group III, the PMA index was 0.38±0.012 and for Group IV it was 0.378±0.01. The Russell's Periodontal Index in Group I was 0.111±0.008. In Group II, it was 4.668±0.155. For Group III - 4.708±0.132 and for Group IV it was 4.575±0.089. The Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) in Group I was 0.031±0.003, while in Group II, it was 0.266±0.009, in Group III, it was 0.273±0.007 and in Group IV it was 0.278±0.006. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The administration of pioglitazone (the drug with circadian activity) according to its circadian stage indeed has a positive effect on the periodontal status changes of patients with stage II, grade B periodontitis.