Comparison of HIIT and MICT and further detraining on metabolic syndrome and asprosin signaling pathway in metabolic syndrome model of rats.

Physical activity promotes various metabolic benefits by balancing pro and anti-inflammatory adipokines. Recent studies suggest that asprosin might be involved in progression of metabolic syndrome (MetS), however, the underlying mechanisms have not been understood yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and further detraining on MetS indices, insulin resistance, serum and the liver levels of asprosin, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in menopause-induced MetS model of rats. A total of 64 Wistar rats were used in this study and divided into eight groups: Sham1, OVX1 (ovariectomized), Sham2, OVX2, OVX + HIIT, OVX + MICT, OVX + HIIT + Det (detraining), and OVX + MICT + Det. Animals performed the protocols, and then serum concentrations of asprosin, TNF-α, insulin, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles (TC, LDL, TG, and HDL) were assessed. Additionally, the liver expression of asprosin, AMPK, and P-AMPK was measured by western blotting. Both HIIT and MICT caused a significant decrease in weight, waist circumference, BMI (P = 0.001), and serum levels of glucose, insulin, asprosin (P = 0.001), triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and TNF-α (P = 0.001), but an increase in the liver AMPK, P-AMPK, and P-AMPK/AMPK (P = 0.001), compared with OVX2 noexercised group. MICT was superior to HIIT in reducing serum asprosin, TNF-a, TG, LDL (P = 0.001), insulin, fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, and QUEKI index (P = 0.001), but an increase in the liver AMPK, and p-AMPK (P = 0.001). Although after two months of de-training almost all indices returned to the pre exercise values (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that MICT effectively alleviates MetS induced by menopause, at least partly through the activation of liver signaling of P-AMPK and the reduction of asprosin and TNF-α. These results have practical implications for the development of exercise interventions targeting MetS in menopausal individuals, emphasizing the potential benefits of MICT in mitigating MetS-related complications.

Mitochondria-associated membranes contribution to exercise-mediated alleviation of hepatic insulin resistance: Contrasting high-intensity interval training with moderate-intensity continuous training in a high-fat diet mouse model.

OBJECTIVE: Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) serve pivotal functions in hepatic insulin resistance (IR). Our aim was to explore the potential role of MAMs in mitigating hepatic IR through exercise and to compare the effects of different intensities of exercise on hepatic MAMs formation in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD and randomly assigned to undergo supervised high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). IR was evaluated using the serum triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), glucose tolerance test (GTT), and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Hepatic steatosis was observed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and oil red O staining. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (PI3K-AKT-GSK3ß) signaling pathway was assessed to determine hepatic IR. MAMs were evaluated through immunofluorescence (colocalization of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 [VDAC1] and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor [IP3R]). RESULTS: After 8 weeks on an HFD, there was notable inhibition of the hepatic PI3K/Akt/GSK3ß signaling pathway, accompanied by a marked reduction in hepatic IP3R-VDAC1 colocalization levels. Both 8-week HIIT and MICT significantly enhanced the hepatic PI3K/Akt/GSK3ß signaling and colocalization levels of IP3R-VDAC1 in HFD mice, with MICT exhibiting a stronger effect on hepatic MAMs formation. Furthermore, the colocalization of hepatic IP3R-VDAC1 positively correlated with the expression levels of phosphorylation of protein kinase B (p-AKT) and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (p-GSK3ß), while displaying a negative correlation with serum triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: The reduction in hepatic MAMs formation induced by HFD correlates with the development of hepatic IR. Both HIIT and MICT effectively bolster hepatic MAMs formation in HFD mice, with MICT demonstrating superior efficacy. Thus, MAMs might wield a pivotal role in exercise-induced alleviation of hepatic IR.

When Studying Affective Responses to Exercise, the Definition of "Intensity" Must Reference Homeostatic Perturbations: A Retort to Vollaard et al.

In articles on the methodology of studies investigating affective and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval training, we noted that, occasionally, exercise conditions described as involving "high" intensity exhibited heart rates that were only as high as, or even lower than, heart rates recorded during comparator conditions described as being of "moderate" intensity. Drs. Vollaard, Metcalfe, Kinghorn, Jung, and Little suggest instead that exercise intensity in high-intensity interval-training studies can be defined in terms of percentages of peak workload. Although we maintain that defining exercise intensity in terms of percentages of maximal heart rate is a suboptimal way to quantify the degree of homeostatic perturbations in response to exercise, we are unconvinced that definitions of intensity relying solely on workload are appropriate for studies investigating affective and enjoyment responses to exercise. The reason is that affect is theorized to have evolved to relay information about homeostatic perturbations to consciousness.

Effects evaluation of different exercises on subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in obese rats by speckle-tracking echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: To identify subclinical left ventricle dysfunction (LVD) in obese rats by speckle-tracking echocardiography, and to evaluate the effects of 12-week Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) or High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on LV geometry, histology and function in obese rats. METHODS: Eighteen male standard or obese Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the Control group, the MICT group, and the HIIT group. Exercise interventions were conducted for 12 weeks, with equal total load and increased intensity gradient. Using dual-energy X-ray, two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography, pulse Doppler, and HE staining to evalucate body shape, LV morphology, structure, and myocardial mechanics function. RESULTS: (1) Both MICT and HIIT have good weight loss shaping effect. (2) The LV of obese rats underwent pathological remodeling, with decreased longitudinal contractility and synchrony, and increased circumferential contractility and synchrony. (3) Exercise can inhibit LV pathological remodeling, improve myocardial mechanical function. HIIT is superior to MICT. (4) The global longitudinal strain of obese rats in the HIIT group showed a significant correlation with Fat% and Lean%. CONCLUSION: Obesity can induce LV pathological remodeling and subclinical dysfunction. Compared with MICT, 12-week HIIT can effectively inhibit the pathological remodeling of LV and promote the benign development of myocardial mechanical function in obese rats.

Formación en seguridad del paciente para el personal administrativo de una Mutua Colaboradora con la Seguridad Social, impacto inmediato y a los seis meses / Training in patient safety for the administrative staff of a Mutual Collaborator with Social Security, immediate impact and after six months

Introducción: El personal administrativo es un colectivo esencial. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto formativo de un curso online básico sobre seguridad del paciente para administrativos. Método: Estudio cuasi experimental antes/después en una población de 170 administrativos/as que prestaban sus servicios en los centros de la Mutua Colaboradora con la Seguridad Social MC Mutual y que realizaron un curso de seguridad del paciente. Se evaluaron los conocimientos adquiridos mediante una prueba al inicio (P1) y al final del curso (P2). Además, se eligió una muestra de conveniencia de 42 administrativos/as para evaluar sus conocimientos mediante entrevista, previos (E1) y posteriores (E2) al curso, y a los 6 meses (E3).Resultados: De los 170 administrativos/as participantes en el curso, 167 (98,2%) completaron la prueba al inicio y final, con puntuaciones medias que incrementaron de 5,7 (P1) a 7,3 (P2) (p<0,05). Aceptaron participar en las entrevistas 22 administrativos/as de una muestra de 42 (52,4%), y se consiguieron las tres entrevistas de 21 (E1), 22 (E2) y 19 (E3) administrativos/as, cuyas puntuaciones medias incrementaron desde 5,9 (E1) a 7,2 (E2) y 7,5 (E3) (p<0,05). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que el curso de formación fue efectivo. La evaluación mediante la entrevista a los seis meses del curso indica un probable efecto a medio-largo plazo. La implicación de los/as profesionales administrativos/as en la atención a los usuarios de la Mutua es clave. La evaluación del impacto de una intervención es esencial para informar sobre su efectividad y orientar su planificación.(AU)

Introduction: Clerical staff are an essential part of the healthcare team, as they provide administrative and organizational support to healthcare institutions. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of a basic one-hour online training course on patient safety for these staff.Method: A quasi-experimental pre/post study carried out in a population of 170 administra-tive staff working in the centers of an Occupational Mutual Insurance Company (MC Mutu-al) who completed the patient safety training. A convenience sample of 22 administrative professionals, who agreed to participate, was chosen from this population, which made it possible to test their knowledge before and after the course, by examination (P1, P2) and interview, immediately after the course and at 6 months (E1, E2, E3).Results: Of the 170 professionals participating in the course, 167 (98.2%) completed the initial test and the post-test, with mean scores increasing from 5.7 (P1) to 7.3 (P2) (p<0.05). A total of 22 out of a sample of 42 (52.4%) agreed to participate in the interviews and all three interviews were completed by 21 (E1), 22 (E2) and 19 (E3) professionals, whose mean scores increased from 5.9 (E1) to 7.2 (E2) and 7.5 (E3) (p<0.05) Conclusions: The results suggest that the training course was effective. The evaluation by interview 6 months after the course indicates a likely medium to long term effect. The involvement of administrative professionals in the company ́s patient care is key. Evaluating the impact of an intervention is essential to inform its effectiveness and guide its plannin.(AU)

High intensity interval training vs. moderate intensity continuous training on aerobic capacity and functional capacity in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Exercise training is commonly employed as a efficacious supplementary treatment for individuals suffering from heart failure, but the optimal exercise regimen is still controversial. The objective of the review was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the exercise capacity, cardiac function, quality of life (QoL) and heart rate among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Methods: A systematic search was performed using the following eight databases from their inception to July 5, 2023: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials, China Knowledge Network, Wan fang Data, and the China Biology Medicine databases. The meta-analysis results were presented as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used for the included studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluations was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Results: Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included in the study. The results showed that HIIT had a significant positive effect on peak oxygen uptake (MD = 1.78, 95% CI for 0.80-2.76), left ventricular ejection fraction (MD = 3.13, 95% CI for 1.25-5.02), six-minute walk test (MD = 28.13, 95% CI for 14.56-41.70), and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MD = -4.45, 95% CI for -6.25 to -2.64) compared to MICT. However, there were no statistically significant differences observed in resting heart rate and peak heart rate. Conclusions: HIIT significantly improves peak oxygen uptake, left ventricular ejection fraction, six-minute walk test, and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Additionally, HIIT exhibits greater effectiveness in improving peak oxygen uptake among patients with lower body mass index. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.7.0100, identifier (INPLASY2023.7.0100).

The impact of sprint interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on blood pressure and cardiorespiratory health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Although aerobic exercise is the primary modality recommended for the treatment of hypertension, it remains unclear whether high-intensity all-out sprint interval training (SIT) can result in greater reductions of blood pressure (BP) and cardiorespiratory health. This systematic review aims to compare the impact of SIT versus Moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on improvements in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) among adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of three online databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) from January 2000 to July 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials that compared the chronic effects of SIT versus MICT on BP in participants with high or normal blood pressure. We extracted information on participant characteristics, exercise protocols, BP outcomes, and intervention settings. Furthermore, the changes in VO2 max between the two groups were analyzed using a meta-analysis. The pooled results were presented as weighted means with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Out of the 1,874 studies initially were found, eight were included in this review, totaling 169 participants. A significant decrease in SBP (MD = -2.82 mmHg, 95% CI [-4.53 to -1.10], p = 0.08, I2 =45%) was observed in the SIT group compared to before the training, but no significant decrease in DBP (MD = -0.75 mmHg, 95% CI [-1.92 to 0.42], p = 0.16, I2 = 33%) was observed. In contrast, both SBP (MD = -3.00 mmHg, 95% CI [-5.31 to -0.69], p = 0.68, I2 = 0%) and DBP (MD = -2.11 mmHg, 95% CI [-3.63 to -0.60], p = 0.72, I2 = 0%) significantly decreased in the MICT group with low heterogeneity. No significant difference was found in resting SBP and DBP between SIT and MICT after the intervention. Both SIT and MICT significantly increased VO2 peak, with SIT resulting in a mean difference (MD) of 1.75 mL/kg/min (95% CI [0.39-3.10], p = 0.02, I2 = 61%), and MICT resulting in a mean difference of 3.10 mL/kg/min (95% CI [1.03-5.18], p = 0.007, I2 = 69%). MICT was more effective in improving VO2 peak (MD = -1.36 mL/kg/min, 95% CI [-2.31 to 0.40], p = 0.56, I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis of duration and single sprint time showed that SIT was more effective in reducing SBP when the duration was ≥8 weeks or when the sprint time was <30 s. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that SIT is an effective intervention in reducing BP and improving cardiorespiratory fitness among adults. Consequently, SIT can be used in combination with traditional MICT to increase the variety, utility, and time efficiency of exercise prescriptions for different populations.

The effect of pentoxifylline and different types of exercise training on coagulation factors in a rat endometriosis model.

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and pentoxifylline (PTX) on coagulation factors, including the amount and percentage of lymphocytes, PLC, PLR, aPTT, PT, PT.I.N. R in a model of rats with endometriosis. Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats with confirmed endometrial implants were divided into control, MICT, pentoxifylline (D), HIIT+D, and MICT+D, HIIT groups. D and exercise interventions were performed for eight weeks. Then, the macroscopic size of endometriosis lesions was measured, and inflammatory factors (count and percentage of lymphocytes) and coagulation factors, including PLC, PLR, aPTT, PT, PT.I.N. R, and PLR in blood samples were evaluated. Results: D significantly decreased the volume of lesions and significantly increased PT and PT.I.N. R in blood. HIIT decreased the volume of lesions and significantly increased PT. MICT did not cause significant effects on the target variables. MICT+D decreased the volume of lesions. HIIT+D significantly decreased the volume of lesions and PLC and increased aPTT as well as the count and percentage of lymphocytes, PT, and PT.I.N. R, and decreased PLR. Conclusions: All interventions(except for MICT) especially HIIT+D and D by priority, induced a significant effect on reducing some indices of inflammation and coagulation.

An explainable machine learning approach for hospital emergency department visits forecasting using continuous training and multi-model regression.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the last years, the Emergency Department (ED) has become an important source of admissions for hospitals. Since late 90s, the number of ED visits has been steadily increasing, and since Covid19 pandemic this trend has been much stronger. Accurate prediction of ED visits, even for moderate forecasting time-horizons, can definitively improve operational efficiency, quality of care, and patient outcomes in hospitals. METHODS: In this paper we propose two different interpretable approaches, based on Machine Learning algorithms, to accurately forecast hospital emergency visits. The proposed approaches involve a first step of data segmentation based on two different criteria, depending on the approach considered: first, a threshold-based strategy is adopted, where data is divided depending on the value of specific predictor variables. In a second approach, a cluster-based ensemble learning is proposed, in such a way that a clustering algorithm is applied to the training dataset, and ML models are then trained for each cluster. RESULTS: The two proposed methodologies have been evaluated in real data from two hospital ED visits datasets in Spain. We have shown that the proposed approaches are able to obtain accurate ED visits forecasting, in short-term and also long-term prediction time-horizons up to one week, improving the efficiency of alternative prediction methods for this problem. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed forecasting approaches have a strong emphasis on providing explainability to the problem. An analysis on which variables govern the problem and are pivotal for obtaining accurate predictions is finally carried out and included in the discussion of the paper.

Intense interval exercise induces greater changes in post-exercise metabolism compared to submaximal exercise in middle-aged adults.

INTRODUCTION: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) consistently elevate post-exercise metabolism compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in young adults (18-25 years), however few studies have investigated this in middle-aged adults. PURPOSE: To assess the effect of exercise intensity on post-exercise metabolism following submaximal, near-maximal, and supramaximal exercise protocols in middle-aged adults. METHODS: 12 participants (8 females; age: 44 ± 10 years; V ˙ O2max: 35.73 ± 9.97 mL·kg-1 min-1) had their oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2) measured during and for 2 h following 4 experimental sessions: (1) no-exercise control (CTRL); (2) MICT exercise (30 min at 65% V ˙ O2max); (3) HIIT exercise (10 × 1 min at 90% maximum heart rate with 1 min rest); and (4) modified-SIT exercise (8 × 15 s "all-out" efforts with 2 min rest). Between session differences for V ˙ O2 and fat oxidation were compared. RESULTS: O2 consumed post-exercise was elevated during the 1st h and 2nd h following HIIT (15.9 ± 2.6, 14.7 ± 2.3 L; P < 0.036, d > 0.98) and modified-SIT exercise (16.9 ± 3.3, 15.30 ± 3.4 L; P < 0.041, d > 0.96) compared to CTRL (13.3 ± 1.9, 12.0 ± 2.5 L) while modified-SIT was also elevated vs HIIT in the 1st h (P < 0.041, d > 0.96). Total post-exercise O2 consumption was elevated following all exercise sessions (MICT: 27.7 ± 4.1, HIIT: 30.6 ± 4.8, SIT: 32.2 ± 6.6 L; P < 0.027, d > 1.03) compared to CTRL (24.9 ± 4.1 L). Modified-SIT exercise increased fat oxidation (0.103 ± 0.019 g min-1) compared to all sessions post-exercise (CTRL: 0.059 ± 0.025, MICT: 0.075 ± 0.022, HIIT: 0.081 ± 0.021 g·min-1; P < 0.007, d > 1.30) and HIIT exercise increased compared to CTRL (P = 0.046, d = 0.87). CONCLUSION: Exercise intensity has an important effect on post-exercise metabolism in middle-aged adults.

The effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on FGF21, irisin, and myostatin in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study investigated the influence of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on irisin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and myostatin (MSTN) among men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Forty-five adult men with T2DM were randomly selected and assigned to receive and perform HIIT (4 × 4 min at 85-95% HRmax with three min of active rest at 50-60% HRmax in between) and MICT (walking/running continuously for 47 min at 60-70% HRmax) three sessions per week for 12 weeks, or to act as a non-exercise control (CON) group. The subjects' blood samples were collected at baseline and 48 hours after the last intervention session. Our research revealed that both interventions resulted in similar decreases in FGF21 and MSTN when compared to the CON (p < .01). However, only the HIIT group showed a significant increase in irisin (p < .01) compared to the CON. Further, improvements in insulin resistance, body composition, and VO2 peak were noted in both intervention groups compared with those of the CON group (p < .01). It seems that while either aerobic exercise strategy could be seen as a therapy for men with T2DM, HIIT had a more advantageous effect on the irisin response.

Intravoxel incoherent motion imaging to assess the acute effects of moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training on thigh muscles.

This study investigated the use of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) to compare skeletal muscle perfusion during and after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) to determine the impact on fat oxidation outcomes. Twenty overweight volunteers were recruited for the study. Each participant received one HIIT intervention and one MICT intervention using a cycling ergometer. Participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan before, immediately after, and 1 and 2 h after each intervention. The IVIM parameters (D, fD*) of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris long head were obtained. Changes in IVIM parameters of these muscles after both exercise interventions were compared using a two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance. In the rectus femoris, the fD* increased immediately after exercise intervention (d = 0.69 × 10-3  mm2 /s, p < 0.0083) and 2 h after exercise intervention (d = 0.64 × 10-3  mm2 /s, p < 0.0083) compared with before exercise. The increase in the fD* in the HIIT group was greater than that in the MICT group (d = 0.32, p = 0.023). In the vastus lateralis, the fD* increased immediately after the exercise intervention (d = 0.53 × 10-3  mm2 /s, p < 0.001) and returned to the pre-exercise level 1 h after exercising. The increase in the fD* in the HIIT group was lower than that in the MICT group (d = -0.21, p = 0.015). For the biceps femoris long head, the fD* was not significantly different between the two exercise interventions before and after exercise. Furthermore, the fD* 60 min after the HIIT intervention correlated with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), whereas fD* immediately after the MICT intervention correlated with VO2max. In summary, IVIM parameters can be used to evaluate differences in muscle perfusion between HIIT and MICT, and show a correlation with VO2max.

Meteorin-like protein elevation post-exercise improved vascular inflammation among coronary artery disease patients by downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome activity.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has become the most common cause of death worldwide. However, the negative effects of CAD are able to be alleviated via exercises, possibly via increased production of meteorin-like protein (Metrnl). In this study, we aim to evaluate the connection between Metrnl production during exercise with lowered CAD risk and severity. METHODS: Two age and gender-matched groups of 60 human patients, one with CAD, and one without were randomly recruited. The CAD group were subjected to continuous training exercises. Mice were exercised by using a treadmill, establishing an animal exercise model. ELISA was used to measure plasma Metrnl and inflammatory factors. To determine the impact of Metrnl on glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption and extracellular acid rates were taken for untreated, palmitic acid (PA)-treated, and PA+Metrnl co-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Western blot was used to measure expression levels for the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome. RESULTS: CAD patients had lower Metrnl levels compared to non-CAD controls. Furthermore, higher Metrnl levels post-exercise were inversely associated with LDL, inflammatory cytokines, and CAD severity, as well as being positively associated with HDL. Metrnl was able to counteract against PA-induced HUVEC glucose metabolic dysfunction via reducing ROS production, which in turn lowered NLRP3 inflammasome expression, thereby serving as the basis behind the inverse correlation between Metrnl and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise was able to increase Metrnl production from skeletal muscle among CAD patients, and subsequently improve patient atherosclerosis via counteracting against endothelial metabolic dysfunction and pro-inflammatory activities.

Effects of Two Different Self-Paced Training Modalities on the Aerobic Fitness Levels, Psychophysiological Responses, and Antioxidant Status in Physically Active Young Adults.

This study aims to investigate the effects of self-paced high-intensity interval training (Sp-HIIT) vs. self-paced moderate-intensity continuous training (Sp-MICT) on aerobic fitness levels, psychophysiological responses, and antioxidant status to assess the relationship between aerobic fitness levels and antioxidant markers. Physically active young adults were randomised into Sp-HIIT and Sp-MICT groups. The intervention consisted of three weekly sessions during an eight-week period. Sp-HIIT consisted of performing two sets of 12-24 × 30 s high-intensity runs ≥ 85% HRmax followed by 30 s rest periods, while Sp-MICT consisted of performing 24-48 min of continuous running at 60-75% HRmax. Pre- and post-intervention testing included a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) assessment during a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT), as well as resting blood samples, which were analysed for oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA)) and activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)). The Sp-HIIT group showed a greater improvement in velocity of 30-15 IFT, VO2max, and MDA responses. Furthermore, the Sp-HIIT group demonstrated higher psychophysiological responses than the Sp-MICT group, except for anger responses. In conclusion, these results suggest that Sp-HIIT has a higher level of beneficial exercise-induced effects in physiological responses with greater perceived exertion in physically active young adults.

Suppressive effects of exercise-conditioned serum on cancer cells: A narrative review of the influence of exercise mode, volume, and intensity.

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the incidence is increasing, highlighting the need for effective strategies to treat this disease. Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer, associated with a lower risk of recurrence and increased survival. Several avenues of research demonstrate reduction in growth, proliferation, and increased apoptosis of cancer cells, including breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, when cultured by serum collected after exercise in vitro (i.e., the cultivation of cancer cell lines in an experimental setting, which simplifies the biological system and provides mechanistic insight into cell responses). The underlying mechanisms of exercise-induced cancer suppressive effects may be attributed to the alteration in circulating factors, such as skeletal muscle-induced cytokines (i.e., myokines) and hormones. However, exercise-induced tumor suppressive effects and detailed information about training interventions are not well investigated, constraining more precise application of exercise medicine within clinical oncology. To date, it remains unclear what role different training modes (i.e., resistance and aerobic training) as well as volume and intensity have on exercise-conditioned serum and its effects on cancer cells. Nevertheless, the available evidence is that a single bout of aerobic training at moderate to vigorous intensity has cancer suppressive effects, while for chronic training interventions, exercise volume appears to be an influential candidate driving cancer inhibitory effects regardless of training mode. Insights for future research investigating training modes, volume and intensity are provided to further our understanding of the effects of exercise-conditioned serum on cancer cells.

Seguimiento a los egresados de la Maestría en Nutrición Humana / Follow-up of the graduates of the Master´s degree in Human Nutrition

Introducción: Diferentes estudios de seguimiento de egresados hablan del valor de obtener información sobre las actividades profesionales que ejercen y determinar el impacto de la formación recibida y la percepción de la misma. Objetivos: Determinar el desempeño de los egresados de la Maestría en Nutrición Humana FCM- UNA de las promociones del 2007 al 2020. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de diseño observacional con enfoque cuantitativo que obtuvo la participación de 83 de los 91 egresados que completaron la encuesta enviada a través del Formulario Google. Resultados: Entre los más resaltantes se tiene que las egresadas entre los encuestados sobresalen las mujeres (90,4 %). El área laboral ejercida; mayor cantidad en el área clínica (61,4 %), consultorio (24,1 %), salud pública en un 6%. El 55,4 % respondió que tuvo más oportunidades laborales; solo el 28,9 % realiza tutoría de tesis. El 79,1 % ha mejorado sus actividades docentes o asistenciales y el 55,4 % ha respondido que no desempeña actividad docente. El 71,1 % ha colaborado en trabajos de investigación siendo magister, en área clínica (47%), en Salud Pública (14,5 %), en área de alimentación, (6%), otros (3.6%); el 64,9 % no ha publicado el trabajo de investigación de la maestría realizada. El 95,2 % no ha hecho aún el Doctorado en Nutrición y al 89,2 % le gustaría hacerlo. Un 87,9 % califica la Maestría de Nutrición Humana FCM-UNA de Excelente o Muy Bueno. Conclusión: Se identifica una mayor cantidad de egresadas mujeres, en cuanto al campo laboral de desempeño, existe una mayor cantidad en el área clínica, más de la mitad de los egresados ha participado en un trabajo de investigación siendo magister en el área clínica, la tesis de maestría no ha sido publicada por la mayoría. Casi el total no ha realizado un Doctorado en Nutrición. Se presenta por primera vez, a nivel nacional, un estudio sobre el desarrollo profesional de los egresados de la Maestría en Nutrición Humana que podría ser útil para futuros trabajos de investigación y toma de decisiones en formación continua.

Introduction: Different graduate follow -up studies speak of the value of obtaining information about the professional activities they exercise and determining the impact of the training received and the perception of the same. Objectives: Determine the performance of graduates of the Master in Human Nutrition FCM One of the promotions from 2007 to 2020. Materials and methods: Descriptive study with observational design and quantitative approach that obtained the participation of 83 of the 91 graduates who completed the survey sent through the Google form. Results: Graduates women (90.4 %). The work area exercised; greater amount in the clinical area (61.4 %), office (24.1 %), public health at 6 %. 55.4 % replied that they had more work chances, only 28.9 % perform thesis tutoring. 79.1 % have improved their teaching or care activities and 55.4 % have responded that they do not perform teaching activity. 71.1%have collaborated in research papers being Master, in clinical area (47%), in public health (14.5%), in food area, (6%), others (3.6%); 64.9 % have not published the research work of the master's degree. 95.2 % have not yet done the doctorate in nutrition and at 89.2 % they would like to do it. 87.9 % describe the mastery of human nutrition FCM an excellent or very good one. Conclusion: A greater number of women graduates is identified, in terms of the performance field, there is a greater amount in the clinical area, more than half of the graduates have participated in a research work being a magister in the clinical area, the work of Master's research has not been published by the majority. Almost the total has not done a doctorate in nutrition. It is presented for the first time, at the national level, a study on the professional development of graduates of the Master in Human Nutrition that could be useful for future research works.

Rates of compliance and adherence to high-intensity interval training: a systematic review and Meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: To determine rates of compliance (i.e., supervised intervention attendance) and adherence (i.e., unsupervised physical activity completion) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) among insufficiently active adults and adults with a medical condition, and determine whether compliance and adherence rates were different between HIIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). METHODS: Articles on adults in a HIIT intervention and who were either insufficiently active or had a medical condition were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched. Article screening and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0 or ROBINS-I. Meta-analyses were conducted to discern differences in compliance and adherence between HIIT vs. MICT. Sensitivity analyses, publication bias, sub-group analyses, and quality appraisal were conducted for each meta-analysis. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-eight unique studies were included (n = 8928 participants). Compliance to HIIT interventions averaged 89.4% (SD:11.8%), while adherence to HIIT averaged 63% (SD: 21.1%). Compliance and adherence to MICT averaged 92.5% (SD:10.6%) and 68.2% (SD:16.2%), respectively. Based on 65 studies included in the meta-analysis, compliance rates were not different between supervised HIIT and MICT interventions [Hedge's g = 0.015 (95%CI: - 0.088-0.118), p = .78]. Results were robust and low risk of publication bias was detected. No differences were detected based on sub-group analyses comparing medical conditions or risk of bias of studies. Quality of the evidence was rated as moderate over concerns in the directness of the evidence. Based on 10 studies, adherence rates were not different between unsupervised HIIT and MICT interventions [Hedge's g = - 0.313 (95%CI: - 0.681-0.056), p = .096]. Sub-group analysis points to differences in adherence rates dependent on the method of outcome measurement. Adherence results should be interpreted with caution due to very low quality of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance to HIIT and MICT was high among insufficiently active adults and adults with a medical condition. Adherence to HIIT and MICT was relatively moderate, although there was high heterogeneity and very low quality of evidence. Further research should take into consideration exercise protocols employed, methods of outcome measurement, and measurement timepoints. REGISTRATION: This review was registered in the PROSPERO database and given the identifier CRD42019103313.

Post-Exercise Protein Intake May Reduce Time in Hypoglycemia Following Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.

Little is known about the role of post-exercise protein intake on post-exercise glycemia. Secondary analyses were conducted to evaluate the role of post-exercise protein intake on post-exercise glycemia using data from an exercise pilot study. Adults with T1D (n = 11), with an average age of 33.0 ± 11.4 years and BMI of 25.1 ± 3.4, participated in isoenergetic sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Participants completed food records on the days of exercise and provided continuous glucose monitoring data throughout the study, from which time in range (TIR, 70-180 mg/dL), time above range (TAR, >180 mg/dL), and time below range (TBR, <70 mg/dL) were calculated from exercise cessation until the following morning. Mixed effects regression models, adjusted for carbohydrate intake, diabetes duration, and lean mass, assessed the relationship between post-exercise protein intake on TIR, TAR, and TBR following exercise. No association was observed between protein intake and TIR, TAR, or TBR (p-values ≥ 0.07); however, a borderline significant reduction of -1.9% (95% CI: -3.9%, 0.0%; p = 0.05) TBR per 20 g protein was observed following MICT in analyses stratified by exercise mode. Increasing post-exercise protein intake may be a promising strategy to mitigate the risk of hypoglycemia following MICT.

Necessidades de formação de uma equipa de cuidados paliativos para a acreditação da idoneidade formativa em enfermagem / Training needs of a palliative care team for accreditation of suitability for training in nursing

Os cuidados paliativos abrangem intervenções no alívio do sofrimento da pessoa em situação paliativa e família. Para que se possam prestar cuidados paliativos de excelência é necessária uma equipa multiprofissional com competências específica e diferenciadas. Assim, os serviços de saúde estão a fazer uma aposta na formação contínua das suas equipas com o objetivo de contribuir para a qualidade desejada, o que traduzirá a sua idoneidade quer da atividade assistencial quer formativa. Partindo destes pressupostos, dando continuidade ao percurso académico, optou-se por realizar o Estágio de Natureza Profissional na Equipa Comunitária de Suporte em Cuidados Paliativos. O objetivo foi desenvolver competências especializadas na área da enfermagem à pessoa em situação paliativa. Durante o estágio, recorreu-se a metodologias ativas, participativas, investigativas, de gestão e formação. No domínio da investigação, desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratório descritivo sobre as necessidades de formação da equipa de saúde de Cuidados Paliativos, com o intuito de contribuir para a elaboração de um projeto de formação em serviço dando resposta a um dos requisitos de acreditação da idoneidade formativa. A recolha de dados realizou-se por meio de um questionário elaborado ad hoc e submetidos a análise estatística. Os principais resultados revelam que mais de metade da equipe de saúde multidisciplinar apresenta formação diferenciada em CP obtida através de cursos pós-graduação e mestrado. Apresenta carências de formação nas áreas de: Precauções Básicas de Controlo de Infeção, Gestão dos Riscos, Emergências Clínicas, Emergências Não Clínicas, e a equipa identifica necessidade de formação sobre Comunicação em Cuidados Paliativos e Apoios Sociais em Cuidados Paliativos, considera importante a formação contínua em serviço, reconhecendo vantagens, tais como atualização e consolidação de conhecimentos e, melhoria dos cuidados prestados além da aquisição. Apesar das dificuldades identificadas nomeadamente falta de tempo/disponibilidade, a falta de recursos humanos, falta de planeamento da formação infere-se a necessidade premente da existência de um projeto de formação contínua em contexto de prática clínica direcionada às reais necessidades enquanto motor de transformação no cuidar. No domínio da prestação de cuidados de enfermagem à pessoa em situação paliativa, foram desenvolvidas competências especializadas, designadamente ao nível da gestão de sintomas, apoio e acompanhamento à família, apoio no processo de luto, comunicação, trabalho em equipa e habilidades de consultadoria. Foram também adquiridas competências no que se refere à formação, à gestão de cuidados. Salienta-se que, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de competências especializadas em cuidados paliativos para a implementação de intervenções de enfermagem adequadas, efetivas e humanas no cuidar da pessoa em situação paliativa e família.

Palliative care encompasses interventions to relieve the suffering of the palliative care patient and family. In order to provide excellent palliative care, a multiprofessional team with specific and differentiated skills is required. Thus, health services are investing in the continuous training of their teams in order to contribute to the desired quality, which will reflect their suitability both in terms of care and training. Based on these assumptions, continuing the academic path, it was decided to carry out the Professional Internship in the Community Support Team in Palliative Care. The objective was to develop specialized skills in the area of nursing to the person in a palliative situation. During the internship, active, participatory, investigative, management and training methodologies were used. In the field of research, a descriptive exploratory study was developed on the training needs of the Palliative Care health team, with the aim of contributing to the elaboration of an in-service training plan in response to one of the requirements for accreditation of training suitability. Data were collected through an ad hoc questionnaire and submitted to statistical analysis. The main results show that more than half of the multidisciplinary health team has differentiated training in PC obtained through postgraduate and master's courses. It presents training deficiencies in the areas of: Basic Infection Control Precautions, Risk Management, Clinical Emergencies, Non-Clinical Emergencies, and the team identifies a need for training on Communication in Palliative Care and Social Supports in Palliative Care, considers continuous in-service training important, recognizing advantages such as updating and consolidating knowledge and, improving the care provided in addition to acquisition. Despite the difficulties identified, namely lack of time/availability, lack of human resources, lack of training planning, there is a pressing need for a continuous training plan in the context of clinical practice directed to real needs as a driver of transformation in care. In the field of providing nursing care to the person in a palliative situation, specialized skills were developed, namely in terms of symptom management, support and accompaniment to the family, support in the grieving process, communication, teamwork and consulting skills. Skills were also acquired in training, care management. It is emphasized that the development of specialized skills in palliative care is essential for the implementation of appropriate, effective and humane nursing interventions in the care of the person in a palliative situation and family.

High-Intensity Interval Training Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders via the Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Gene Signaling Pathway.

Metabolic diseases are growing in prevalence worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases remains ambiguous, the correlation between cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon gene (STING) and metabolic diseases has been identified recently. Exercise is an effective intervention protecting against metabolic diseases, however, the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in this process is unclear, and the effect and mechanism of different exercise intensities on metabolic disorders are still unknown. Thus, we explored the association between exercise to ameliorate HFD-induced metabolic disorders and the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and compared the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Male C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) were fed HFD for 8 weeks to establish a metabolic disease model and were subjected to 8-week MICT or HIIT training. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were used to assess glucose metabolism. Serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were measured to evaluate lipid metabolism. Oil red staining was used to observe the lipid droplets in the gastrocnemius muscle. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum inflammatory factors IL-6 and IFN-ß. The protein expression of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway was detected by the WesTM automatic protein expression analysis system. We reported that HFD induced metabolic disorders with obesity, abnormal glucolipid metabolism, and significant inflammatory responses. Both HIIT and MICT ameliorated the above adverse reactions, but MICT was superior to HIIT in improving glucolipid disorders. Additionally, HIIT significantly increased the expression of STING protein, as well as the phosphorylation of TBKI and the ratio of p-IRF3/IRF3. MICT only increased the expression of STING protein. Our findings suggest that HIIT may alleviate HFD-induced metabolic disorder phenotype through the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. However, the improvement of MICT on metabolic disorder phenotype is less associated with the cGAS-STING pathway, which needs to be further explored.