Psychological distress and coping skills used by individuals in the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Psychological distress, as a key indicator, describes a person's emotional problems and psychological reactions to adapt to the environment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological distress and coping strategies used by individuals during the crisis caused by COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current research is an analytical cross-sectional study that was designed in 2021. The sampling area included the three cities of Lar, Gerash, and Evaz in the south of Fars province in the south of Iran. The study population was the residents of these three cities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The final sample size in the present study was 384 people. Individuals were selected through available sampling. By answering questions from the self-assessment system of COVID-19 disease, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education filled out the necessary information for individual screening and registration of the symptoms of COVID-19 disease. Then, they completed the Coping Methods Questionnaire and the Psychological Distress Questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 40.90 years. One hundred sixty-seven (43.5%) participants were male, and 217 (56.5%) were female. The mean score of problem-oriented coping style was significantly different between the levels of education (P = 0.001). The mean score of problem-solving coping style for the participants suspected of being infected with COVID-19 was 6.18 scores lower than others, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Multiple regression with a forward selection also showed that among the studied variables, age, problem-oriented, and emotion-oriented coping strategies were important variables affecting mental distress. CONCLUSION: People who were not suspected of having COVID-19 symptoms had a higher mean problem-oriented coping score than those who were suspected of having COVID-19. Therefore, early identification of suspects and the implementation of counseling and training programs can be very effective.

Social Support, Coping Strategies, Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function Among People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Path Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the linear associations between social support, coping strategies, depression, anxiety, and cognitive function among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a path-analytic method. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 496 individuals hospitalized due to T2DM. Well-trained investigators conducted face-to-face interviews with the participants using the Social Support Rating Scale, the Chinese version of Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, and the Mini Mental State Examination to measure social support (including objective support, subjective support, and support utilization), coping strategies (including confrontation, avoidance, and acceptance-resignation), depression/anxiety, and cognitive function, respectively. A path analysis was used to elucidate the linear associations between social support, coping strategies, depression, anxiety, and cognitive function. RESULTS: In the final path model with satisfactory model fit, objective support was found to be associated with cognitive function not only directly but also indirectly through confrontation coping and depression, and acceptance-resignation coping and depression/anxiety. Further, subjective support was found to be associated with cognitive function indirectly through depression/anxiety, as well as serially through acceptance-resignation coping and depression/anxiety. Support utilization was found to be associated with cognitive function indirectly through confrontation coping and depression, as well as through acceptance-resignation coping and depression/anxiety. CONCLUSION: Social support, coping strategies, depression, and anxiety were associated with cognitive function among people with T2DM, and these associations were best explained by a serial mediation model from social support, coping strategies, and depression and anxiety to cognitive function.

Inner strength, coping self-efficacy and coping strategy of patients with peritoneal dialysis: A exploratory cross-sectional study.

AIM: The purpose of the study was to investigate and analyse inner strength of patients with peritoneal dialysis, explore the associations among inner strength, coping self-efficacy (CSE) and medial coping modes. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in nephrology departments of two affiliated hospitals of a comprehensive university in China. Convenience sampling was chosen to collect data. METHODS: A total of 191 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis were recruited by convenience sampling in two hospitals. Data involved of sociodemographic and clinical materials, inner strength, CSE and medical coping modes were collected from the patients. IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 was used to process and analyse the data. RESULTS: The averaged score of inner strength was 95.74 (SD = 13.52). The inner strength, CSE and confrontation coping had positive associations with each other. Besides, inner strength and CSE was negatively associated with acceptance-resignation coping strategy, respectively.

High stress during clinical practicum placement is associated with bullying among nursing students: A mixed-method study.

BACKGROUND: Nursing students are often subjected to bullying during their clinical practices, but few study has examined associations of bullying with psychological status among these groups, and how they cope with the bullying. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the experience and psychological status of clinical placement setting bullying among nursing students attending clinical practices, and explore students' coping strategies when bullied. DESIGN: A mixed methods. SETTINGS: Six tertiary hospitals in Northwest China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 687 nursing students completed the questionnaire survey, of which 18 nursing students participated in the qualitative interview. METHODS: A two-phase hybrid study was produced. During first phase, data were collected by using the Bullying Behavior Scale in Nursing Education (BNEQ) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Subsequently, those who have experienced bullying in the workplace were invited to participate in a face-to-face interview (second phase) which focused on exploring students' deeper insights. RESULTS: Of the 687 students involved, 72.19 % had experienced various types of bullying. Of them, 92.11 % experienced implicit violence. Those with higher education levels and from rural were more likely to experience bullying. Students were prone to greater psychological stress when exposed to bullying. "Pretending not to see" (33.16 %), "reporting to superiors" (30.10 %), and "doing nothing" were the most common ways students responded. Four themes were obtained from the qualitative interviews: (a) impaired self-esteem; (b) career rejection; (c) psychological stress; and (d) the decline of humanistic care. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that senior nursing students experience multiple types of bullying during the clinical practices, leading to a high level of psychological stress, which further effect students' professional approval and self-esteem. To prevent such incidents, we need to call on university and hospitals' support to help students successfully cope with bullying.

From Feeling Tough to Mental Growth: Coping with Sexual Bullying During Childhood in Gay and Bisexual Men.

This qualitative study was conducted to understand how gay and bisexual men (GBM) in Taiwan cope with childhood bullying because of their sexual orientation or gender nonconformity. We explored their journey from feeling disturbed to receiving social support, developing coping strategies, and achieving self-growth. Colaizzi's phenomenological approach was used to investigate subject experiences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 GBM who had experienced high-level sexual bullying in childhood. Relevant data were collected to assess their experiences of sexual bullying, their coping strategies, and subjective effects of corresponding adjustments in interpersonal interactions. Subject experiences concentrated on six themes related to sexual bullying and coping strategies: bullying at developmental stages, bullying everywhere, facing bullying alone, various impacts of bullying, overcoming challenges of interpersonal relationships, and building a strong and carefree self. Our findings can provide mental health professionals with key insights into the contexts of sexual bullying and the associated psychological distress in GBM. This study further clarifies the coping responses of these individuals and their psychological growth following such adverse experiences.

Financial toxicity, coping strategies, and quality of life among Chinese patients with hematologic malignancies: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Financial toxicity is used to describe the financial hardship experienced by cancer patients. Financial toxicity may cause negative consequences to patients, whereas little is known in Chinese context. This study aimed to explore the level of financial toxicity, coping strategies, and quality of life among Chinese patients with hematologic malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational study among 274 Chinese patients with hematologic malignancies from November 2021 to August 2022 in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Clinical data were extracted from electronic clinical records. Data on financial toxicity, coping strategies, and quality of life were collected using PRO measures. Chi-square or independent t test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to explore the associated factors of financial toxicity and quality of life, respectively. Effects of financial toxicity on coping strategies were examined using Chi-square. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 50.2 (± 14.6) years. Male participants accounted for 57.3%. About half of the participants reported high financial toxicity. An average median of ¥200,000 on total medical expenditures since the diagnosis was reported. The average median monthly out-of-pocket health expenditure relating to cancer treatment was ¥20,000 (range ¥632-¥172,500) after reimbursement. Reduce daily living expenses (64.9%), borrowing money (55.7%), and choosing cheaper regimens (19.6%) were the commonly used strategies to cope with financial burden. Financial toxicity was negatively associated with quality of life (ß = 0.071, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Financial toxicity was not uncommon in patients with hematological malignancies. Reducing daily living expenses, abandoning treatment sessions, and borrowing money were the strategies commonly adopted by participants to defray cancer costs. Additionally, participants with high level of financial toxicity tended to have worse quality of life. Therefore, actions from healthcare providers, policy-makers, and other stakeholders should be taken to help cancer patients mitigate their financial toxicity.

HIV Stigma, Sexual Identity Stigma and Online Coping Strategy of Gay, Bisexual and Queer People Living with HIV: A Moderated Mediation Study.

INTRODUCTION: Living with HIV/AIDS is more difficult for gay, bisexual, and queer (GBQ) people as they face stigma on both the disease and sexuality, which puts significant stress on coping with stressors, and online platforms have become an alternative coping channel. METHODS: This study investigated the use of online coping strategies in moderating the HIV stigma mediated by sexual identity stigma on mental health in Malaysia. 123 GBQ people living with HIV between the ages of 20 and 39 participated in the study, responding to the HIV Stigma - Short Form Scale, adapted China MSM Stigma Scale, Online Coping Inventory, and DASS-21. RESULT: Results were analyzed using OLS, and logistic regression path modeling showed a statistically significant indirect effect of sexual identity stigma mediating HIV stigma on depressive (ab = 0.1362), anxiety (ab = 0.1259), and stress (ab = 0.1636) levels. Problem-focused online coping strategy was found to moderate the indirect association between HIV stigma and depression levels via sexual identity stigma at low (ß = 0.2110, SE = 0.0741, p<.05) and moderate levels (ß = 0.1168, SE = 0.0465, p<.05). The findings demonstrated the compounding link between HIV and sexual identity stigmas on mental health and how online coping strategies can be used as a helpful coping resource to manage depressive symptoms for this community and mental health practitioners. CONCLUSION: These findings can be beneficial to generate a better understanding of how double stigmas play a role in mental health and the types of online coping strategies adopted to process the stressors for GBQ individuals living with HIV in Malaysia.

Do Cybervictimizations Predict Suicide-Related Behaviors in Adolescents? Mediating Role of the "Escaping" Coping Strategy.

The high prevalence of suicide-related behaviors (SRB) among adolescents is a concerning issue that calls for the identification of explanatory and mediating factors involved. This study examines, by gender: (1) the percentage of adolescents reporting SRB, cyberbullying, and cybersexual harassment; (2) the association between cyberbullying and cybersexual harassment with SRB; (3) the predictive power of cybervictimization in SRB; and (4) the mediating role of Escaping coping strategy between cybervictimization and SRB. One thousand and twenty-seven adolescents (62.5% girls) aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.59, SD = 1.28) participated in the study and completed the Youth Self Report (for SRB), Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (for cybervictimization), and Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences, Spanish (for coping). About 16% of respondents (19% of girls and 8.9% of boys) reported SRB, about 18% reported Cyberbullying (20.8% of girls and 13.0% of boys), and near 23% reported Cybersexual harassment (28.7% of girls and 12.5% of boys). There is a significant association between cybervictimization and SRB, with the presence of cybervictimization increasing the likelihood of SRB by three to four times (especially in boys), and significantly predicting SRB. Escaping coping strategy partially mediates the relationship between cybervictimization and SRB only in girls. The findings that cybervictimization predicts SRB and that Escaping coping mediates this relationship provide insights for the implementation of prevention and intervention policies.

A window into the reality of families living long term with challenging behaviours after a TBI.

Challenging behaviours are a long-term burden for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their families. Families frequently shoulder the responsibility alone, but little is known about the strategies they use to manage these behaviours. This study aimed to 1) identify the coping strategies used by people with TBI living in the community and their family caregivers to manage challenging behaviours; and 2) describe the similarities and differences between strategies used by people with TBI and caregivers. In this qualitative descriptive design, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults with TBI and their caregivers and were inductively analyzed. The sample included 10 dyads and two triads, totalling 12 caregivers (8 women) and 14 individuals with TBI (6 women; 21.71 ± 10.84 years post-injury). Participants' strategies were proactive (prevention), reactive (response), or retroactive (aftercare). Most strategies were described by caregivers. Some of them were effective and lasting, others not, reflecting how they adapted their approaches over time. Families put in place various strategies in their life's journey, such as giving feedback or adapting the environment. Despite these strategies supporting long-term community living, the need for ongoing support is underscored, as crises may still occur, impacting families' quality of life.

Integrating Virtual Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care: Mixed Methods Feasibility Trial.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience cycles of aggressive physical symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue. These acute symptoms regress and return, and chronic symptoms and complications often linger. The nature of the disease can also cause individuals to experience psychological distress including symptoms of anxiety and depression; however, unlike the physical symptoms of IBD, these psychological symptoms often remain untreated. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of virtual mindfulness-based stress reduction (v-MBSR) for adults with IBD. METHODS: IBD patients with self-reported anxiety or depression were recruited from clinics in Alberta, Canada to participate in an 8-week v-MSBR intervention. Eligible patients participated in v-MBSR delivered by psychiatrists using a videoconferencing platform. Primary feasibility outcomes included trial uptake, adherence, attendance, and attrition rates. Secondary effectiveness outcomes included measures of anxiety, depression, quality of life (QoL), and mindfulness. Effectiveness data were collected at 3 time points: baseline, at intervention completion, and 6 months after completion. To further assess feasibility and acceptability, participants were invited to participate in a semistructured interview after completing v-MBSR. RESULTS: A total of 16 of the 64 (25%) referred patients agreed to participate in v-MBSR with the most common reason for decline being a lack of time while 7 of the 16 (43.8%) participants completed the program and experienced encouraging effects including decreased anxiety and depression symptoms and increased health-related QoL with both improvements persisting at 6-month follow-up. Participants described improved coping strategies and disease management techniques as benefits of v-MBSR. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IBD were interested in a psychiatrist-led virtual anxiety management intervention, but results demonstrate v-MBSR may be too time intensive for some patients with IBD patients. v-MBSR was acceptable to those who completed the intervention, and improvements to anxiety, depression, and QoL were promising and sustainable. Future studies should attempt to characterize the patients with IBD who may benefit most from interventions like v-MBSR.

Psychosocial outcomes six months after epilepsy surgery: A perspective on coping strategies.

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy negatively affects the social functioning of patients. Epilepsy surgery is a treatment with superior rates of seizure freedom. The psychosocial outcomes after epilepsy surgery depend on several factors, including the patient's coping style. It is important to identify the patients who are at risk of experiencing psychosocial difficulties after epilepsy surgery and consult them for psychiatric interventions. This study aimed to assess changes in social adaptation, felt stigma, self-esteem, and self-efficacy after epilepsy surgery, and the effect of coping strategies, sociodemographic and epilepsy-related variables, and post-surgical seizure outcomes on these results. METHODS: Thirty adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who were candidates for surgery were included in the study (mean age: 33.07, mean seizure onset age: 17.2, mean duration of epilepsy: 15.8). The patients were assessed before and 6 months after epilepsy surgery using the Epilepsy Self-Efficacy Scale, Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Felt Stigma Scale, and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory. RESULTS: The patients' self-efficacy levels were increased after surgery (p = 0.005). Postsurgical social adaptation levels were associated with higher positive reinterpretation and growth, active coping, and planning (p = 0.016, p = 0.005, p = 0.002, respectively). Postsurgical self-efficacy levels were positively associated with active coping and planning (p = 0.003, p = 0.035, respectively). Postsurgical self-esteem (p = 0.012, p = 0.049, p = 0.034, respectively) and stigma (p = 0.029, p = 0.014, p = 0.027, respectively) were negatively associated with positive reinterpretation and growth, active coping, and planning. Furthermore, being employed presurgical period was associated with better postsurgical social adaptation (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The psychosocial outcomes after epilepsy surgery depend not only on seizure outcomes. Understanding the factors beyond seizure freedom, allows healthcare professionals to have a pivotal role in exploring and managing patients' expectations, fostering a more comprehensive and realistic dialogue about potential outcomes. Considering employed patients had better psychosocial outcomes, we suggest patients' families, healthcare professionals, and epilepsy support organizations should work collaboratively to support people with epilepsy in terms of providing job opportunities.

Mental health problems of front-line medical staff in the early stage of public health emergencies.

In the face of the unprecedented public health crisis caused by the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, front-line health workers are under enormous mental pressure. This paper aims to explore the mental health challenges faced by front-line health workers in the early stages of a public health emergency, such as stress, anxiety, and depression. At the same time, the factors that increase their mental stress are analyzed, and practical measures are put forward to prevent and manage mental health problems, aiming at improving the quality of medical treatment during public health emergencies. This paper has some reference value for people engaged in mental health prevention.

Qualitative exploration of sexual dysfunction and associated coping strategies among Iranian prostate cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE: Our understanding of the experiences of prostate cancer survivors regarding their sexual life and related issues remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore sexual dysfunction and associated coping strategies among Iranian prostate cancer survivors. METHODS: A qualitative study was undertaken. Participants were 15 Iranian prostate cancer survivors chosen using purposeful sampling. Data collection involved conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews, followed by the utilization of the conventional qualitative content analysis method for data analysis. RESULTS: Three themes were developed: (a) suspension of sexual life-treatment for prostate cancer significantly impacted participants' sexual lives; (b) emotional resilience and psychological coping strategies-various psychological strategies were used to tackle sexual dysfunction; (c) efforts to regain sexual function-several strategies were applied to enhance sexual performance. CONCLUSION: Our study findings provide insights into the experiences of prostate cancer survivors and subsequent shifts in their sexual dynamics and coping with the disease. Healthcare providers should actively identify patients' concerns and develop culturally tailored care strategies to address sexual challenges and improve coping among prostate cancer survivors.

Trajectory of change in perceived stress, coping strategies and clinical competence among undergraduate nursing students during clinical practicum: a longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical practicum is crucial for strengthening nursing students' clinical competence. However, nursing students often experience considerable stress during clinical practicum, and so they employ coping strategies to alleviate it. There is almost no empirical evidence on the change trajectory of perceived stress, coping strategies, and clinical competence among nursing students during a one-year clinical practicum. This study aimed to investigate the trajectory of change in perceived stress, coping strategies, and clinical competence among undergraduate nursing students during a one-year clinical practicum. METHODS: This study used a longitudinal cohort design. Undergraduate nursing students were recruited from a science and technology university in Taiwan to participate from February 2021 to January 2022. Perceived stress, coping strategies, and clinical competence among students in basic training practicum (T1), advanced training practicum (T2), and comprehensive clinical nursing practicum (T3) were surveyed by using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Coping Behaviour Inventory (CBI), and Clinical Competence Scale (CCS). PSS, CBI, and CCS in T1, T2, and T3 were compared using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) to deal with correlated data. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 315 undergraduate nursing students completed the questionnaire. The study results show that the overall perceived stress of the students is the highest in T2 and the lowest in T3. The main source of stress of the students is 'taking care of patients' at T1 and 'lack of professional knowledge and skills' at T2 and T3. Students' perceived stress in 'taking care of patients' gradually decreases over time. The four coping strategies of CBI, which are 'stay optimistic', 'problem-solving', 'transference' and 'avoidance' in this order, remain the same ranking in three surveys.The main stress coping strategy used by students is 'stay optimistic', while the coping strategy 'avoidance' is used more frequently in T2 than in T1 and T3. Students' mean scores of the overall clinical competence and in the 'general nursing' and 'management' subscales in T3 are higher than those in T1 and T2. However, their mean scores in 'self-growth' and 'positivity' subscales are the highest in T1 and the lowest in T2. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that through experiential learning in clinical practicum at different stages time after time, students' overall perceived stress is the lowest and their overall clinical competence is the highest in T3. The main coping strategy used when students managed stress is 'stay optimistic'. According to the results, we suggest that clinical educators provide students with appropriate guidance strategies at different stages of stress and continue to follow up the clinical competence and retention rates of these nursing students in the workplace in the future.

Investigating psychological mechanisms of self-controlled decisions for food and leisure activity.

Maintaining a healthy body weight requires balancing energy intake and expenditure. While previous research investigated energy input or food decisions, little is known about energy output or leisure activity decisions. By combining experimental decision-making paradigms and computational approaches, we investigated the psychological mechanisms of self-controlled food and leisure activity decisions through the effects of reward-oriented and health-oriented preferences as well as body weight status, stress, and coping. Based on individual's responses, the self-controlled food and leisure activity choices were indexed as the proportions of "no" unhealthy but tasty (or enjoyable) (inhibitory self-control against short-term pleasure) and "yes" healthy but not tasty (or not enjoyable) responses (initiatory self-control for long-term health benefits). The successful self-control decisions for food and leisure activity were positively correlated with each other, r = 22, p < .01. In beta regression analyses, the successful self-controlled food decisions decreased as the taste-oriented process increased, ß = - 0.50, z = -2.99, p < .005, and increased as the health-oriented process increased, ß = 1.57, z = 4.68, p < .001. Similarly, the successful self-controlled leisure activity decisions decreased as the enjoyment-oriented process increased, ß = - 0.79, z = -5.31, p < .001, and increased as the health-oriented process increased, ß = 0.66, z = 2.19, p < .05. The effects of the other factors were not significant. Overall, our findings demonstrated the mutual interrelationship between food and leisure activity decision-making and suggest that encouraging health-oriented processes may benefit both energy input and expenditure domains and improve self-controlled choices.

Cross-sectional study on the psychosocial factors, the severity of depression, and coping strategies among patients attempting suicide.

Background: With around 10-20 million individuals attempting suicide each year, suicide attempts have been considered a significant public health issue. A significant fraction of it is caused by depression. Life events and other psychosocial stressors were frequently linked to both depression and suicidal behavior. Coping strategies are cognitive, emotional, and behavioral approaches used to lessen and cope with the negative impacts of stressful situations. Aim: This study aimed to find the psychosocial factors, the severity of depression, and coping strategies among patients attempting suicide. Materials and Methods: Study design: This study was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 120 consecutive cases were selected using Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2) scales and assessed for severity of depression and coping strategies using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE) scales, respectively. Pearson's Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and independent-samples t-test have been performed to see the association between categorical and continuous variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been used to see the relationship between two continuous variables. Results: Most of the cases (33.3%) were found to be severely depressed. Among all the cases, the majority, that is, 90.8%, were using avoidant-type coping strategies and only 9.2% were using approach-type coping strategies. A significant positive correlation between the avoidant-type coping strategy and depression and a negative correlation between the approach-type coping strategy and depression was found. Conclusion: Patients with depression attempting suicide were found to utilize avoidant-type coping strategies to cope with life stresses. Hence, it is crucial to place greater emphasis on assessing coping strategies and focus on teaching approach-oriented coping strategies as a means to prevent suicidal attempts.

Coping and psychological well-being among persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The role of perceived self-efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: To explore self-efficacy as a possible mediator in the relationship between adaptive coping and psychological well-being (PWB) in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHOD: 174 persons with RRMS (91% Female) completed an online survey consisting of psychosocial questionnaires. The COPE Inventory was used to create an adaptive coping composite that accounts for the relative contributions of both active and avoidant coping. Self-efficacy was measured using the General Self-Efficacy Scale. The Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scales captured several domains of PWB: Positive relations with others, autonomy, purpose in life, environmental mastery, self-acceptance, and personal growth. The SPSS PROCESS macro was used to test whether self-efficacy mediated the association between adaptive coping and each PWB subscale, using 5,000 bootstrap samples to estimate confidence intervals. RESULTS: In each mediational model, adaptive coping was significantly associated with each PWB subscale and self-efficacy (all p's ≤ 0.001). Self-efficacy was also significantly associated with each PWB subscale (p ≤ 0.001). After controlling for self-efficacy, the associations between adaptive coping and positive relations with others (indirect effect = 0.021, 95% CI [0.011, 0.033]) and autonomy (indirect effect = 0.019, 95% CI [0.011, 0.028]) became non-significant. The separate associations between adaptive coping and purpose in life (p = .004), self-acceptance (p = .026), and personal growth (p < .001) remained significant, despite controlling for self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Self-efficacy fully mediated the relationships between adaptive coping and positive relations with others and autonomy in our sample of persons with RRMS. Interventions aimed at increasing adaptive coping skills and self-efficacy may improve relations with others and autonomy among persons with MS.

Riverbank erosion vulnerability assessment and coping strategies: A case study of the riparian communities in the Mekong River Basin in Cambodia.

Riverbank erosion is a major hazard for riparian communities in the Mekong River Basin. This study aims to (1) assess the livelihood vulnerability of two communities residing along the Mekong River, namely, Kaoh Soutin (KS) and Ruessei Srok (RS), by using the livelihood vulnerability index framed within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change vulnerability framework (LVI-IPCC) and (2) identify the coping strategies of the communities based on semi-structured interviews. The results show that KS is slightly more vulnerable to riverbank erosion than RS, as indicated by LVI-IPCC values of 0.49 and 0.46 for KS and RS, respectively. RS exhibits high adaptive capacity and low sensitivity, but its exposure level is relatively high. Majority of the respondents in KS (62 %) and RS (93 %) were affected by riverbank erosion. In KS, approximately 48 % of the respondents experienced displacement, and 39 % of them relocated once. Meanwhile, in RS, 81 % of the respondents experienced displacement, with 46 % displaced at least three times. The affected households have coped with riverbank erosion by reducing expenses, diversifying their income sources, seeking support from others, and receiving assistance from local authorities, NGOs, and government interventions. Despite such efforts to mitigate the effects of riverbank erosion, the high level of exposure and external factors, such as high living costs and low profits from agriculture, have weakened the ability of the people in both communities to cope with disasters. Moreover, the social ties among households, especially in KS, have declined, thereby making low-income households highly vulnerable to riverbank erosion.

Corrigendum: Animal-based factors prior to infection predict histological disease outcome in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus- and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742877.].