Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks from Brazil, with evidence of putative new genotypes of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and haemoplasmas.

The present study aimed to investigate, by molecular techniques, the occurrence of Anaplasmataceae, Bartonellaceae, Rickettsiaceae, Mycoplasmataceae, Coxiellaceae, and Babesiidae/Theileriidae agents in blood samples of free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks in south-eastern Brazil. For this purpose, 67 blood samples and 265 ticks (264 Amblyomma sculptum and one Amblyomma ovale) were analysed. In the screening for Anaplasmataceae agents by a PCR assay based on the 16S rRNA gene, 5.97% blood samples and 50.54% ticks were positive. In the PCR assay for Ehrlichia spp. based on the dsb gene, 9.24% of ticks were positive. Despite the low occurrence, a possible new 16S rRNA genotype of Anaplasma sp. was detected in a wild boar's blood sample. According to phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA, gltA, and sodB genes and ITS (23S-5S rRNA) intergenic region, it was found that A. sculptum and A. ovale ticks collected from wild boars carry Ehrlichia genotypes phylogenetically associated with Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia ruminantium, and new Ehrlichia genotypes previously detected in horses, peccaries, and ticks collected from jaguars. In the screening for haemoplasmas by a qPCR based on the 16S rRNA gene, 88.06% of blood samples and 8.69% of ticks were positive. Mycoplasma suis, Mycoplasma parvum, and a possible new haemoplasma genotype were detected in wild boars in south-eastern Brazil. In the screening for Bartonella spp. using a nuoG-based qPCR assay, 3.8% of tick samples were positive. Phylogenetic inferences positioned four nuoG and one r gltA Bartonella sequences into the same clade as Bartonella machadoae. No blood or tick samples from wild boars showed to be positive in the qPCR for Coxiella burnetii based on the IS1111 gene. On the other hand, only 1.6% of ticks were positive in the nested PCR assay for piroplasmids based on the 18S rRNA gene. A 18S rRNA sequence detected in a pool of A. sculptum nymphs was phylogenetically close to Cytauxzoon felis sequences previously detected in cats from the United States. Rickettsia sp. closely related to Rickettsia bellii was detected in a pool of A. sculptum nymphs. This is the first report of haemoplasmas, B. machadoae, and Cytauxzoon spp. in A. sculptum. Wild boars and associated ticks do not seem to participate in the epidemiological cycle of C. burnetii in the region studied. This invasive mammal species may act as a potential disperser of ticks infected with Ehrlichia spp., Bartonella spp., haemotropic mycoplasmas, and Cytauxzoon, and may bring important epidemiological implications in the transmission of bartonelosis, ehrlichiosis, haemoplasmosis, and cytauxzoonosis to humans and animals, more specifically to horses, rodents, pigs, and cats.

Post mortem protozoan hemoparasites detection in wild mammals from Mato Grosso state, Midwestern Brazil / Detecção post mortem de hemoparasitas protozoários em mamíferos selvagens do estado de Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Abstract To a better insight into the epidemiology and genetic diversity of protozoan hemoparasites infections in wild mammals, this study aimed to the post mortem detection of DNA from species of the order Piroplasmida (Babesia sp., Cytauxzoon sp., and Theileria sp.) and suborder Adelorina (Hepatozoon sp.) using polymerase chain reaction based on the 18S rRNA gene followed by genetic sequencing of blood and spleen samples collected from carcasses of 164 free-ranging and captive wild mammals from Mato Grosso state. Among them, one Leopardus pardalis, three Panthera onca, two Puma concolor were positive for Cytauxzoon sp., and six Tapirus terrestris tested positive for Piroplasmida, while one L. pardalis was positive for Hepatozoon sp. Furthermore, an uncharacterized piroplasmid genetically related to Theileria sp. previously detected in cats from Brazil was described in lowland tapirs. Despite the controversy regarding the epidemiological threat of these protozoa, the detection of these tick-borne agents in wild free-living and captive mammals, even when asymptomatic, demonstrates the importance of monitoring, particularly in hotspots such as the state of Mato Grosso, to verify the circulation and genetic diversity, to anticipate the possible emergence of diseases, and even their consequences to other animals as well as humans.

Resumo Para uma melhor compreensão da epidemiologia e diversidade genética das infecções por hemoprotozoários em mamíferos selvagens, este estudo teve como objetivo a detecção post mortem de DNA de espécies da ordem Piroplasmida (Babesia sp., Cytauxzoon sp. e Theileria sp.) e subordem Adelorina (Hepatozoon sp.), utilizando-se a reação em cadeia pela polimerase, baseada no gene 18S rRNA, seguido de sequenciamento genético de amostras de sangue e baço, coletadas de 164 carcaças de mamíferos selvagens de vida livre e cativos do estado de Mato Grosso. Entre eles, um Leopardus pardalis, três Panthera onca, dois Puma concolor foram positivos para Cytauxzoon sp., e seis Tapirus terrestris testaram positivos para Piroplasmida, enquanto um L. pardalis foi positivo para Hepatozoon sp. Além disso, foi descrito em antas, um piroplasmídeo não caracterizado geneticamente, relacionado à Theileria sp., previamente detectado em gatos do Brasil. Apesar da controvérsia quanto à ameaça epidemiológica desses protozoários, a detecção desses agentes em mamíferos silvestres e cativos, mesmo quando assintomáticos, demonstra a importância do monitoramento, principalmente em hotspots, como no estado de Mato Grosso, para verificar a circulação e a diversidade genética, a fim de antecipar o possível surgimento de doenças e, até mesmo, suas consequências para outros animais, bem como os humanos.

Molecular detection of feline arthropod-borne pathogens in cats in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, central-western region of Brazil / Detecção molecular de patógenos transmitidos por artrópodes em gatos de Cuiabá, estado do Mato Grosso, centro-oeste do Brasil

Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas), Bartonellasp., Hepatozoon sp. and Cytauxzoon felis are prominent pathogens that circulate between cats and invertebrate hosts. The present study aimed to detect the presence of DNA from hemoplasmas, Bartonella sp., Hepatozoon sp. and Cytauxzoon felis, and then confirm it by means of sequencing, in blood samples from cats in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. From February 2009 to February 2011, blood samples with added EDTA were collected from 163 cats that were being housed in four different animal shelters in the city of Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil and from 15 cats that were admitted to the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). Out of the 178 cats sampled, 15 (8.4%) were positive for hemoplasmas: four (2.2%) for Mycoplasma haemofelis, 12 (6.7%) for 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' and one (0.5%) for 'Candidatus M. turicensis'. One cat (0.5%), a patient that was attended at the veterinary hospital, was coinfected with M. haemofelis, 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' and 'Candidatus M. turicensis', based on sequencing confirmation. Four cats were positive for Bartonella spp.: three (1.7%) for B. henselae and one (0.5%) for B. clarridgeiae. None of the animals showed Cytauxzoon sp. or Hepatozoon sp. DNA in their blood samples. This study showed that cats housed in animal shelters in the city of Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, are exposed to hemoplasmas and Bartonella species.

Micoplasmas hemotróficos (hemoplasmas), Bartonellasp., Hepatozoon sp. e Cytauxzoon felis se destacam como importantes patógenos que circulam entre gatos e hospedeiros invertebrados. O presente estudo objetivou detectar e, posteriormente confirmar por seqüenciamento, a presença de DNA de hemoplasmas, Bartonella sp., Hepatozoon sp. e Cytauxzoon felis em amostras de sangue de gatos de Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. Entre fevereiro/2009 e fevereiro de 2011, amostras de sangue acrescidas de EDTA foram coletadas de 163 gatos mantidos em quatro diferentes abrigos na cidade de Cuiabá, estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil, e de 15 gatos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFTM). Dos 178 gatos amostrados, 15 (8,4%) foram positivos para hemoplasmas: quatro (2,2%) para Mycoplasma haemofelis, 12 (6,7%) para 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' e um (0,5%) para 'Candidatus M. turicensis'. Um (0.5%) gato, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da UFMT, estava co-infectado com M. haemofelis, 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' e 'Candidatus M. turicensis', baseado na confirmação por sequenciamento. Quatro gatos mostraram-se positivos para Bartonella spp.: três (1,7%) para B. henselae e um (0.5%) para B. clarridgeiae. Todos os gatos amostrados mostraram-se negativos para Cytauxzoon sp. e Hepatozoon sp. Este estudo mostrou que gatos mantidos em abrigos na cidade de Cuiabá, estado do Mato Grosso, são expostos a hemoplasmas e espécies de Bartonella sp.

Molecular detection of feline arthropod-borne pathogens in cats in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, central-western region of Brazil

Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas), Bartonellasp., Hepatozoon sp. and Cytauxzoon felis are prominent pathogens that circulate between cats and invertebrate hosts. The present study aimed to detect the presence of DNA from hemoplasmas,Bartonella sp., Hepatozoon sp. andCytauxzoon felis, and then confirm it by means of sequencing, in blood samples from cats in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. From February 2009 to February 2011, blood samples with added EDTA were collected from 163 cats that were being housed in four different animal shelters in the city of Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil and from 15 cats that were admitted to the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). Out of the 178 cats sampled, 15 (8.4%) were positive for hemoplasmas: four (2.2%) forMycoplasma haemofelis, 12 (6.7%) for Candidatus M. haemominutum and one (0.5%) for Candidatus M. turicensis. One cat (0.5%), a patient that was attended at the veterinary hospital, was coinfected with M. haemofelis, Candidatus M. haemominutum and Candidatus M. turicensis, based on sequencing confirmation. Four cats were positive for Bartonella spp.: three (1.7%) for B. henselae and one (0.5%) for B. clarridgeiae. None of the animals showedCytauxzoon sp. or Hepatozoon sp. DNA in their blood samples. This study showed that cats housed in animal shelters in the city of Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, are exposed to hemoplasmas andBartonella species.

Micoplasmas hemotróficos (hemoplasmas), Bartonellasp., Hepatozoon sp. e Cytauxzoon felis se destacam como importantes patógenos que circulam entre gatos e hospedeiros invertebrados. O presente estudo objetivou detectar e, posteriormente confirmar por seqüenciamento, a presença de DNA de hemoplasmas,Bartonella sp., Hepatozoon sp. eCytauxzoon felis em amostras de sangue de gatos de Cuiabá, MT, Brasil. Entre fevereiro/2009 e fevereiro de 2011, amostras de sangue acrescidas de EDTA foram coletadas de 163 gatos mantidos em quatro diferentes abrigos na cidade de Cuiabá, estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil, e de 15 gatos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFTM). Dos 178 gatos amostrados, 15 (8,4%) foram positivos para hemoplasmas: quatro (2,2%) para Mycoplasma haemofelis, 12 (6,7%) para Candidatus M. haemominutum e um (0,5%) para Candidatus M. turicensis. Um (0.5%) gato, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da UFMT, estava co-infectado com M. haemofelis, Candidatus M. haemominutum e Candidatus M. turicensis, baseado na confirmação por sequenciamento. Quatro gatos mostraram-se positivos paraBartonella spp.: três (1,7%) para B. henselae e um (0.5%) para B. clarridgeiae. Todos os gatos amostrados mostraram-se negativos para Cytauxzoon sp. e Hepatozoon sp. Este estudo mostrou que gatos mantidos em abrigos na cidade de Cuiabá, estado do Mato Grosso, são expostos a hemoplasmas e espécies de Bartonella sp.