Mechanism of carbonized humic acid and magnesium aluminum-layered double hydroxide promoting biohydrogen generation.

Dark fermentation (DF) is prone to low hydrogen (H2) yield. In this work, magnesium aluminum-layered double hydroxide and carbonized humic acid (MgAl-LDH/CHA) was synthesized by co-precipitation to reveal the mechanism in rising bioH2 generation. The results indicated that MgAl-LDH released Mg and Al ions slowly in DF system, improving the activity of H2-producing microbes (HPM) for more H2. The H2 yield increased from 169.3 mL/g glucose to 244.9 mL/g glucose, which was 44.7 % higher than that for the control yield. MgAl-LDH/CHA increased Proteobacteria content from 30.9 % to 43.7 %, making it form a complex microbial community and participate in DF metabolism with Firmicutes and other microbes together. Besides, MgAl-LDH/CHA could serve as an electron shuttle that likely effectively promotes electron transfer in DF, significantly reduced the energy requirements of HPM, thus raising metabolic activity. It provides direction for the multi-element composite applied in DF system.

Truncated M13 phage for smart detection of E. coli under dark field.

BACKGROUND: The urgent need for affordable and rapid detection methodologies for foodborne pathogens, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli), highlights the importance of developing efficient and widely accessible diagnostic systems. Dark field microscopy, although effective, requires specific isolation of the target bacteria which can be hindered by the high cost of producing specialized antibodies. Alternatively, M13 bacteriophage, which naturally targets E. coli, offers a cost-efficient option with well-established techniques for its display and modification. Nevertheless, its filamentous structure with a large length-diameter ratio contributes to nonspecific binding and low separation efficiency, posing significant challenges. Consequently, refining M13 phage methodologies and their integration with advanced microscopy techniques stands as a critical pathway to improve detection specificity and efficiency in food safety diagnostics. METHODS: We employed a dual-plasmid strategy to generate a truncated M13 phage (tM13). This engineered tM13 incorporates two key genetic modifications: a partial mutation at the N-terminus of pIII and biotinylation at the hydrophobic end of pVIII. These alterations enable efficient attachment of tM13 to diverse E. coli strains, facilitating rapid magnetic separation. For detection, we additionally implemented a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based algorithm for precise identification and quantification of bacterial cells using dark field microscopy. RESULTS: The results obtained from spike-in and clinical sample analyses demonstrated the accuracy, high sensitivity (with a detection limit of 10 CFU/µL), and time-saving nature (30 min) of our tM13-based immunomagnetic enrichment approach combined with AI-enabled analytics, thereby supporting its potential to facilitate the identification of diverse E. coli strains in complex samples. CONCLUSION: The study established a rapid and accurate detection strategy for E. coli utilizing truncated M13 phages as capture probes, along with a dark field microscopy detection platform that integrates an image processing model and convolutional neural network.

A New Powerful Magnetic Dark Catalyst Based on rGO/Fe3O4/CdSe Nanocomposite for Ultrafast Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye.

In the present study, Rgo/Fe3O4/CdSe as a dark catalyst material was synthesized by a refluxing method. The synthesized magnetic nanocomposites were studied by various analyses such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman, Zeta and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Characterization of structural analysis showed that the nanocomposites were successfully synthesized. The absorption spectrum was used to determine the dark catalyst activity of rGO/Fe3O4/CdSe nanocomposite. Analysis of the absorption spectrum showed that the prepared nanocomposites degrade the MB organic dye completely (100%) after 2 min of stirring in the dark, also experimenting with different pH showed that the best performance for the degradation of MB occurs in neutral and alkaline media. The Raman spectrum analysis showed that the Fe3O4/CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were correctly incorporated on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. Zeta potential analysis showed that rGO/Fe3O4/CdSe has a large amount of negative charge on its surface and the surface charge increased by about 16 mV compared to the Fe3O4/CdSe compound. BET and BJH techniques were used to determine the effective surface area and pore size diameter, BET results to determine the effective surface area showed that by adding graphene to the compound, the specific surface area increased from 42.877 m2g-1 to 54.1896 m2g-1. The radical scavenger experiment showed that electrons play an essential role in the degradation process. VSM analysis showed that the prepared nanocomposites have excellent superparamagnetic behavior, this advantage enables the easy collection of nanocatalysts by magnets from wastewater after dye degradation.

Making sense of a pandemic: reasoning about COVID-19 in the intellectual dark web.

In this study, I examine how users of an online Reddit community, r/IntellectualDarkWeb, forged an anti-establishment collective identity through practices of "heterodox scientific" reasoning. I do so through a discursive analysis of comments and posts made to r/IntellectualDarkWeb during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, I deploy the BERTopic algorithm to cluster my corpus and surface topics pertaining to COVID-19. Second, I engage in a qualitative content analysis of the relevant clusters to understand how discourses about COVID-19 were mobilized by subreddit users. I show that discussions about COVID-19 were polarized along "contrarian" and "anti-contrarian" lines, with significant implications for the subreddit's process of collective identity. Overwhelmingly, contrarian content that expressed skepticism towards vaccines, mistrust towards experts, and cynicism about the medical establishment was affirmed by r/IntellectualDarkWeb users. By contrast, anti-contrarian content that sought to counter anti-vaccine rhetoric, defend expertise, or criticize subreddit users for their contrarianism was penalized. A key factor in this dynamic was Reddit's scoring mechanism, which empowered users to publicly upvote contrarian affirming content while simultaneously downvoting anti-contrarian content. As users participated in sense making about COVID-19, they deployed Reddit's scoring mechanism to reinforce a contrarian collective identity oriented around a practice of heterodox science. My research shows the continued relevance of the concept of collective identity in the digital age and its utility for understanding contemporary reactionary social movements.

Microvascular effects of a mixed meal tolerance test: a model validation study.

PURPOSE: Endothelial dysfunction is a pathophysiological change preceding many cardiovascular events. Measuring improvements of endothelial function is challenging when function is already optimal, which may be remediated using a physiological challenge. This study aimed to determine whether imaging assessments can detect microvascular effects of a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT). METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers (age ≥45 and ≤70 years) underwent two MMTTs at the beginning (Day 1) and end (Day 84) of a twelve-week period. Imaging methods included laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) combined with post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH) and local thermal hyperaemia (LTH) challenges, passive leg movement ultrasonography (PLM), and sidestream dark field microscopy (SDFM). Measurements were conducted pre-MMTT and at 5 timepoints post-MMTT for PLM and SDFM and 3 timepoints post-MMTT for PORH and LTH. RESULTS: No consistent effects of the MMTT were detected on LSCI LTH, PLM and SDFM endpoints. LSCI PORH maximum perfusion was significantly suppressed 46, 136, and 300 min post-MMTT administration on Day 1, while residual perfusion decreased significantly 46 and 136 min post-MMTT on Day 1. However, when repeated on Day 84, PORH endpoints were not significantly affected by the MMTT. CONCLUSION: SDFM, PLM and LSCI LTH endpoints displayed high intra-subject variability and did not detect consistent effects of MMTT. LSCI PORH endpoints displayed the lowest intra-subject variability of all assessed endpoints and were affected by the MMTT on Day 1, but not on Day 84. Further standardization of methods or more robust challenges to affect vascular endpoints may be needed.

Will the Dark Triad Engender Psychopathological Symptoms or Vice Versa? A Three-Wave Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The Dark Triad (DT), including narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, represents the dark side of human nature and has been related to psychopathological symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety, and stress). However, little is known about how the two constructs are related longitudinally. To fill this gap and to clarify the directionality between them, we conducted a longitudinal study. METHODS: We measured DT traits and psychopathological symptoms in a large sample of university students (NT1 = 1815) annually for 3 years. We implemented random intercept cross-lagged panel models in analysis. RESULTS: Narcissism and psychopathological symptoms showed a reciprocal relationship at the within-person level: greater narcissism preceded a decline in psychopathological symptoms, while more severe symptoms preceded a decrease in narcissism. Within the same individual, increases in the DT, particularly psychopathy and Machiavellianism, were linked to concurrent escalations in the symptoms. Additionally, all DT traits were positively correlated with psychopathological symptoms as stable differences between individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study constitutes an important step in clarifying the directionality between the DT and psychopathological symptoms, and advances our understanding of the interplay between these two constructs at both the between-person and within-person levels.

Lateral hypothalamic astrocytes contribute to the hypercapnic chemoreflex in a light-dark cycle-dependent manner in unanesthetized rats.

Brainstem astrocytes are important for CO2/H+ chemoreception. Lateral Hypothalamus/Perifornicial Area (LH/PFA) neurons have an excitatory effect on the ventilatory response to CO2, however the role of the astrocytes is unknown. We hypothesized that LH/PFA astrocytes play an excitatory role in the hypercapnic ventilatory response in a sleep-wake and light-dark cycles-dependent manner. We manipulated the activity of astrocytes in the LH/PFA of male Wistar rats through microinjection of Fluorocitrate (Fct), which selectively affects astrocytes, inducing the exocytosis of gliotransmitters. We investigated the effects of intra-LH/PFA Fct microinjection on resting breathing and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia during wakefulness and NREM sleep, in the light and dark phases. Fct increased ventilation during hypercapnia but not during room air or hypoxia. The hypercapnic chemoreflex was increased exclusively during the dark-active phase during both, wakefulness and NREM sleep, indicating that LH/PFA astrocytes play an excitatory role in hypercapnic ventilatory response in a light-dark cycle-dependent manner.

Resolving biology's dark matter: species richness, spatiotemporal distribution, and community composition of a dark taxon.

BACKGROUND: Zoology's dark matter comprises hyperdiverse, poorly known taxa that are numerically dominant but largely unstudied, even in temperate regions where charismatic taxa are well understood. Dark taxa are everywhere, but high diversity, abundance, and small size have historically stymied their study. We demonstrate how entomological dark matter can be elucidated using high-throughput DNA barcoding ("megabarcoding"). We reveal the high abundance and diversity of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in Sweden using 31,800 specimens from 37 sites across four seasonal periods. We investigate the number of scuttle fly species in Sweden and the environmental factors driving community changes across time and space. RESULTS: Swedish scuttle fly diversity is much higher than previously known, with 549 putative specie) detected, compared to 374 previously recorded species. Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities reveals that scuttle fly communities are highly structured by latitude and strongly driven by climatic factors. Large dissimilarities between sites and seasons are driven by turnover rather than nestedness. Climate change is predicted to significantly affect the 47% of species that show significant responses to mean annual temperature. Results were robust regardless of whether haplotype diversity or species-proxies were used as response variables. Additionally, species-level models of common taxa adequately predict overall species richness. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the bulk of the diversity around us is imperative during an era of biodiversity change. We show that dark insect taxa can be efficiently characterised and surveyed with megabarcoding. Undersampling of rare taxa and choice of operational taxonomic units do not alter the main ecological inferences, making it an opportune time to tackle zoology's dark matter.

Prospective study of using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd: YAG combined with radiofrequency-imported vitamin C on pigmented infraorbital dark circles.

Infraorbital dark circles are a common manifestation of periorbital melanosis, which is aesthetically defective and bring a negative impact on life quality. However, there is no acknowledged treatment for infraorbital dark circles. The 1064-nm Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (QSNYL) is commonly utilized to treat hyperpigmentation disorders. Radiofrequency (RF) therapy can improve the transdermal absorption rate of drugs. A prospective clinical trial was conducted to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of 1064-nm QSNYL combined with RF-imported vitamin C for the treatment of infraorbital dark circles. A questionnaire was used to explore the relevant factors affecting the severity of infraorbital dark circles. A total of 30 patients with pigmented infraorbital dark circles were enrolled in this clinical trial. Each participant received 4 treatments and was followed up for at least 12 months after the last treatment.We focused on the overall change in the appearance of the included participants before and after treatment, by using satisfaction evaluation.In order to reduce evaluation bias, the vivo reflectance confocal microscopy images were taken on days 1 and 120 to detect pigmentation. The questionnaire survey before treatment showed that high-frequency makeup was positively and statistically significant with the severity of infraorbital dark circles (p < 0.01). Both participants and independent evaluators found that the hyperpigmentation in the infraorbital region was significantly reduced after combined treatment with high treatment satisfaction. The density of melanin particles in the infraorbital dark circles region showed a decreased trend. No significant side effects were observed. The 1064-nm QSNYL combined with RF-imported vitamin C is a safe and effective treatment for pigmented infraorbital dark circles by reducing melanin particles.

The Light Wavelength, Intensity, and Biasing Voltage Dependency of the Dark and Photocurrent Densities of a Solution-Processed P3HT:PC61BM Photodetector for Sensing Applications.

The promising possibility of an organic photodetector (OPD) is emerging in the field of sensing applications for its tunable absorption range, flexibility, and large-scale fabrication abilities. In this work, we fabricated a bulk heterojunction OPD with a device structure of glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC61BM/Al using the spin-coating process and characterized the dark and photocurrent densities at different applied bias conditions for red, green, and blue incident LEDs. The OPD photocurrent density exhibited a magnitude up to 2.5-3 orders higher compared to the dark current density at a -1 V bias while it increased by up to 3-4 orders at zero bias conditions for red, green, and blue lights, showing an increasing trend when a higher voltage is applied in the negative direction. Different OPD inner periphery shapes, the OPD to LED distance, and OPD area were also considered to bring the variation in the OPD dark and photocurrent densities, which can affect the on/off ratio of the OPD-LED hybrid system and is a critical phenomenon for any sensing application.

Enhancing the Performance of Nanocrystalline SnO2 for Solar Cells through Photonic Curing Using Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis.

Wide-bandgap tin oxide (SnO2) thin-films are frequently used as an electron-transporting layers in perovskite solar cells due to their superior thermal and environmental stabilities. However, its crystallization by conventional thermal methods typically requires high temperatures and long periods of time. These post-processing conditions severely limit the choice of substrates and reduce the large-scale manufacturing capabilities. This work describes the intense-pulsed-light-induced crystallization of SnO2 thin-films using only 500 µs of exposure time. The thin-films' properties are investigated using both impedance spectroscopy and photoconductivity characteristic measurements. A Nyquist plot analysis establishes that the process parameters have a significant impact on the electronic and ionic behaviors of the SnO2 films. Most importantly, we demonstrate that light-induced crystallization yields improved topography and excellent electrical properties through enhanced charge transfer, improved interfacial morphology, and better ohmic contact compared to thermally annealed (TA) SnO2 films.

The genome sequence of the Dark Crimson Underwing moth, Catocala sponsa Linnaeus, 1767.

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Catocala sponsa (the Dark Crimson Underwing; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Erebidae). The genome sequence spans 803.70 megabases. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z and W sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.57 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 13,493 protein-coding genes.

The effect of Brucella abortus on glial activation and cell death in adult male rat's hippocampus.

A zoonotic disease called brucellosis can cause flu-like symptoms and heart inflammation. The bacteria responsible for this disease can also enter the brain, causing a condition called neurobrucellosis that can result in long-term neurological problems. In this study, researchers aimed to determine the changes in the hippocampal cells of rats infected with Brucella. For the study, 24 adult male albino rats were inoculated with 1 × 106 CFU Brucella abortus 544. The rats were then deeply anesthetized, and their hippocampus samples were taken for stereological, histological, and molecular studies. The results showed that the infected rats had increased microgliosis and astrogliosis. Furthermore, a high level of caspase-3 in their hippocampal tissue indicated their susceptibility to apoptosis. Additionally, there was a decrease in expression of Ki67, which further supported this. Sholl's analysis confirmed a significant failure in glial morphology. The study demonstrated that the pathogen has the ability to destroy the hippocampus and potentially affect its normal physiology. However, more research is needed to clarify various aspects of neurobrucellosis.

Unravelling biosynthesis and biodegradation potentials of microbial dark matters in hypersaline lakes.

Biosynthesis and biodegradation of microorganisms critically underpin the development of biotechnology, new drugs and therapies, and environmental remediation. However, most uncultured microbial species along with their metabolic capacities in extreme environments, remain obscured. Here we unravel the metabolic potential of microbial dark matters (MDMs) in four deep-inland hypersaline lakes in Xinjiang, China. Utilizing metagenomic binning, we uncovered a rich diversity of 3030 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) across 82 phyla, revealing a substantial portion, 2363 MAGs, as previously unclassified at the genus level. These unknown MAGs displayed unique distribution patterns across different lakes, indicating a strong correlation with varied physicochemical conditions. Our analysis revealed an extensive array of 9635 biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs), with a remarkable 9403 being novel, suggesting untapped biotechnological potential. Notably, some MAGs from potentially new phyla exhibited a high density of these BGCs. Beyond biosynthesis, our study also identified novel biodegradation pathways, including dehalogenation, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox), and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and plastics, in previously unknown microbial clades. These findings significantly enrich our understanding of biosynthesis and biodegradation processes and open new avenues for biotechnological innovation, emphasizing the untapped potential of microbial diversity in hypersaline environments.

The Eye of the Beholder: Attitudes toward divorced parents and perception of children's happiness in Peru and Spain.

Studies of divorce's effects on children have been oriented toward the parents' characteristics, ignoring their extended families. In the current study we collected data from 414 participants, both divorced parents and the children's extended families in Peru (155) and Spain (259). Participants completed a questionnaire on attitudes toward the parents, and the Short Dark Tetrad questionnaire. Multivariate tests were conducted on participants' responses, showing that negative attitudes toward parents are not very strong but that attitudes toward fathers are more negative than attitudes toward mothers. Custodial parents are perceived less negatively, and parents who share custody are perceived the least negatively. Extended family members hold more negative attitudes against parents than the parents themselves. Mothers have significantly more negative attitudes toward fathers than the fathers towards mothers. Dark traits are a significant predictor of negative attitudes toward the mother but not toward the father. The perception of unhappiness in the child was predicted by negative attitudes toward the parents. Non-parents tend to evaluate both parents more negatively compared to parents' mutual perceptions. There was an effect on dark traits, negative attitudes against parents, and perception of unhappiness in the child. Peruvians scored significantly higher in all variables.

The Impact of Light-Dark Cycle Alteration on the Acceleration of Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice Model.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of light-dark cycle alteration and soft drink consumption on the acceleration of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) development among non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice model. Methods: We exposed female NOD and C57BL/6 mice from the age of 5 weeks to either adlib soft drink consumption and/or T20 light-dark cycle alteration until the development of diabetes, or the mice reached the age of 30 weeks. Each group consisted of 7-15 mice. We monitored weight, length, blood glucose level, and insulin autoantibody (IAA) levels weekly. Results: Out of 75 NOD and 22 C57BL/6 mice, 41 NOD mice developed diabetes, and 6 mice died between 7 and 8 weeks of age. The mean time to development of T1DM among NOD control mice was 20 weeks. The time to development of T1DM was accelerated by two weeks in the NOD mice exposed to light-dark cycle alteration, hazard ratio of 2.65,95th CI (0.70, 10.04) p = 0.15). The other groups developed T1DM, similar to the control group. Conclusion: There was a trend toward earlier development of T1DM among NOD mice exposed to light-dark cycle alteration, but this difference was not statistically significant. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings using larger sample sizes and different animal species.

Unraveling Perceived Ostracism: The Role of Antagonistic Traits and Attachment Orientation.

Perceived ostracism (e.g., feeling ignored and excluded) can lead to psychological distress. There has been little empirical research into the types (profiles) of people more likely to perceive ostracism. The present study (N = 604) used latent class analysis (LCA) to (a) explore classes based on antagonistic traits (narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism)while controlling for attachment orientation (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and (b) examine whether such classes could reliably differentiate levels of self-reported perceived ostracism. We extracted five classes: (a) Average Low, (b) the Non-Antagonisers, (c) Average High, (d) Spiteful Manipulators, and (e) the High Antagonisers. Those in the High Antagonisers class reported significantly higher levels of perceived ostracism compared to all other classes. No other differences between classes were observed. There were also significant positive relationships for avoidant and anxious attachment on perceived ostracism, respectively. This study provides new insight into the profiles of individuals who may be more likely to perceive ostracism. However, further research is needed to explore the association between personality and perceived ostracism. Researchers may consider measuring the potential outcomes following perceived ostracism for such groups and/or design potential interventions for those at risk of such experiences.

Minimized dark consumption of Calvin cycle intermediates facilitates the initiation of photosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

Cyanobacteria intricately regulate their metabolic pathways during the diurnal cycle to ensure survival and growth. Under dark conditions, the breakdown of glycogen, an energy reserve, in these organisms replenishes Calvin cycle intermediates, especially downstream glycolytic metabolites, which are necessary for photosynthesis initiation upon light irradiation. However, it remains unclear how the accumulation of these intermediates is maintained in the dark despite limited glycogen availability. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the regulation of downstream glycolytic metabolites of the Calvin cycle under dark and light treatment using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Our results showed that during the dark period, low pyruvate kinase (Pyk) activity ensured metabolite accumulation, while endogenous Pyk overexpression significantly lowered the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates. Remarkably, wild type Synechocystis maintained oxygen evolution ability throughout dark treatment for over 2 d, while Pyk overexpression resulted in decreased oxygen evolution after 16 h of dark treatment. These results indicated that limiting Pyk activity via darkness treatment facilitates photosynthetic initiation by maintaining glycolytic intermediates. Similarly, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PepC) overexpression decreased oxygen evolution under dark treatment; however, its effect was lower than that of Pyk. Further, we noted that as PepC overexpression decreased the levels of glycolytic intermediates in the dark, sugar phosphates in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle showed high accumulation, suggesting that sugar phosphates play important roles in supporting photosynthesis initiation. Therefore, our study highlights the importance of controlling the metabolic pathways through which glycolytic and CBB cycle intermediates are consumed (defined as cataplerosis of CBB cycle) to ensure stable photosynthesis.

Generalized dark hollow sine-Gaussian beam and its propagation properties.

A model of the generalized dark hollow sine-Gaussian beam (GDHsGB) is proposed to uniformly describe both conventional dark hollow beams (DHBs) and anomalous dark hollow beams (ADHBs) with circular or elliptic geometrical patterns. Using the Collins formula, we derive the analytical expression for GDHsGBs propagating in ABCD paraxial optical systems. We analyze the evolution of the intensity pattern and beam width of circular ADHBs, as well as the ellipticity of elliptic ADHBs, providing mathematical expressions for these physical quantities. The results reveal various evolution forms based on beam parameters, with elliptic ADHBs exhibiting more intricate propagation behavior compared to circular ADHBs. By controlling parameters, the intensity pattern of elliptic ADHBs undergoes a transformation into a petal-like distribution in the near field, later reverting to its original elliptic configuration but rotated 90° from its initial orientation on the source plane in the far field.

Insights into the airborne microorganisms in a Sichuan south-road dark tea pile fermentation plant during production.

Introduction: Sichuan south-road dark tea (SSDT) is generally produced through a series of processes, including fixing, rolling, pile fermentation, and drying, with microbial action during pile fermentation playing a crucial role in determining tea quality. The air within the SSDT pile fermentation plant (SSDTPP) is considered an important source of these microbes, but research in this area has been limited. Methods: In this study, air samples from SSDTPP were collected on the 1st (SSDT1), 12th (SSDT2), and 24th (SSDT3) days of pile fermentation and comprehensively analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Results and discussion: The results revealed the presence of 2 and 24 phyla, 9 and 49 classes, 18 and 88 orders, 28 and 153 families, 38 and 253 genera, and 47 and 90 species of fungi and bacteria, respectively, across all samples. SSDT1 and SSDT2 individually had the highest fungal and bacterial diversity, while Aspergillus was the dominant genus throughout the pile fermentation with an abundance of 34.6%, 91.17%, and 67.86% in SSDT1, SSDT2, and SSDT3, respectively. Microbial populations in SSDT1 were predominantly involved in xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, etc. However, SSDT2 exhibited a higher prevalence of human disease-related functions. SSDT3 primarily focused on the metabolism of other amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, 104 genera and 22 species coexisted in both SSDTPP air and piled SSDT, suggesting that frequent microbial exchange may occur between them. These findings pave the way for microbial traceability during SSDT production and provide a foundation for further functional microbial research.