Diagnosis of Onychomycosis: Utility of an Immunochromatography Strip Test Compared with Conventional Culture. / Diagnóstico de onicomicosis. La utilidad del test rápido de detección antigénica en comparación con el cultivo.

BACKGROUND: Ringworm is highly prevalent in our setting and is frequently observed in our routine clinical practice. Diagnostic confirmation depends on techniques that are not always accessible (PCR), with highly variable sensitivity depending on the observer (direct microscopy) or delayed results (culture, histopathology). Recently, an immunochromatography-based rapid test (Diafactory®) for the antigenic detection of dermatophytes has been developed. This diagnostic tool can help diagnose ringworm, allowing early initiation of treatment and fewer consultation visits. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen detection test compared to conventional culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For a full year, 333 nail samples were collected from patients with suspected onychomycosis. The rapid test and the conventional culture were simultaneously performed on each sample. Those with a positive antigenic test result began treatment early. The remaining patients had appointments for serial cultures and subsequent medical consultation to evaluate the results. RESULTS: Compared to conventional culture, the sensitivity and specificity rates of the rapid antigen detection test are 97.2% and 80.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of the rapid antigen detection test is similar to that of conventional culture for the detection of dermatophytes in nail samples. It is a quick and simple diagnostic technique that reduces the number of patient visits to the hospital, and allows early treatment start.

Tiña por Nannizzia nana: caso clínico y revisión bibliográfica / Ringworm by Nannizzia nana: Clinical case and literature review

Introducción Las dermatofitosis humanas son el grupo más extendido de infecciones causadas por hongos. Estos son capaces de invadir los tejidos que contienen queratina de los animales. Nannizzia nana (N. nana) puede causar tiña en cerdos y que de manera excepcional puede producir infecciones en humanos. Métodos Realizamos una búsqueda en PubMed de artículos publicados desde el 1 de enero de 1990 hasta el 31 de marzo del 2022 para identificar casos adicionales. Los términos de búsqueda empleados fueron «Microsporum nanum» y «Nannizzia nana». Resultados Tras la revisión bibliográfica identificamos un total 16 casos de dermatofitosis por N. nana desde 1990. En la mayoría de los pacientes, el diagnóstico clínico fue tinea corporis y los antifúngicos más utilizados fueron terbinafina y griseofulvina. Conclusión N. nana es una especie de dermatofito aislada infrecuentemente en humanos, pero que representa una fuente potencial de dermatofitosis en personas que entran en contacto directo o indirecto con animales y con el suelo (AU)

Introduction Human dermatophytoses are the most widespread infections caused by fungi. These are capable of invading the keratin-containing tissues of animals. Nannizzia nana (N. nana) can cause ringworm in pigs and rarely cause infections in humans. Methods We conducted a search using PubMed for articles published from January 1, 1990 to March 31, 2022 to identify additional cases. The search terms used were “Microsporum nanum” and “Nannizzia nana”. Results After reviewing the literature, we identified a total of 16 cases of dermatophytosis due to N. nana since 1990. In most of the patients, the clinical diagnosis was tinea corporis and the most widely used antifungals were: terbinafine and griseofulvin. Conclusion N. nana is a dermatophyte species isolated infrequently in humans, but it represents a potential source of dermatophytosis in people who come into direct or indirect contact with animals and soil (AU)

Ringworm by Nannizzia nana: Clinical case and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Human dermatophytoses are the most widespread infections caused by fungi. These are capable of invading the keratin-containing tissues of animals. Nannizzia nana (N. nana) can cause ringworm in pigs and rarely cause infections in humans. METHODS: We conducted a search using PUBMED for articles published from January 1, 1990 to March 31, 2022 to identify additional cases. The search terms used were "Microsporum nanum" and "Nannizzia nana". RESULTS: After reviewing the literature, we identified a total of 16 cases of dermatophytosis due to N. nana since 1990. In most of the patients, the clinical diagnosis was tinea corporis and the most widely used antifungals were: terbinafine and griseofulvin. CONCLUSION: N. nana is a dermatophyte species isolated infrequently in humans, but it represents a potential source of dermatophytosis in people who come into direct or indirect contact with animals and soil.

Dermatophytosis caused by Nannizzia nana in two siblings.

BACKGROUND: Nannizzia nana is a zoophilic dermatophyte that affects animals like pigs, boars and, exceptionally, humans, in whom it causes tinea capitis, as well as tinea corporis and onychomycosis. CASE REPORT: Case 1. A previously healthy 8 year-old boy presented to our clinic with a 1-month evolution dermatosis that affected scalp, developing a pseudoalopecic tumor lesion with abundant seropurulent material. The patient had worked in a pig farm. Case 2. A previously healthy 6 year-old girl, sister of the aforementioned child, presented to our clinic with a dermatosis characterized by multiple erythematous-scaly plaques that affected her face, trunk and arms. N. nana was the fungus isolated on culture in both cases. The children were treated with oral griseofulvin and topical ketoconazole that led to clinical and mycological cures. CONCLUSIONS: N. nana dermatophytosis, although being rare in humans, can be treated as other cases of dermatophytosis.

Pseudomicetoma dermatofítico disseminado em um gato persa - Relato de caso / Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma disseminated in a persian cat - Case report / Pseudomicetoma dermatofitos diseminada en un gato persa - Relato de caso

O pseudomicetoma dermatofítico (PMD) é uma profunda infecção dérmica, causada por fungos, sendo o Microsporum canis o agente etiológico mais frequentemente envolvido. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de pseudomicetoma em um gato persa e alertar os médicos veterinários para incluir a doença como diagnóstico diferencial em dermatopatias em gatos, principalmente os da raça persa. Um felino macho, da raça Persa, de três anos, veio para atendimento apresentando 22 nódulos subcutâneos, distribuídos em todo corpo, com diâmetros que variavam de 2 a 8 centímetros, inclusive dentro do pavilhão auricular direito. Realizou-se raspado cutâneo e citologia aspirativa por agulha fina, obtendo resultados pouco conclusivos. Após a realização de exérese cirúrgica de grande parte dos nódulos e encaminhamento para exame histopatológico, obteve-se o diagnóstico de PMD. Após tratamento com itraconazol 10mg/kg SID por 5 meses houve completa remissão do quadro. A excisão cirúrgica foi essencial para a resolução do quadro, que juntamente com o itraconazol sistêmico tornou o tratamento efetivo para o PMD.(AU)

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a deep skin infection. Microsporum canis is the etiologic agent most frequently involved in DPM. The purpose of this study is to report a case of DPM in a Persian cat and suggest the veterinarians to include the disease as a differential diagnosis in skin diseases in Persian cats. A male Persian cat, 3 years old, came to be attended at the Veterinary Hospital. The patient was presenting 22 subcutaneous nodules measuring 2-8 cm in diameter, in different parts of the body, including inside the right ear. Skin scraping and fine needle aspiration cytology were performed, yielding inconclusive results. After performing the surgical removal of most of the nodules and a skin biopsy, the diagnosis of DPM was obtained. The cat had a complete remission of the disease after the treatment with itraconazole 10mg/kg SID for 5 months. It is important to emphasize that, as a therapeutic point of view, surgical excision is considered essential, but not enough to establish a permanent cure. Since there can be recurrence, the systemic use of itraconazole is indicated to efficiently cure animals presenting DPM.(AU)

El pseudomicetoma dermatofitos (PMD) es una infección profunda de la piel causada por hongos, siendo el Microsporum canis el agente etiológico implicado con mayor frecuencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de pseudomicetoma en un gato persa y alertar los médicos veterinarios para incluir la enfermedad como un diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades de la piel en gatos, especialmente la raza persa. Un gato macho, de la raza persa, de tres años, llegó a la asistencia presentando 22 nódulos subcutáneos, distribuidos por todo el cuerpo, con diámetros que variaban de 2 a 8 cm, inclusive dentro de la oreja derecha. Se afeitó la piel y con citología por aspiración, con aguja fina, se obtuvo resultados poco conclusivos. Después de realizar la extirpación quirúrgica de la mayor parte de los nódulos y enrutamiento para el examen histopatológico, se ha obtenido el diagnóstico de PMD. Tras el tratamiento con itraconazol l0mg/kg SID, por cinco meses, hubo remisión completa. La escisión quirúrgica fue esencial para la resolución del cuadro, que junto con itraconazol sistémico se convirtió en un tratamiento eficaz para el PMD.(AU)

Un caso infantil de tinea faciei por Trichophyton tonsurans en Guatemala / A child case of Trichophyton tonsurans tinea for faciei in Guatemala

El Trichophyton tonsurans es un dermatofito antropofílico de distribución mundial, asociado a brotes epidémicos de tinea capitis, pero que también se puede aislar en tinea ungueum y faciei. Se presenta un paciente de sexo masculino, de 3 años de edad, procedente de Guatemala, que tiene una lesión eritematosa de bordes bien definidos, con descamación gruesa en la mejilla derecha, de dos semanas de evolución, de la cual se aisló Trichophyton tonsurans. Curó luego del tratamiento con crema de ketoconazol al 2% durante 15 días.

Trichophyton tonsurans is an anthropophilic dermatophyte with a worldwide distribution that is associated with epidemic outbreaks of tinea capitis and sometimes it is also isolated from tinea ungueum and faciei. We report a 3 year-old male from Guatemala, with a two weeks history of a scaly erythematous lesion on the right cheek. Trichophyton tonsurans was isolated and the lesion resolved after a 15 days-course of 2% ketoconazole cream.

Retrospectiva das dermatofitoses em cães e gatos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, nos anos de 2006 a 2008 / A retrospective of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats Veterinary Hospital at the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, in the years 2006 to 2008

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a população canina e felina, atendida em um período de 36 meses, no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - HOVET/UFMT, acometidos por dermatofitose. Esta dermatopatia, que atinge os animais domésticos, é uma infecção fúngica que envolve camadas superficiais da pele, pêlo e unhas. Foram atendidos 279 casos de dermatofitose, 96,8 por cento na espécie canina e 3,2 por cento na espécie felina, totalizando 7,1 por cento do total de 3096 casos consultados nestes três anos. O agente etiológico isolado preponderante foi o Microsporum canis. Os cães de raça definida foram os mais acometidos, mormente os American Pit Bull Terrier (21,7 por cento). Tanto os felinos sem ou com definição racial apresentaram dermatofitose, não sendo possível uma análise estatística fidedigna. Observou-se que a maioria dos animais infectados apresentava de 1 a 3 anos de idade. As lesões mais observadas foram: alopecia, crostas e caspas e estavam localizadas nas regiões da cabeça, de tronco, e de membros. Não foi observada distribuição sazonal.

The aim of this study was to characterize the canine and feline population with dermatophytosis, taken to the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso - HOVET/UFMT, during a period of 36 months. This skin disease that affects domestic animals is a fungal infection involving the superficial layers of the skin, hair and nails. 279 cases of dermatophytosis were treated, 96.8 percent in dogs and 3.2 percent in cats, with a total of 7.1 percent of the number of 3096 cases assisted in these three years. The predominant etiologic agent was Microsporum canis. The pure breddogs were most affected, especially the American Pit Bull Terrier (21.7 percent). The cats with and without racial definition were dermatophytosis, cannot be a reliable statistical analysis. It was observed that the majority of animals infected were 1-3 years old. The lesions observed were: alopecia, dandruff and crusts and were located in the cephalic region, trunk, and limbs. There was no seasonal distribution was observed.

Utilização de extratos de plantas medicinais e óleo de Eucaliptus no controle in vitro de Microsporum canis / Use of extracts of medicinal plants and oil of Eucalyptus in the control in vitro of Microsporum canis

INTRODUÇÃO: Microsporum canis é o causador mais comum de dermatofitose canina e felina apresentando assim um importante papel zoonótico. OBJETIVOS: o presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a ação antifúngica de extratos de plantas medicinais e óleo de eucalipto frente ao fungo patogênico Microsporum canis. MÉTODOS: os extratos brutos foram preparados utilizando-se 300 g de folhas, previamente lavadas e 450 mL de água deionizada. O material vegetal foi misturado, triturado, coado e filtrado e em seguida, esterilizados e conservados a 10 ± 2 ºC. Depois de esterilizado, o meio Sabouraud dextrose (Difco) atingiu a temperatura de 55 ± 1 ºC. Foram adicionados 15 mL em placas de Petri contendo os extratos em concentrações que correspondiam a um, dois, três, quatro e cinco ml. Uma vez solidificado o meio, o fungo foi inoculado. As placas inoculadas foram mantidas em incubadora B.O.D. a temperatura de 36 ± 0,5 ºC até o desenvolvimento do fungo na placa de controle. RESULTADOS: os extratos de romã, manga e eucalipto diminuíram o crescimento do fungo, mas os de citronela, cravo de defunto, arruda, tiririca, graviola e folhas e flores de calêndula, promoveram o desenvolvimento do fungo. O restante dos extratos e o óleo de eucalipto, não apresentaram ação fungicida nem promoveram o crescimento micelial. CONCLUSÕES: a maioria dos extratos testados e o óleo de eucalipto não apresentam efeito inibitório no desenvolvimento de Microsporum canis tornando inutilizável o uso destes fitoterápicos no controle deste fungo; enquanto que os extratos de citronela, cravo de defunto, arruda, tiririca, graviola e de folhas e flores de calêndula induziram o desenvolvimento do fungo, mostrando que a utilização de fitoterápicos deve ser realizada de uma maneira correta pois em caso contrário podese agravar o problema. Os extratos de manga, romã e eucalipto podem ser usados como substâncias fungistáticas no controle de M. canis.

INTRODUCTION: Microsporum canis is the most common cause of canine and feline dermatophytosis and thus has an important zoonotic role. OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to determine the antifungal action of medicinal plant extracts and of eucalyptus oil against pathogenic fungus Microsporum canis. METHODS: the extracts were prepared by mixing 300 g of previously washed leaves with 450 mL of distilled water. Then the material was triturated, filtered, sterilized and conserved at 10 + 2 ºC. Fifteen milliliters of sterilized medium Sabouraud dextrose (Difco) at a temperature of 55 + 1 ºC was added in Petri dishes containing the extracts in one, two, three, four and five mm concentrations. The fungus was inoculated once the medium was solidified. The inoculated dishes were maintained in B.O.D. incubator at 36 ± 0,5 ºC until the fungus developed in the controls. RESULTS: the extracts from Punica granatum, Mangifera indica and Eucalyptus spp reduced the growth of fungus, but the extracts from Cymgopogom nardus, Tagetes minuta, Ruta graviolens, Cyperus rotundus, Annona moricata and Calendula spp leaves and flowers boosted the growth of fungus. The other extracts and the eucalyptus oil neither show any fungicidal action nor encourage mycelium growth. CONCLUSIONS: the use of most tested extracts and eucalyptus oil is not suitable for the treatment of Microsporum canis dermatophytosis due to lack of inhibitory effects. The extracts from Cymgopogom nardus, Tagetes minuta, Ruta graviolens, Cyperus rotundus, Annona moricata and from of Calendula spp leaves and flowers help the development of the fungus making clear that phytotherapy should be properly used, otherwise it can worsen the problem. However; extracts from Mangifera indica, Punica granatum and Eucalyptus spp. can be used as fungistatic.

Dermatofitoma subungueal: estudio epidemiológico de 100 casos / Subungual dermatophytoma: epidemiological study of 100 cases

Antecedentes: El dermatofitoma subungueal es un fenómeno producido por dermatofitos. Se manifiesta clínicamente por un área redondeada o lineal blanco-amarillenta. Microscópicamente se observan conglomerados fúngicos formados por hifas y conidias. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de dermatofitomas en los casos de onicomicosis observados en una Unidad de Micología. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo y transversal de 100 pacientes con diferentes formas clínicas de onicomicosis y confirmación microscópica de dermatofitomas, de un total de 1.892 muestras estudiadas de mayo de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Resultados: El porcentaje de dermatofitomas fue de 5,3% (100/1.892) del total de estudios microscópicos de las onicomicosis analizados en una Unidad de Micología. Conclusiones: Los dermatofitomas son causados más frecuentemente por el género Trichophyton.

Background: Subungueal dermatophytoma is a phenomenon caused by dermatophytes. It is clinically characterized by a yellowish-white linear or round area. Microscopically it shows subungual fungal balls with hyphae and conidia. Objective: To know the frequency of dermatophytomas in cases of onychomycosis observed in a Unit of Micology. Methodology: Retrospective (May 2008 to August 2009) and transversal study of 100 cases of different clinical forms of onychomycosis with microscopic confirmation of fungal dermatophytomas, from a total of 1892 samples. Results: Dermatophytomas were observed in 5,3% (100/1892) of the total microscopic studies of analysed onychomycosis. Conclusions: Dermatophytomas are mainly caused by Trichophyton sp, but other dermatophytes like Microsporum canis may be involved.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antifúngica de extratos de plantas e óleo de eucalipto sobre Trichophyton mentagrophytes / In vitro evaluation of the antifungal activity of plant extracts and eucalyptus oil on Trichophyton mentagrophytes

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a ação antifúngica de extratos de plantas medicinais e óleo de eucalipto frente ao dermatófito Trichophyton mentagropytes, visando a utilização da fitoterapia no controle. As plantas utilizadas na obtenção dos extratos foram arruda (Ruta graveolens), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), cravo de defunto (Tagetes minuta), eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp), graviola (Annona muricata), fruta do conde (Annona spp), manga (Mangifera indica), romã (Punica granatum), flores e folhas de primavera (Bougainvillea spectabilis). Verificou-se que uso de 0,5 por cento óleo de eucalipto no combate ao T. mentagropytes foi eficaz, já os extratos de citronela (4 por cento) eucalipto (5 por cento) e romã (8 por cento) atuaram como fungistáticos e os restantes não devem ser usados contra este dermatófito porque não causaram nenhum efeito.

The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal action of medicinal plant extracts and eucalyptus oil against the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes in order to employ phytotherapy for its control. The plants used for extract production were common rue (Ruta graveolens), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), wild marigold (Tagetes minuta), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp), sweetsop (Annona muricata), custard apple (Annona spp), mango (Mangifera indica), pomegranate (Punica granatum), besides flowers and leaves of bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis). The use of 0.5 percent eucalyptus oil was effective in controlling Trichophyton mentagrophytes; however, citronella (4 percent), eucalyptus (5 percent) and pomegranate (8 percent) extracts acted as fungistatic, and the remaining extracts should not be used against this dermatophyte since they did not have any effect.

Dermatophytosis: association between ABO blood groups and reactivity to the trichophytin / Dermatofitose: associação entre grupos sanguíneos ABO e reatividade à tricofitina

The authors investigated the relationship between dermatophytosis and ABO blood groups through blood typing, identification of isolated dermatophytes and specific cellular immune response of 40 individuals carriers of this mycosis. They verified that the fungus Trichophyton rubrum, isolated from 54.5 percent of the patients, was more frequent in individuals belonging to blood group A. The cellular immune response, evaluated through the trichophytin antigen, was positive in 25 percent of the studied patients; the presence of immediate reactions (30 minutes) was verified in 35 percent. The blood group distribution among patients with dermatophytosis and control groups was, respectively: 47.5 percent X 36 percent in group A, 40 percent X 50 percent in group O, 12.5 percent X 11 percent in group B. Even though the authors have found a higher number of patients belonging to blood group A infected by T. rubrum, these results suggest that there is no statistical evidence that these individuals are more susceptible to dermatophytosis

Os autores investigaram a relação entre dermatofitose e grupos sanguíneos ABO por meio da tipagem sanguínea, identificação de dermatófitos isolados e resposta imune celular específica de 40 indivíduos portadores dessa micose. Verificaram que o fungo Trichophyton rubrum, isolado de 54,5 por cento dos pacientes, era mais frequente em indivíduos pertencentes ao grupo sanguíneo A. A resposta imune celular, avaliada pelo antígeno tricofitina, foi positiva em 25 por cento dos pacientes estudados; a presença de reações imediatas (30 minutos) foi verificada em 35 por cento. A distribuição do grupo sanguíneo entre os pacientes com dermatofitose e grupos controle foi, respectivamente: 47,5 por cento X 36 por cento no grupo A, 40 por cento X 50 por cento no grupo O, 12,5 por cento X 11 por cento no grupo B. Mesmo que os autores encontraram um maior número de pacientes pertencentes ao grupo sanguíneo A infectado por T. rubrum, estes resultados sugerem que não há evidências estatísticas de que esses indivíduos sejam mais suscetíveis à dermatofitose