Endocarditis Infecciosa Mural Apical del Ventrículo Izquierdo: Presentación de caso clínico y revisión bibliográfica / Infectious Apical Mural Endocarditis of the Left Ventricle: Clinical case presentation and bibliographic review

RESUMEN La endocarditis mural es una forma infrecuente de infección intracardiaca que afecta al endocardio no valvular que pue- de presentarse con complicaciones similares a la endocarditis infecciosa valvular. Se recomienda la ecocardiografía para confirmar el diagnóstico cuando exista un alto índice de sospecha. Con respecto al tratamiento, existe evidencia limitada acerca de las estrategias terapéuticas en la endocarditis mural, sin embargo en la mayoría de casos reportados se recomienda iniciar antibioticoterapia dirigida asociado a una intervención quirúrgica precoz. A continuación, se presenta un caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 74 años con fenómenos embólicos sistémicos, en quien se documenta por ecocardiograma transesofágico una endocarditis mural en ápex del ventrículo izquierdo asociado a una bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus. Este caso pone de manifiesto la importancia de una valoración ecocardiográfica detallada de las válvulas y cámaras cardíacas ante la sospecha de una endocarditis infecciosa.

ABSTRACT Mural endocarditis is an uncommon form of intracardiac infection affecting the non valvular endocardium that can present with complications similar to valvular infective endocarditis. Echocardiography is recommended to confirm the diagnosis when there is a high index of suspicion. Regarding treatment, there is limited evidence about therapeutic strategies in mural endocarditis, however in most reported cases it is recommended to initiate targeted antibiotic therapy associated with early surgical intervention. The following is a clinical case of a 74-year-old male patient with systemic embolic phenomena, in whom a transesophageal echocardiogram documented mural endocarditis in the apex of the left ventricle associated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. This case highlights the importance of a detailed echocardiographic assessment of the cardiac valves and chambers when infective endocarditis is suspected.

Endocarditis Infecciosa a hemocultivos y ecocardiograma negativos: ¿Con qué otra herramienta contamos? A propósito de un caso

La endocarditis infecciosa (EI) es una enfermedad frecuente, con elevada morbi-mortalidad, cuyo diagnóstico continúa siendo un desafío en la actualidad. El abordaje de la misma debe de ser realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario. La semiología, herramienta fundamental en la medicina clínica, juega un rol preponderante, nos permite mantener una alta sospecha diagnóstica a pesar de contar con estudios paraclínicos negativos. En estas situaciones han ganado importancia las nuevas técnicas de imagen como el PET-TC. Se presenta el caso de una mujer con cardiopatía predisponente en el que se llega al diagnóstico por PET-TC.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a frequent disease, with high morbidity and mortality, whose diagnosis continues to be a challenge nowadays. The approach must be carried out by a multidisciplinary team. Semiology, a fundamental tool in clinical medicine, plays a preponderant role, allowing us to maintain a high diagnostic suspicion despite having negative paraclinical studies. In these situations, new imaging techniques such as PET-CT have gained importance. We present the case of a woman with predisposing heart disease in whom the diagnosis was made by PET-CT.

A endocardite infecciosa (EI) é uma doença frequente, com alta morbimortalidade, cujo diagnóstico continua sendo um desafio na atualidade. Sua abordagem deve ser realizada por uma equipe multidisciplinar. A semiologia, ferramenta fundamental na clínica médica, desempenha um papel preponderante, permitindo-nos manter uma elevada suspeição diagnóstica apesar dos estudos paraclínicos negativos. Nestas situações, novas técnicas de imagem como o PET-CT têm ganhado importância. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher com cardiopatia predisponente cujo diagnóstico foi feito pelo PET-CT.

Aspecto da artéria coronária circunflexa retroaórtica por ecocardiografia transesofágica / Retroaortic circumflex coronary artery appearance by transesophageal echocardiography

O sinal RAC (retroaortic anomalous coronary ou artéria coronária anômala retroaórtica) é um achado desconhecido, descrito ao ecocardiograma transtorácico como uma estrutura tubular ecogênica, localizada na face atrial do sulco atrioventricular. Apresentamos um caso onde o sinal RAC se apresenta na ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE). O conhecimento do sinal RAC e a avaliação com ETE aumentam a sensibilidade e a especificidade e conferem a oportunidade de avaliar características anatômicas de alto risco, importantes na avaliação do risco de morte súbita.(AU)

Comparative study of cardiac function between two populations in Latin America using the transthoracic echocardiogram: Atahualpa, Ecuador, and Mexico City, Mexico.

Objetivo: Comprobar las diferencias morfológicas y funcionales del corazón en dos poblaciones latinoamericanas con distintas características raciales y condiciones de vida. Métodos: Mediante el ecocardiograma transtorácico se obtuvieron datos de 206 personas: 103 del poblado de Atahualpa, Ecuador (nivel del mar, edad x̄ 75 ± 4.2 años, 53 mujeres) y 103 habitantes de la Ciudad de México (altitud de 2,300 m, edad x̄ 75 ± 4.2 años, 52 mujeres). Resultados: Las diferencias significativas entre Atahualpa y la Ciudad de México fueron frecuencia cardíaca, 66 vs. 80; diámetro diastólico ventricular izquierdo, 40.8 vs. 42.7; grosor del tabique, 9.8 vs. 11.6; pared posterior, 10.2 vs. 11.8; volumen-latido en centímetros cúbicos, 53.0 vs. 46.6; volumen auricular Izquierdo, 25.8 vs. 33.6; presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar, 27.1 vs. 42.0; gasto cardíaco, 3.1 vs. 4.8; cociente E/Ea, 6.4 vs. 9.2; área mitral, 3.4 vs. 3.0. El comparativo de la función diastólica entre Atahualpa y la Ciudad de México fue: tipo 0: 2 vs. 1; tipo 1: 96 vs. 81; tipo 2: 5 vs. 20; tipo 3: 0 vs. 1. Conclusión: Las características ecocardiográficas que identifican los cambios adaptativos del corazón en Atahualpa coinciden con personas que viven a nivel del mar y con buena actividad física y en México con los habitantes de grandes altitudes y expuestos a contaminación ambiental. La función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo fue similar en ambas poblaciones, lo que indica que los cambios adaptativos hacen posible que el corazón sea eficaz en diferentes circunstancias del ecosistema. Objective: To compare morphological and functional differences of the heart in two Latin American populations with different ethnicity and living conditions. Methods: Using transthoracic echocardiogram we obtained data on 206 individuals: 103 from Atahualpa, Ecuador (living at sea level, mean age: 75 ± 4.2 years, 53 women) and 103 inhabitants from Mexico City (living at 2300 m above sea level, mean age: 75 ± 4.2 years, 52 women). Results: Significant differences between Atahualpa and Mexico were: Heart rate 66 versus 80 x', left ventricular diastolic diameter 40.8 versus 42.7, septum thickness 9.8 versus 11.6, posterior wall 10.2 versus 11.8, stroke volume cc 53.0 versus 46.6, left atrial volume 25. 8 versus 33.6, systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery 27.1 versus 42.0, cardiac output 3.1 versus 4.8, E/Ea ratio 6.4 versus 9.2, and mitral area 3.4 versus 3.0. Comparison of diastolic function between Atahualpa and Mexico was: Type 0; 2 versus 1. Type 1; 96 versus 81. Type 2; 5 versus 20 and Type 3; 0 versus 1. Conclusion: Echocardiographic characteristics that identify adaptive changes of the heart in Atahualpa are coincident with people living at sea level and with good physical activity, and Mexico City, with inhabitants living at high altitudes and exposed to environmental pollution. The systolic function of the left ventricle was similar in both populations, indicating that adaptive changes allow the heart to be effective in different circumstances of the ecosystem.

Estudio comparativo de la función cardíaca en dos poblaciones de América Latina mediante el ecocardiograma transtorácico: Atahualpa, Ecuador y Ciudad de México, México / Comparative study of cardiac function between two populations in Latin America using the transthoracic echocardiogram: Atahualpa, Ecuador, and Mexico City, Mexico

Resumen Objetivo: Comprobar las diferencias morfológicas y funcionales del corazón en dos poblaciones latinoamericanas con distintas características raciales y condiciones de vida. Métodos: Mediante el ecocardiograma transtorácico se obtuvieron datos de 206 personas: 103 del poblado de Atahualpa, Ecuador (nivel del mar, edad x̄ 75 ± 4.2 años, 53 mujeres) y 103 habitantes de la Ciudad de México (altitud de 2,300 m, edad x̄ 75 ± 4.2 años, 52 mujeres). Resultados: Las diferencias significativas entre Atahualpa y la Ciudad de México fueron frecuencia cardíaca, 66 vs. 80; diámetro diastólico ventricular izquierdo, 40.8 vs. 42.7; grosor del tabique, 9.8 vs. 11.6; pared posterior, 10.2 vs. 11.8; volumen-latido en centímetros cúbicos, 53.0 vs. 46.6; volumen auricular Izquierdo, 25.8 vs. 33.6; presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar, 27.1 vs. 42.0; gasto cardíaco, 3.1 vs. 4.8; cociente E/Ea, 6.4 vs. 9.2; área mitral, 3.4 vs. 3.0. El comparativo de la función diastólica entre Atahualpa y la Ciudad de México fue: tipo 0: 2 vs. 1; tipo 1: 96 vs. 81; tipo 2: 5 vs. 20; tipo 3: 0 vs. 1. Conclusión: Las características ecocardiográficas que identifican los cambios adaptativos del corazón en Atahualpa coinciden con personas que viven a nivel del mar y con buena actividad física y en México con los habitantes de grandes altitudes y expuestos a contaminación ambiental. La función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo fue similar en ambas poblaciones, lo que indica que los cambios adaptativos hacen posible que el corazón sea eficaz en diferentes circunstancias del ecosistema.

Abstract Objective: To compare morphological and functional differences of the heart in two Latin American populations with different ethnicity and living conditions. Methods: Using transthoracic echocardiogram we obtained data on 206 individuals: 103 from Atahualpa, Ecuador (living at sea level, mean age: 75 ± 4.2 years, 53 women) and 103 inhabitants from Mexico City (living at 2300 m above sea level, mean age: 75 ± 4.2 years, 52 women). Results: Significant differences between Atahualpa and Mexico were: Heart rate 66 versus 80 x’, left ventricular diastolic diameter 40.8 versus 42.7, septum thickness 9.8 versus 11.6, posterior wall 10.2 versus 11.8, stroke volume cc 53.0 versus 46.6, left atrial volume 25. 8 versus 33.6, systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery 27.1 versus 42.0, cardiac output 3.1 versus 4.8, E/Ea ratio 6.4 versus 9.2, and mitral area 3.4 versus 3.0. Comparison of diastolic function between Atahualpa and Mexico was: Type 0; 2 versus 1. Type 1; 96 versus 81. Type 2; 5 versus 20 and Type 3; 0 versus 1. Conclusion: Echocardiographic characteristics that identify adaptive changes of the heart in Atahualpa are coincident with people living at sea level and with good physical activity, and Mexico City, with inhabitants living at high altitudes and exposed to environmental pollution. The systolic function of the left ventricle was similar in both populations, indicating that adaptive changes allow the heart to be effective in different circumstances of the ecosystem.

Marantic endocarditis. / Endocarditis marántica.

Marantic endocarditis is characterized by the presence of sterile vegetations in the heart valves, and is associated with hypercoagulability states (cancer, autoimmune diseases, HIV). Its main complications are stroke, pulmonary thromboembolism, acute intestinal ischemia and splenic, renal and hepatic infarcts. We present the case of a 57-year-old patient with a history of uterine neoplasia. She went to the emergency department due to sudden loss of strength in the left side of the body. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed right ischemic stroke, and she underwent endovascular reperfusion and thrombectomy. Four days later, she suffered acute respiratory failure, with angio-CT showing pulmonary thromboembolism. Later, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and distal ischemia in the second toe of the left foot appeared. She was diagnosed with marantic endocarditis by means of transesophageal echocardiography, and died 72h later due to multiorgan failure. Early diagnosis and treatment with anticoagulation can reduce the mortality of this disease, since it is underdiagnosed, and often only comes to light during postmortem examination.

Advantages and limitations of 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.

INTRODUCTION: The early diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) is a medical challenge and a multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve its frequently fatal prognosis. Our goal was to evaluate the usefulness of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) in the diagnosis of this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively assessed 43 patients (five female and 38 male) with clinical suspicion of IE between 2014 and 2017. All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and an 18F-FDG PET scan, and the results were compared. A positive PET finding was defined as increased FDG uptake on cardiac valves or intracardiac devices. RESULTS: Out of 43 patients with suspected IE, the diagnosis was confirmed in 30 cases (79.7%). 18F-FDG PET was positive in 24 patients, with 19 showing FDG uptake on cardiac valves (two native and 17 prosthetic) and five on cardiac devices, being concordant with echocardiographic findings in 11 cases. 18F-FDG PET sensitivity was 80%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value (PPV) 96% and negative predictive value (NPV) 66%. Echocardiography presented sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 36%, 84%, 84% and 36%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 18F-FDG PET proved to be a sensitive technique with a high diagnostic value in patients with prosthetic valves and intracardiac devices and suspected IE. Its utility decreased dramatically in patients with suspected IE on native valves, in which TEE presented higher sensitivity and thus better diagnostic value.

Ecocardiografía intraoperatoria: causa de la hipotensión post circulación extracorporea / Intraoperative echocardiography. cause of the hypotension post circulation extracorporea / Ecocardiografia intraoperatória. causa da hipotensão pós-circulação extracorporea

RESUMEN: En la práctica diaria uno de los eventos que más se presenta es la hipotensión luego de la salida de circulación extracorpórea (CEC). La posibilidad de contar con ecocardiografía a partir del 2015 en el nosocomio ha ayudado a orientar al anestesiólogo sobre el estado hemodinámico, sin embargo, no se ha podido esclarecer la causa de esta hipotensión utilizando esta herramienta. El objetivo de este estudio es hallar los parámetros ecocardiográficos que más se relacionan con la hipotensión refractaria luego de la salida de la (CEC). Se seleccionaron pacientes sometidos a cirugías de comunicación interauricular e interventricular monitorizados con ecocardiografía transesofágica. La muestra se estratificó en dos grupos, hipotensos (casos) y normotensos (controles) luego de la salida de CEC. Estudio observacional, de casos y controles, retrospectivo. En el análisis del total de pacientes se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) de los parámetros ecocardiográficos indicadores de hipovolemia entre los grupos. No hubo diferencias estadísticas (p=0.083) en los parámetros ecocardiográficos de contractilidad. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que los parámetros ecográficos de hipovolemia fueron los que más se asociaron al momento de la hipotensión. Esto permite orientar al profesional a un uso racional de drogas inotrópicas y reposición de volumen.

SUMMARY: In daily practice, one of the most frequent events is hypotension after the of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). The possibility of having an echocardiography from 2015 has been a guiding means in the hemodynamic state, however, the cause of this hypotension has not been clarified. The aim of this study is to find the echocardiographic parameters that are most related to refractory hypotension after ECC. Patients undergoing atrial and interventricular communication surgeries monitored with transesophageal echocardiography were selected. The sample was stratified into two groups, hypotensive (cases) and normotensive (controls) after ECC. Observational, case-control study, retrospective. In the analysis of the total of the patients, were found statistically significant differences (p <0.05) in the echocardiographic parameters indicating hypovolemia between the groups. There were no differences in the statistics (p = 0.83) in the echocardiographic parameters of contractility. The results showed that the ultrasonographic parameters of hypovolemia were those associated with hypotension. This allows the professional to be guided to a rational use of inotropic drugs and volume replacement.

RESUMO: Na prática diária, um dos eventos mais frequentes é a hipotensão após a saída da circulação extracorpórea (CEC). A possibilidade de ter ecocardiografia a partir de 2015 no hospital ajudou a orientar o anestesista sobre o estado hemodinâmico, no entanto, não foi capaz de esclarecer a causa desta hipotensão usando esta ferramenta. O objetivo deste estudo é encontrar os parâmetros ecocardiográficos mais relacionados à hipotensão refratária após a saída da artéria coronária (CEC). Pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de comunicação atrial e interventricular monitoradas por ecocardiograma transesofágico foram selecionados. A amostra foi estratificada em dois grupos, hipotensivos (casos) e normotensos (controles) após a saída do CEC. Estudo observacional, caso-controle, retrospectivo. Na análise do número total de pacientes, foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p <0,05) nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos indicativos de hipovolemia entre os grupos. Não houve diferenças estatísticas (p = 0,083) nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos de contratilidade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os parâmetros ultrassonográficos da hipovolemia foram os mais associados no momento da hipotensão. Isso permite que o profissional seja orientado para o uso racional de drogas inotrópicas e reposição de volume.

Inhalational anesthesia maintenance with the Janus facial mask for transcatheter aortic-valve replacement: a case series / Manutenção da anestesia inalatória com a máscara facial Janus para substituição de válvula aórtica transcateter: uma série de casos

Abstract Background and objectives Aortic stenosis is the most common type of heart valve disease. Percutaneous aortic valve replacement has become the alternative for patients considered at high risk for surgery. Controlled mechanical ventilation with tracheal intubation has been the choice for this type of procedure, however the use of noninvasive ventilation in cardiac patients has shown to be beneficial. Janus is a novel full-face mask that allows application of noninvasive ventilation support during anesthesia. Our main objective was to evaluate the feasibility of transcatheter aortic valve replacement with prolonged transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring under deep inhalational sedation delivered through a new mask for noninvasive ventilation. Methods A case series observational study that included five patients with critical aortic stenosis that underwent inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane for transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a hybrid room of a teaching hospital. Standard monitors and bispectral index were used, followed by inhalational induction and placement of the Janus mask. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Patients were transferred to intensive care unit after the procedure. Complications related to the mask use, transesofageal echocardiography accessibility and respiratory implications to the patients were recorded. Results All procedures were uneventful and no major complications were observed intraoperatively. One patient presented CO2 retention (50 mmHg) and sevoflurane leak around the central opening of the mask, both without clinical significance. Conclusions The use of inhalational anesthesia with the facial mask Janus is a safe and efficient alternative to general anesthesia with tracheal intubation for transcatheter aortic valve replacement and can easily accommodate the use of transesophageal echocardiography intraoperatively.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos A estenose aórtica é o tipo mais comum de doença valvular cardíaca. A substituição percutânea de válvula aórtica tornou-se a alternativa para pacientes cirúrgicos considerados de alto risco. A ventilação mecânica controlada com intubação traqueal tem sido a escolha para esse tipo de procedimento; porém, o uso de ventilação não invasiva em pacientes cardíacos mostrou ser benéfico. Janus é uma nova máscara facial que permite a aplicação de suporte à VNI durante a anestesia. Nosso objetivo primário foi avaliar a viabilidade da substituição transcateter de valva aórtica com monitoração ecocardiográfica transesofágica prolongada sob sedação inalatória profunda através de uma nova máscara para ventilação não invasiva. Métodos Estudo observacional de série de casos que incluiu cinco pacientes com estenose aórtica em fase crítica, submetidos à anestesia inalatória com sevoflurano para substituição transcateter de valva aórtica em uma sala híbrida de um hospital universitário. Monitores padrão e índice bispectral foram usados, seguidos de indução inalatória e colocação da máscara Janus. A anestesia foi mantida com sevoflurano. Os pacientes foram transferidos para a unidade de terapia intensiva após o procedimento. As complicações relacionadas ao uso da máscara, a acessibilidade da ecocardiografia transesofágica e as implicações respiratórias para os pacientes foram registradas. Resultados Todos os procedimentos transcorreram sem incidentes e não foram observadas complicações maiores no intraoperatório. Um paciente apresentou retenção de CO2 (50 mmHg) e vazamento de sevoflurano em torno da abertura central da máscara, ambos sem significância clínica. Conclusões O uso de anestesia inalatória com a máscara facial Janus é uma opção segura e eficiente à anestesia geral com intubação traqueal para substituição transcateter de valva aórtica e pode facilmente acomodar o uso de ecocardiografia transesofágica no intraoperatório.

[Inhalational anesthesia maintenance with the Janus facial mask for transcatheter aortic-valve replacement: a case series]. / Manutenção da anestesia inalatória com a máscara facial Janus para substituição de válvula aórtica transcateter: uma série de casos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Aortic stenosis is the most common type of heart valve disease. Percutaneous aortic valve replacement has become the alternative for patients considered at high risk for surgery. Controlled mechanical ventilation with tracheal intubation has been the choice for this type of procedure, however the use of noninvasive ventilation in cardiac patients has shown to be beneficial. Janus is a novel full-face mask that allows application of noninvasive ventilation support during anesthesia. Our main objective was to evaluate the feasibility of transcatheter aortic valve replacement with prolonged transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring under deep inhalational sedation delivered through a new mask for noninvasive ventilation. METHODS: A case series observational study that included five patients with critical aortic stenosis that underwent inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane for transcatheter aortic valve replacement in a hybrid room of a teaching hospital. Standard monitors and bispectral index were used, followed by inhalational induction and placement of the Janus mask. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Patients were transferred to intensive care unit after the procedure. Complications related to the mask use, transesofageal echocardiography accessibility and respiratory implications to the patients were recorded. RESULTS: All procedures were uneventful and no major complications were observed intraoperatively. One patient presented CO2 retention (50mmHg) and sevoflurane leak around the central opening of the mask, both without clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The use of inhalational anesthesia with the facial mask Janus is a safe and efficient alternative to general anesthesia with tracheal intubation for transcatheter aortic valve replacement and can easily accommodate the use of transesophageal echocardiography intraoperatively.

Ecocardiografía transesofágica, herramienta fundamental en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del paro cardíaco / Transesophageal echocardiography, a fundamental tool in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrest / Ecocardiografia transesofágica, uma ferramenta fundamental no diagnóstico e tratamento da parada cardíaca

Resumen: La ecocardiografía en paro cardíaco (PC) permite identificar con precisión la presencia o ausencia de actividad cardíaca y determinar la causa de la descompensación, incluida insuficiencia ventricular izquierda, insuficiencia ventricular derecha, embolismo pulmonar, taponamiento pericárdico e hipovolemia. Estos hallazgos pueden llevar a cambios en el manejo como la administración de fluidos intravenosos, hemoderivados, vasopresores o trombolíticos, o la realización de una pericardiocentesis. La ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) permite valorar la efectividad de la reanimación y determinar la causa del PC en tiempo real y con imágenes de alta calidad.

Abstract: Echocardiography in cardiac arrest allows for accurate identification of the presence or absence of cardiac activity and to determine the underlying cause, including left and right ventricular failure, pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade and hypovolemia. This findings can result in changes in patient management such as in intravenous fluid administration, use of blood products, vasopressors or thrombolytic agents, or performance of invasive procedures such as pericardiocentesis. Transesophageal ehocardiography allows to efectively asses CPR efforts and determining cardiac arrest causes in real time with high quality imaging.

Resumo: A ecocardiografia em parada cardíaca pode identificar com precisão a presença ou ausência de atividade cardíaca e determinar a causa da descompensação, incluindo insuficiência ventricular esquerda, insuficiência ventricular direita, embolia pulmonar, tamponamento pericárdico e hipovolemia. Esses achados podem levar a mudanças no manejo, como a administração de fluidos intravenosos, hemoderivados, vasopressores ou trombolíticos, ou a realização de uma pericardiocentese. O ecocardiograma transesofágico (TEE) permite avaliar a eficácia da ressuscitação e determinar a causa do CP em tempo real e com imagens de alta qualidade.

Fusión de ecocardiografía 2D/3D-fluoroscopia: nueva herramienta en el intervencionismo cardiaco / Fusion of 2 D and 3 D echocardiography with fluoroscopy: a new tool in cardiac interventionism

Resumen La evolución en el intervencionismo estructural percutáneo ha generado un desarrollo paralelo en las técnicas de imagen avanzada. Teniendo en cuenta que este tipo de procedimientos requiere un entendimiento total de la anatomía cardiaca y con el fin de garantizar los mejores resultados y seguridad para el paciente durante procedimientos complejos, se desarrolló un software capaz de fusionar la fluoroscopia y la ecocardiografía 3 D en una sola imagen. La tecnología del Echonavigator® integra dos técnicas de imágenes dinámicas de un corazón en movimiento; el adecuado co-registro y visualización de fluoroscopia y ecocardiografía transesofágica 2D/3D es la clave en la obtención de resultados óptimos. La fusión de dos imágenes dinámicas en tiempo real es una herramienta factible y segura en los procedimientos de intervencionismo estructural del corazón; los estudios iniciales han logrado disminuir el tiempo de realización de los procedimientos y las dosis de radiación al paciente. El futuro es prometedor y su progresiva expansión de uso teniendo en cuenta su reciente aparición, aportará más datos en el crecimiento de esta tecnología.

Abstract The evolution of percutaneous structural interventionism has led to the simultaneous development of advanced imaging techniques. Taking into account that these types of procedures require a full understanding of cardiac anatomy, and with the aim of ensuring the best results and patient safety during complex procedures, a software program was developed that was capable of fusing and 3D-echocardiography into a single image. The Echonavigator® technology combines two dynamic imaging techniques of a heart in movement. The appropriate co-recording and visualising of fluoroscopy and 2D/3D transoesophageal echocardiography is essential for obtaining optimal results. The fusion of two images in real-time is a feasible and safe tool in structural heart interventionist procedures. Initial studies have managed to decrease the time of performing the procedures, as well as the dose of radiation to the patient. The future is promising, and its gradual expansion of use, taking into account its recent appearance, will provide more data on the growth of this technology.

A complex case of pacemaker lead endocarditis. / Um caso complexo de endocardite de sondas de pacemaker.

Pacemaker lead endocarditis is an uncommon complication after pacemaker implantation, but is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The authors describe the case of a 68-year-old woman with a double-chamber pacemaker since 2007, admitted to an internal medicine department for spondylodiscitis and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. During hospitalization, she had an episode of syncope; the 12-lead electrocardiogram showed pacemaker malfunction with ventricular undersensing and loss of capture. A transesophageal echocardiogram showed images compatible with vegetations on the pacemaker leads. After antimicrobial therapy, the patient developed acute renal failure with subsequent multiple organ failure and death. A high index of clinical suspicion is required for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of cardiac device-related infective endocarditis.

Imaging Techniques in Percutaneous Cardiac Structural Interventions: Atrial Septal Defect Closure and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion.

Because of advances in cardiac structural interventional procedures, imaging techniques are playing an increasingly important role. Imaging studies show sufficient anatomic detail of the heart structure to achieve an excellent outcome in interventional procedures. Up to 98% of atrial septal defects at the ostium secundum can be closed successfully with a percutaneous procedure. Candidates for this type of procedure can be identified through a systematic assessment of atrial septum anatomy, locating and measuring the size and shape of all defects, their rims, and the degree and direction of shunting. Three dimensional echocardiography has significantly improved anatomic assessments and the end result itself. In the future, when combined with other imaging techniques such as cardiac computed tomography and fluoroscopy, 3-dimensional echocardiography will be particularly useful for procedure guidance. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage offers an alternative for treating patients with atrial fibrillation and contraindication for oral anticoagulants. In the future, the clinical focus may well turn to stroke prevention in selected patients. Percutaneous closure is effective and safe; device implantation is successful in 94% to 99% of procedures. However, the procedure requires an experienced cardiac structural interventional team. At present, 3-dimensional echocardiography is the most appropriate imaging technique to assess anatomy suitability, select device type and size, guide the procedure alongside fluoroscopy, and to follow-up the patient afterwards.

Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm in adult age; percutaneous closure with occluder device: Report of three successful cases / Ruptura de aneurisma del seno de Valsalva en la edad adulta; cierre percutáneo con dispositivo oclusor: Informe de tres casos exitosos

Valsalva sinus aneurysms (VSA) are rare defects, representing 0.09% of all congenital heart diseases. They are more common in male and can be either acquired or congenital. The latter is consequence of an incomplete fusion of the distal bulbar septum that separates the pulmonary artery from the aorta and piece together with the fibrous annulus of the aortic valve. The subsequent thinning of the middle layer of the aorta, leads to progressive dilatation over time. We present three cases of VSA, comprising those of two male patients (aged 19 and 25 years old) and a third pertaining to a woman (aged 32 years old), all of them without cardiovascular risk factors. All patients clinically manifested heart failure and continuous murmur. The two males had sudden chest pain. Echocardiographic diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiotomography. In all patients, percutaneous closure with an Amplatzer occluder, guided by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, was successfully performed. In the follow-up, all three remain free of heart failure, without signs of significant aortic insufficiency. The etiology of all three cases was congenital. Although traditional surgical repair is associated with less than 2% mortality, since 1994, transcatheter closure of these lesions with different devices had been tested, being the Amplatzer occluder the one with better results because their bigger retention discs. With this technique the associated complications of median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass are avoided; and at the same time a shorter recovery time and hospitalization length of stay are achieved. There are not many cases like these reported in literature.

Los aneurismas del seno de Valsalva (ASV) son defectos raros que representan el 0.09% de todas las cardiopatías congénitas. Son más comunes en varones y pueden ser congénitos o adquiridos. Los ASV congénitos ocurren debido a una fusión incompleta del septum bulbar distal, que separa la aorta de la arteria pulmonar y se une al anillo fibroso de la válvula aórtica. El adelgazamiento consecuente de la túnica media de la aorta puede llevar con el tiempo a la dilatación progresiva. Presentamos tres casos de ASV, dos de pacientes masculinos (edades de 19 y 25 años) y un tercero de una mujer de 32 años, todos ellos sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los tres pacientes tuvieron insuficiencia cardiaca y soplo continuo. Los dos hombres, además comenzaron con dolor torácico súbito. El diagnóstico ecocardiográfico fue confirmado mediante cateterismo cardiaco y angiotomografía. Los tres pacientes fueron sometidos exitosamente al cierre de la ruptura aneurismática con el oclusor de Amplatzer, bajo la guía de la ecocardiografía transesofágica tridimensional. En el seguimiento los tres pacientes están libres de insuficiencia cardiaca y sin signos significativos de insuficiencia aórtica. La etiología de los tres casos fue congénita, pero la ruptura se asoció a trauma torácico. La reparación quirúrgica se asocia a menos del 2% de mortalidad. Desde 1994, han sido probados varios dispositivos para cerrar el defecto vía transcatéter, siendo el oclusor de Amplatzer el que obtuvo mejores resultados, por sus discos de retención más grandes. Con esta técnica se evitan las complicaciones de la esternotomía y de la circulación extracorpórea y se logran además tiempos de recuperación y de hospitalización menos prolongados. No hay muchos casos como estos en la literatura.

Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III, para cierre de fuga paravalvular mitral residual: imagen de ecocardiograma transesofágico tridimensional / Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III, for closing residual mitral paravalvular leak: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography image

La fuga paravalvular es una complicación relevante después del cambio valvular quirúrgico. Tradicionalmente la cirugía ha sido considerada el tratamiento de elección, sin embargo, conlleva una elevada morbimortalidad, así como un incremento en el riesgo de desarrollar fuga paravalvular recurrente. El tratamiento percutáneo de la fuga paravalvular se presenta como una atractiva alternativa. Dicho tratamiento ha sido posible por la capacidad actual de integrar múltiples modalidades de imagen que han ayudado a definir la anatomía del defecto y a planificar y guiar el procedimiento de cierre percutáneo, resultando en mejores desenlaces. El Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III (St. Jude Medical) es el primer dispositivo específicamente diseñado para el cierre percutáneo de la fuga paravalvular con resultados prometedores. Presentamos la imagen ecocardiográfica transesofágica tridimensional del resultado exitoso de cierre percutáneo de una fuga paravalvular mitral residual con un dispositivo Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III (St. Jude Medical), después de un procedimiento inicial de cierre percutáneo con un dispositivo Amplatzer® Duct Occluder (St. Jude Medical).

Paravalvular leak is a significant complication after surgical valve replacement. Traditionally, redo surgery has been considered the treatment of choice, but is associated with high morbidity and mortality as well as increase risk of developing new leaks. Percutaneous treatment of paravalvular leak appears as an attractive alternative. Such treatment has been made possible by the current ability to integrate multiple imaging modalities that have helped to define the anatomy of the defect and planning and guiding the percutaneous closure procedure, thus resulting in better outcomes. The Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III (St. Jude Medical) is the first device specifically designed for percutaneous closure of paravalvular leak with promising results. We present the three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic images of a successful outcome of percutaneous closure of a residual mitral paravalvular leak with an Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III device (St. Jude Medical), after an initial procedure of percutaneous closure with an Amplatzer® duct occluder (St. Jude Medical).

[Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III, for closing residual mitral paravalvular leak: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography image]. / Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III, para cierre de fuga paravalvular mitral residual: imagen de ecocardiograma transesofágico tridimensional.

Paravalvular leak is a significant complication after surgical valve replacement. Traditionally, redo surgery has been considered the treatment of choice, but is associated with high morbidity and mortality as well as increase risk of developing new leaks. Percutaneous treatment of paravalvular leak appears as an attractive alternative. Such treatment has been made possible by the current ability to integrate multiple imaging modalities that have helped to define the anatomy of the defect and planning and guiding the percutaneous closure procedure, thus resulting in better outcomes. The Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III (St. Jude Medical) is the first device specifically designed for percutaneous closure of paravalvular leak with promising results. We present the three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic images of a successful outcome of percutaneous closure of a residual mitral paravalvular leak with an Amplatzer® Vascular Plug III device (St. Jude Medical), after an initial procedure of percutaneous closure with an Amplatzer® duct occluder (St. Jude Medical).

Supervivencia de más de un año en un paciente con disección aortica tipo A / A more-than-a-year survival of a patient with type A aortic dissection

La disección aórtica constituye una patología poco frecuente, pero de elevada letalidad. De ahí la importancia de un diagnóstico oportuno para poder realizar un tratamiento adecuado. Algunos tipos de disección pueden sobrevivir sin realizarle corrección quirúrgica, siendo mejor la supervivencia en los casos de disección aórtica tipo B de la clasificación de Stanford, no sucede así con la disección tipo A, que presenta una alta letalidad cuando no es corregida quirúrgicamente, pudiendo llegar al 95 por ciento al mes de presentación del cuadro clínico cuando sobrevive a las horas iniciales. En este caso presentamos un paciente con disección aórtica tipo A, con una supervivencia mayor de un año luego del diagnóstico de la enfermedad, sin recibir tratamiento quirúrgico correctivo (AU)

The aortic dissection constitutes an uncommon pathology, but it is extremely lethal, hence the importance of an appropriate diagnosis to implement a suitable treatment. Some kinds of dissection can remain without a surgical correction, but the best survival is obtained in the cases of type B aortic dissection of Stanford classification, what is different in type A dissection which is highly lethal when it is not surgically corrected, which can reach 95 percent after a month of the clinical presentation, when the patient survives the first hours. This is a case presentation of a patient with type A aortic dissection, who has survived over a year after the diagnosis of the illness without receiving a corrective surgical treatment (AU)

Clinical utility of transoesophageal echocardiography in low resource environments: the jamaican experience / Utilidad clínica de la ecocardiografía transesofágica en medios de bajos recursos: la experiencia jamaicana

OBJECTIVE: To provide the first detailed review of the indications and clinical utility of transoesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) in the Caribbean. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data for patients who had TEE performed at the Heart Institute of the Caribbean over a three-year period were abstracted and reviewed. Information gathered included demographic data, indications for the procedure, findings and clinical recommendations. The effect of age and sex on these variables was assessed using the Chisquare or Fishers Exact tests. Significance was set at a p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 116 procedures performed between 2005 and 2008, medical records were reviewed for 107 (50 male, 57 female) patients. The patients ranged in age from 15-86 years with a mean age of 45.4 ± 18.5 years. With the exception of four patients, all attempted TEE were completed. The most common indications for the procedure were valvular heart disease (41.1%), strokes (17.8%), shunts (10.3%) and infective endocarditis (11.2%). Less common indications included arrhythmias, cardiac masses, aortic dissection and shortness of breath. Transoesophageal echocardiogram altered the treatment course in about 30% of all patients including 66.6% of patients referred for suspected infective endocarditis. Furthermore, TEE resulted in recommendation for surgery in 43% of patients referred for evaluation of severity of valvular disease. Minor complications occurred in two persons. No severe complications or deaths occurred as a result of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Transoesophageal echocardiogram has been most commonly performed to evaluate valvular heart disease in Jamaica without any major complications resulting from the procedure. It provides additional information that supplements transthoracic echocardiography in a wide range of clinical conditions. Measures should be put in place to make TEE more widely available and accessible in Jamaica.

OBJETIVO: Ofrecer un primer examen detallado de las indicaciones y utilidad clínica del ecocar-diograma transesofágico (ETE) en el Caribe. DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Por un período de tres años, se examinaron y resumieron datos de pacientes a los cuales se les realizó un ETE en el Instituto de Cardiología del Caribe. La información recogida incluyó datos demográficos, indicaciones para el procedimiento, hallazgos y recomendaciones clínicas. Se evaluó el efecto de la edad y el género en estas variables usando las pruebas Chicuadrado y el test exacto de Fisher. La significatividad fue establecida en p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: De los 116 procedimientos realizados entre 2005 y 2008, se revisaron las historias clínicas de 107 pacientes (50 varones, 57 hembras). La edad de los pacientes fluctuó de 15 a 86 años para una edad promedio de 45.4 ± 18.5 años. Con la excepción de cuatro pacientes, todos los ETE planificados fueron realizados. Las indicaciones más comunes para el procedimiento fueron los casos de enfermedad valvular cardíaca (41.1%), accidente cerebrovascular (17.8%), shunts o desviaciones (10.3%) y endocarditis infecciosa (11.2%). Las indicaciones menos comunes incluyeron las arritmias, las masas cardíacas, la disección aórtica y la disnea. El ecocardiograma transesofágico alteró el curso del tratamiento en aproximadamente el 30% de todos los pacientes, incluyendo el 66.6% de los pacientes remitidos por sospecha de endocarditis infecciosa. Además, a partir del ETE se derivaron recomendaciones de cirugía para 43% de los pacientes remitidos para evaluación de la severidad de la enfermedad valvular. Se presentaron complicaciones menores en dos personas. No se produjeron complicaciones severas o muertes como resultado del procedimiento. CONCLUSIONES: El ecocardiograma transesofágico se ha realizado más frecuentemente con el propósito de evaluar la enfermedad valvular cardíaca en Jamaica, sin que se hayan presentado mayores complicaciones como resultado de su empleo. Por otra parte, este procedimiento ofrece información adicional que sirve de complemento a la ecocardiografía transtorácica en una amplia gama de condiciones clínicas. Deben tomarse medidas para que el ETE tenga una mayor disponibilidad y accesibilidad en Jamaica.

Embolização arterial recorrente: aorta torácica, fonte embolígena pouco frequente: relato de caso / Recurrent arterial embolization: thoracic aortic, embolic source less frequent: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O tromboembolismo ainda hoje é um desafio médico, sendo muitas vezes de difícil diagnóstico e tratamento. Além disso, a trombose sobre placa ateromatosa em aorta torácica é uma condição incomum, porém com complicações graves. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de embolização arterial recorrente de fonte embolígena de localização menos frequente, com atualização da literatura. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos, com histórico de oclusão arterial aguda no membro superior esquerdo, em duas ocasiões distintas, submetida à embolectomia, com melhora clínica. Durante o segundo episódio, evoluiu com isquemia cerebral e óbito. Nos antecedentes, era portadora de hipotireoidismo e desenvolveu diabetes mellitus, quadro que surgiu clinicamente um ano antes do óbito. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de trombose da aorta torácica é muito baixa e o diagnóstico clínico está relacionado com eventos embólicos. Na investigação de quadros de embolia arterial, na maioria das vezes o coração é o órgão investigado ou os vasos periféricos.No caso desta paciente, o aspecto extremamente incomum foi a localização peculiar da lesão - óstio da artéria subcláviaesquerda - que somente poderia ser avaliada com acurácia por angiografia ou ecocardiograma transesofágico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Thromboembolism is still a medical challenge, and diagnosis and treatment are often difficult to proceed. In addition, thrombosis on atheromatous plaque in the thoracic aorta is uncommon but with serious complications.The aim of this study was to report a case of arterialembolization recurrent from uncommon embolic source location, with an update of literature. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 56 years of age, with history ofacute arterial occlusion of the left arm on two separate occasions, underwent embolectomy, presenting clinical improvement. Duringthe second episode, the patient developed cerebral ischemia and death. Prior to this, the patient presented hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus, clinical picture that emerged a year beforedeath. CONCLUSION: The incidence of thrombosis of the thoracic aorta is very low and the clinical diagnosis is related to embolic events. In the research frame of arterial embolism, in most cases the heart is the main organ investigated or peripheral vessels. Forthis patient, the most unusual aspect was the peculiar location ofthe lesion - the ostium of the left subclavian artery - could onlybe accurately assessed by angiography or transesophageal echocardiography.