Declines in coastal macrozooplankton communities within a recent climate and ocean tipping point in the Tropical South Atlantic.

This study investigated whether variations in climate and ocean drivers on global, regional, and local scales affected macrozooplankton communities in a coastal protected area in Tamandaré Bay (northeastern Brazil). For this purpose, bimonthly field campaigns were carried out from June 2013 to August 2019. A significant tipping point (point of change, p < 0.001), with an abrupt increase in SST, was detected in the TSA (Tropical South Atlantic) index. This indicates the existence of a climate regime shift in the Tropical South Atlantic during the 2015/16 El Niño (EN) event. Extreme rainfall events were observed in Tamandaré Bay after this EN event, in 2017, 2018, and in 2019 (and more recently, in 2022). This extreme rainfall led to low-salinity events, increased variability in salinity, and significantly lower abundances in the period after the strong EN event, for socioeconomically relevant penaeid shrimp postlarvae and several other zooplankton groups (e.g., copepods, appendicularians, anomuran hermit crab larvae, and chaetognaths). We found a significant relationship between SSTs in the TSA region and penaeid shrimp recruitment in the study area, located leewards of the TSA index area. The decline in shrimp postlarvae and other macrozooplankton may be due to a combination of factors, such as climate and ocean shifts (atmospheric easterly waves disturbances, winds, precipitation, salinity) and possibly increasing marine pollution (related to extreme rainfall events, that convey macro- and microplastics, and pollutants from the continent). Cnidarian medusae and fish eggs were among the few "winners" of this ecosystem regime shift. Changes in climate, ocean, macrozooplankton, and shrimp postlarvae abundance evidence a relevant climate, ocean and ecosystem regime shift in this region with a tipping point during 2015/16 "Godzilla" El Niño. Possible future consequences in the context of persistent warming in the TSA region and the currently ongoing record strength 2023/24 EN event are discussed.

Dynamics of meteorological and hydrological drought: The impact of groundwater and El Niño events on forest fires in the Amazon.

Over recent decades, anthropogenic forest fires have significantly altered vegetation dynamics in the Amazon region. While human activities primarily initiate these fires, their escalation is intricately linked to climatic conditions, particularly droughts induced by the warm El Niño phase. This study investigates the impact of meteorological and hydrological drought on forest fires in the Amazon, focusing on the role of groundwater and El Niño events. Utilizing comprehensive drought indicators at various soil depths and standardized precipitation indexes, the research spans from 2004 to 2016, revealing a consistent decrease in humidity conditions across surface soil moisture, root zone soil moisture, and groundwater storage levels. With its slower response to precipitation changes, groundwater emerges as a crucial factor influencing hydrological drought patterns in the Amazon. The spatial distribution of drought conditions is explored, highlighting areas with lower humidity concentrations in the northeast and a correlation between forest fires and positive rates of change in burned area fraction during El Niño events. Notably, the study underscores the substantial increase in burned area during the 2015-2016, characterized by a very strong El Niño. This nuanced understanding of groundwater dynamics and its interplay with El Niño events provides critical insights for developing a tailored fire risk index in the ecologically significant and vulnerable Amazon basin, subsidizing strategies for mitigating fire risk and enhancing preparedness.

Growth patterns and population dynamics of Chiton articulatus (Mollusca: Polyplacophora): A multi-decade study.

The edible chiton Chiton articulatus is a commercially important mollusk found in the rocky intertidal zones of the Mexican tropical Pacific. Despite the intense harvesting in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, knowledge of its growth patterns is limited, hindering the development of effective management strategies. This study investigated the growth dynamics of C. articulatus using a multi-model inference approach based on size structure data collected in four sampling periods covering four decades. Results revealed continuous recruitment throughout the year, contributing to population resilience. The species exhibited growth plasticity, highlighting its adaptive potential. We found complex temporal patterns influenced mainly by climatic events. The El Niño event sowed higher growth rates and lower asymptotic length, while La Niña events showed the opposite pattern. This research provides insights into the growth dynamics of C. articulatus, highlighting the need for holistic management strategies for this commercially important species in the face of environmental change.

A new approach to geostatistical synthesis of historical records reveals capuchin spatial responses to climate and demographic change.

Recent proliferation of GPS technology has transformed animal movement research. Yet, time-series data from this recent technology rarely span beyond a decade, constraining longitudinal research. Long-term field sites hold valuable historic animal location records, including hand-drawn maps and semantic descriptions. Here, we introduce a generalised workflow for converting such records into reliable location data to estimate home ranges, using 30 years of sleep-site data from 11 white-faced capuchin (Cebus imitator) groups in Costa Rica. Our findings illustrate that historic sleep locations can reliably recover home range size and geometry. We showcase the opportunity our approach presents to resolve open questions that can only be addressed with very long-term data, examining how home ranges are affected by climate cycles and demographic change. We urge researchers to translate historical records into usable movement data before this knowledge is lost; it is essential to understanding how animals are responding to our changing world.

Dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and stable C isotope ratios (δ13CDIC) in a tropical watershed with diversified land use in São Paulo State, Brazil.

The fluvial transport of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important component of the global carbon cycle. Herein, we assessed the dynamics of DIC and the C stable isotopic composition (δ13CDIC) in a watershed with diversified land use in São Paulo State (Brazil), more specifically in the Sorocaba River basin (SRB) and considered the temporal and spatial scales. For this purpose, twelve fluvial samples at each sampling point (e.g., S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) were collected in the SRB, from June 2009 to May 2010, which represented one complete hydrological cycle that included the extremes of the rainfall and discharge regimes. In addition, the δ13CDIC values were also characterized in the wet and dry season at all sampling points to verify their seasonal variability. The results reflected the seasonal variation in discharges, water temperatures, and electrical conductivities. Most of the DIC was transported in the wet season at all sampling points, where the less negative δ13CDIC values were characterized. The natural sources of DIC are associated with atmospheric/soil CO2 consumption. The anthropogenic impacts on both [DIC] and δ13CDIC are linked to untreated urban sewage that is discharged directly into the Sorocaba River, as well as to aquatic photosynthesis in the Itupararanga Reservoir. From 1970 to 2020, the modeling proposed in this study indicated that the annual flux of DIC (Friver) varied from 9.0 to 78.7 t km-2 a-1, confirming that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) controlled Friver in the SRB, with higher and lower Friver values occurring during strong El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) years. The average Friver value was 20 t km-2 a-1, which is higher than those obtained in natural several temperate and tropical watersheds due to the influences of urban areas on [DIC] in the SRB.

Soil greenhouse gas emissions from dead and natural mangrove forests in Southeastern Brazil.

Mangroves forests may be important sinks of carbon in coastal areas but upon their death, these forests may become net sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Here we assessed the spatial and temporal variability in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dead mangrove forests and paired intact sites in SE-Brazil. Our findings demonstrated that during warmer and drier conditions, CO2 soil flux was 183 % higher in live mangrove forests when compared to the dead mangrove forests. Soil CH4 emissions in live forests were > 1.4-fold higher than the global mangrove average. During the wet season, soil GHG emissions dropped significantly at all sites. During warmer conditions, mangroves were net sources of GHG, with a potential warming effect (GWP100) of 32.9 ± 10.2 (±SE) Mg CO2e ha-1 y-1. Overall, we found that dead mangroves did not release great amounts of GHG after three years of forest loss.

Effect of environmental variables on the incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil and Colombia.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe of the three forms of Leishmaniasis. In the Americas, Brazil and Colombia present more than 90 % of the cases in the region. Our aim in this research was to estimate the association of the incidence rate of Visceral Leishmaniasis with the following environmental variables: the percentage of area suitable for the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, the episodes of La Niña and El Niño, the Brazilian and Colombian biomes. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Colombian National Public Health Surveillance System. Environmental data were downloaded from the NASA Giovanni web app, the Modis Sensor database, and the meteorological agencies of Australia, Japan, and the United States of America. Records of the presence of Lu. longipalpis were obtained from public databases and previous studies. As a result, the incidence per 10,000 inhabitants with LEBS for each El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode showed the largest values during El Niño 2015-2016, mainly in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. Compared with the Neutral 2012-2014 episode, the episodes of El Niño 2015-2016 and La Niña 2010-2011 showed an average increase in the monthly incidence rate of VL, and the average increase was higher during El Niño 2015-2016 (aIRR = 2.304 vs.1.453) We found a positive association between the incidence rate of VL and the El Niño 2015-2016 episode and an impressive% of area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis in the Amazon region.An increase of 1 % in the area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis leads to an average rise of 0.8 % in the monthly incidence rate of VL. Our study shows a possible association between VL incidence and ENSO, with the most considerable incidence rates observed during El Niño 2015-2016 in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. The present study is very important to better understand the Visceral Leishmaniasis transmission dynamics.

Effect of environmental variables on the incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil and Colombia

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe of the three forms of Leishmaniasis. In the Americas, Brazil and Colombia present more than 90 % of the cases in the region. Our aim in this research was to estimate the association of the incidence rate of Visceral Leishmaniasis with the following environmental variables: the percentage of area suitable for the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, the episodes of La Niña and El Niño, the Brazilian and Colombian biomes. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Colombian National Public Health Surveillance System. Environmental data were downloaded from the NASA Giovanni web app, the Modis Sensor database, and the meteorological agencies of Australia, Japan, and the United States of America. Records of the presence of Lu. longipalpis were obtained from public databases and previous studies. As a result, the incidence per 10,000 inhabitants with LEBS for each El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode showed the largest values during El Niño 2015–2016, mainly in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. Compared with the Neutral 2012–2014 episode, the episodes of El Niño 2015–2016 and La Niña 2010–2011 showed an average increase in the monthly incidence rate of VL, and the average increase was higher during El Niño 2015–2016 (aIRR = 2.304 vs.1.453) We found a positive association between the incidence rate of VL and the El Niño 2015–2016 episode and an impressive% of area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis in the Amazon region.An increase of 1 % in the area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis leads to an average rise of 0.8 % in the monthly incidence rate of VL. Our study shows a possible association between VL incidence and ENSO, with the most considerable incidence rates observed during El Niño 2015–2016 in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. The present study is very important to better understand the Visceral Leishmaniasis transmission dynamics.

Parasite communities of the golden snapper Lutjanus inermis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae): inter-annual variations during strange climatic events.

Strange oceanographic events such as El Niño and La Niña may have indirect effects on the local transmission processes of intestinal parasites due to the reduction or increase in populations of potential intermediate or definitive hosts. A total of 713 individuals of Lutjanus inermis (Peters) were collected over an 8-year period (October 2015 to July 2022) from Acapulco Bay, Mexico. Parasite communities in L. inermis were quantified and analysed to determine if they experienced interannual variations in species composition and structure as a result of local biotic and abiotic factors influenced by oceanographic events, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or La Niña, the cool phase of the ENSO climate pattern. Twenty-six taxa of metazoan parasites were recovered and identified: two Monogenea, eight Digenea, two Acanthocephala, four Nematoda, one Cestoda, seven Copepoda, and two Isopoda. Species richness at the component community level (8 to 17 species) was similar to reported richness in other species of Lutjanus Bloch. Parasite communities of L. inermis exhibited high inter-annual variation in the abundance of component species of parasite. However, the species richness and diversity were fairly stable over time. Climatic episodes of El Niño and La Niña probably generated notable changes in the structure of local food webs, thus indirectly influencing the transmission rates of intestinal parasite species. Changes in species composition and community structure of parasites possibly were due to variations in feeding behaviour during the events and differences in the host body size.

Taxonomical and functional diversity dynamics of conspicuous echinoderms in the northeastern tropical Pacific over a decade.

Understanding what determines spatio-temporal changes in echinoderm assemblages from an integrative perspective that considers biodiversity, species evenness, and species' niches could permit superior community-scale characterizations of habitat resilience to disturbance. Such an approach was taken herein by tracking a Central Mexican Pacific echinoderm assemblage between 2012 and 2021, and higher richness, diversity, evenness, and functional entity counts were associated with more heterogeneous benthic assemblages. Echinoderm taxonomic composition was influenced by ENSO events, with higher functional diversity found during La Niña events. Conservation strategies should focus on species with unique functional traits to maintain the balance of coral community functionality.

Towards a leptospirosis early warning system in northeastern Argentina.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a high burden in Latin America, including northeastern Argentina, where flooding events linked to El Niño are associated with leptospirosis outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of using hydrometeorological indicators to predict leptospirosis outbreaks in this region. We quantified the effects of El Niño, precipitation, and river height on leptospirosis risk in Santa Fe and Entre Ríos provinces between 2009 and 2020, using a Bayesian modelling framework. Based on several goodness of fit statistics, we selected candidate models using a long-lead El Niño 3.4 index and shorter lead local climate variables. We then tested predictive performance to detect leptospirosis outbreaks using a two-stage early warning approach. Three-month lagged Niño 3.4 index and one-month lagged precipitation and river height were positively associated with an increase in leptospirosis cases in both provinces. El Niño models correctly detected 89% of outbreaks, while short-lead local models gave similar detection rates with a lower number of false positives. Our results show that climatic events are strong drivers of leptospirosis incidence in northeastern Argentina. Therefore, a leptospirosis outbreak prediction tool driven by hydrometeorological indicators could form part of an early warning and response system in the region.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on local weather, arboviral diseases, and dynamics of managed and unmanaged populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico.

We investigated the effects of interannual El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on local weather, Aedes aegypti populations, and combined cases of dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika (ZIKV) viruses in 2 communities with mass mosquito trapping and 2 communities without mosquito control in southern Puerto Rico (2013-2019). Gravid adult Ae. aegypti populations were monitored weekly using Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps (AGO traps). Managing Ae. aegypti populations was done using 3 AGO traps per home in most homes. There were drought conditions in 2014-2015 concurrent with the emergence of a strong El Niño (2014-2016), wetter conditions during La Niña (2016-2018), a major hurricane (2017), and a weaker El Niño (2018-2019). The main factor explaining differences in Ae. aegypti abundance across sites was mass trapping. Populations of Ae. aegypti reached maximum seasonal values during the wetter and warmer months of the year when arbovirus epidemics occurred. El Niño was significantly associated with severe droughts that did not impact the populations of Ae. aegypti. Arbovirus cases at the municipality level were positively correlated with lagged values (5-12 mo.) of the Oceanic El Niño Index (ONI), droughts, and abundance of Ae. aegypti. The onset of strong El Niño conditions in Puerto Rico may be useful as an early warning signal for arboviral epidemics in areas where the abundance of Ae. aegypti exceeds the mosquito density threshold value.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Trace and Macro Elements in the Red Crab Pleuroncodes planipes in the Pacific Coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico.

The red crab, Pleuroncodes planipes, is a decapod crustacean abundant off the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula. This species is caught and used in preparing animal feed, such as flour, particularly for aquaculture. Levels of calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) were measured in red crabs collected from three geographic zones during three cruises in different seasons. Significant differences were found in the levels of Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, P, and Zn between the two El Niño years (cruises C1 and C3, based on a threshold of ±0.5 °C for the Oceanic Niño Index). The highest concentrations of most elements were observed in the south of the Baja California Peninsula, a highly productive area influenced by upwelling events. Our findings suggest that while environmental temperature plays a central role in the benthic or pelagic distribution of red crabs, their content and variability of trace and macro elements appear to be associated with the presence of oceanic conditions, such as upwelling and potential changes in the composition of their diet associated with the depth in which these crustaceans are collected.

Temporal and spatial dissimilarities in an intertidal fish assemblage in the South Pacific Ocean: The role of the ENSO process and intrinsic habitat conditions in emerging patterns.

An intertidal fish assemblage was studied in central Chile for 15 years in three localities: Isla Negra, El Tabo, and Las Cruces. Analyses of their multivariate dissimilarities were carried out considering temporal and spatial factors. Temporal factors included intra-annual and year-to-year variability. Spatial factors included locality, intertidal tidepool height, and each tidepool considered as a unique unit. Complementary to this, we tested the hypothesis that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) would help explain year-to-year dissimilarities in the multivariate structure of this fish assemblage for the 15 years of data. To this end, the ENSO was regarded as a continuous inter-annual process as well as a set of discrete events. Additionally, dissimilarities in the temporal dynamics of the fish assemblage were evaluated considering each locality and tidepool unique units. Results indicated the following: (i) The most representative species for the whole area and period of the study were Scartichthys viridis (44 %), Helcogrammoides chilensis (17 %), Girella laevifrons (10 %), Graus nigra (7 %), Auchenionchus microcirrhis (5 %), and Helcogrammoides cunninghami (4 %); (ii) there is intra-annual (i.e., seasonality) and year-to-year multivariate variability in fish assemblage dissimilarities throughout the entire area of study, including all the tidepools and localities; (iii) when considering the spatial factor specifically, each tidepool unit, as well as their heights and localities, presented their own unique temporal year-to-year dynamics. The latter can be explained by the ENSO factor, also considering the intensity of the El Niño and La Niña events. In summary, the multivariate structure of the intertidal fish assemblage was statistically dissimilar when comparing neutral periods with El Niño and La Niña events. This structure was observed for the entire area of study, for each locality, and primarily for each tidepool as a unique unit. Fish physiological mechanisms underlying the identified patterns are discussed.

Climate and socioeconomic drivers of biomass burning and carbon emissions from fires in tropical dry forests: A Pantropical analysis.

Global burned area has declined by nearly one quarter between 1998 and 2015. Drylands contain a large proportion of these global fires but there are important differences within the drylands, for example, savannas and tropical dry forests (TDF). Savannas, a biome fire-prone and fire-adapted, have reduced the burned area, while the fire in the TDF is one of the most critical factors impacting biodiversity and carbon emissions. Moreover, under climate change scenarios TDF is expected to increase its current extent and raise the risk of fires. Despite regional and global scale effects, and the influence of this ecosystem on the global carbon cycle, little effort has been dedicated to studying the influence of climate (seasonality and extreme events) and socioeconomic conditions of fire regimen in TDF. Here we use the Global Fire Emissions Database and, climate and socioeconomic metrics to better understand long-term factors explaining the variation in burned area and biomass in TDF at Pantropical scale. On average, fires affected 1.4% of the total TDF' area (60,208 km2 ) and burned 24.4% (259.6 Tg) of the global burned biomass annually at Pantropical scales. Climate modulators largely influence local and regional fire regimes. Inter-annual variation in fire regime is shaped by El Niño and La Niña. During the El Niño and the forthcoming year of La Niña, there is an increment in extension (35.2% and 10.3%) and carbon emissions (42.9% and 10.6%). Socioeconomic indicators such as land-management and population were modulators of the size of both, burned area and carbon emissions. Moreover, fires may reduce the capability to reach the target of "half protected species" in the globe, that is, high-severity fires are recorded in ecoregions classified as nature could reach half protected. These observations may contribute to improving fire-management.

El área global quemada se redujo en casi una cuarta parte entre 1998 y 2015. Los bosques secos contienen una gran proporción de esos incendios globales, pero existen diferencias importantes dentro de ellos, por ejemplo, las sabanas y los bosques secos tropicales (SBC). Las sabanas, son un bioma propenso y adaptado al fuego, y que en los últimos años han reducido su área quemada. Mientras que el fuego en la SBC es uno de los factores más críticos que impactan la biodiversidad y las emisiones de carbono. Además, bajo escenarios de cambio climático, se espera que la SBC aumente su extensión actual y aumente el riesgo de incendios. A pesar de los efectos a escala regional y global, y la influencia de este ecosistema en el ciclo global del carbono, se le ha dedicado poco esfuerzo a estudiar la influencia del clima (estacionalidad y eventos extremos) y las condiciones socioeconómicas del régimen de incendios. Aquí usamos la base de datos global de emisiones de incendios y métricas climáticas y socioeconómicas para comprender mejor los factores a largo plazo que explican la variación en el área quemada y la biomasa a escala Pantropical. En promedio, los incendios afectaron el 1,4% del área total de la SBC (60 208 km2 ) y quemaron el 24,4% (259,6 Tg) de la biomasa global quemada anualmente a escala Pantropical. Los moduladores climáticos influyen en gran medida en los regímenes de incendios locales y regionales. La variación interanual del régimen de incendios está determinada por El Niño y La Niña. Durante El Niño y el año subsecuente de La Niña, se produce un incremento en la extensión (35,2% y 10,3%) y en las emisiones de carbono (42,9% y 10,6%). Los indicadores socioeconómicos como la gestión de la tierra y la población fueron moduladores del tamaño tanto del área quemada como de las emisiones de carbono. Además, los incendios pueden reducir la capacidad de alcanzar el objetivo de "protección de la mitad de las especies" en el mundo, es decir, los incendios de alta gravedad se registran en ecorregiones clasificadas como naturaleza que podría alcanzar la protección de la mitad de su biodiversidad. Estas observaciones pueden contribuir a mejorar la gestión de incendios.

Expectativas de mães e cuidadoras sobre participação em um programa de prevenção à violência / Expectations of mothers/caregivers regarding the participation in a violence prevention program / Expectativas de madres/cuidadoras sobre la participación en un programa de prevención de la violencia

O presente estudo qualitativo objetivou compreender as expectativas de mães e cuidadoras sobre a sua participação no Programa ACT para Educar Crianças em Ambientes Seguros na versão remota, no período da pandemia de covid-19. Também visou identificar a percepção das participantes sobre educar uma criança em um ambiente seguro. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas on-line com doze mães e cuidadoras, antes da participação no Programa ACT. Os resultados indicaram diferentes expectativas sobre a participação no Programa ACT, entre elas: adquirir novos conhecimentos, aprimorar as habilidades parentais, trocar experiências, receber auxílio no momento da pandemia de covid-19 e possibilitar para a criança um desenvolvimento saudável. Na percepção das mães e cuidadoras, a versão remota do Programa ACT apresenta aspectos positivos; entre eles, a participação de pais e cuidadores que não residem na cidade em que é oferecida a intervenção. No entanto, apontaram como fatores negativos a ausência do contato físico e as interrupções que podem acontecer a partir das falhas de internet. Para as mães e cuidadoras, educar a criança em um ambiente seguro estava relacionado a promover os direitos estabelecidos no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), como educação, saúde, lazer, cuidado, afeto, assim como protegê-la de situações de violência. Considera-se que as expectativas das participantes estavam alinhadas aos objetivos do Programa ACT. Torna-se prioritário oferecer programas de prevenção à violência aos pais e cuidadores, em especial em momentos adversos como o da pandemia de covid-19, a fim de promover o desenvolvimento e a saúde das crianças, assim como prevenir situações de violação de direitos.(AU)

This qualitative study aims to understand the expectations of mothers and caregivers about participating in the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program in its remote version, during the COVID-19 pandemic period. It also aims to identify the participants' perception of raising a child in a safe environment. Semi-structured on-line interviews were conducted with 12 mothers/caregivers, prior to participation in the ACT Program. The results indicated different expectations regarding the participation in the ACT Program, for example: acquiring new knowledge, improving parenting skills, exchanging experiences, receiving support during the COVID-19 pandemic, and enabling the child to have a healthy development. In the perception of mothers and caregivers, the remote version of the ACT Program has positive aspects, such as the participation of parents and caregivers who do not live in the city where the intervention is offered. However, they pointed out as negative factors absence of physical contact and interruptions due to internet failures. For the mothers/caregivers, educating children in a safe environment was related to promoting the rights established by the Brazilian Child and Adolescent Statute, namely education, health, leisure, care, affection, as well as protecting them from situations of violence. The expectations of the participants were aligned with the objectives of the ACT Program. Offering violence prevention programs to parents and caregivers is a priority, especially in adverse moments such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to promote the development and health of children, as well as prevent situations of violation of rights.(AU)

Este estudio cualitativo pretendió comprender las expectativas de madres y cuidadoras sobre la participación en el Programa de ACT para Educar a Niños en Ambientes Seguros en la versión remota, en el periodo de la pandemia de la COVID-19. También se propuso identificar la percepción de las participantes sobre educar a un niño en un ambiente seguro. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas en línea con 12 madres/cuidadoras, antes de la participación en el Programa ACT. Los resultados señalaron diferentes expectativas con la participación del Programa de ACT, entre ellas: adquirir nuevos conocimientos, perfeccionar las habilidades parentales, intercambiar experiencias, recibir auxilio en el momento de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y posibilitar al niño un desarrollo saludable. En la percepción de las madres y cuidadoras, la versión remota del Programa de ACT presenta aspectos positivos, como la participación de padres y cuidadores que no residen en la ciudad donde es ofrecida la intervención. Sin embargo, señalaron como factores negativos la ausencia del contacto físico y las interrupciones, que pueden ocurrir por fallas en Internet. Para las madres/cuidadoras, educar al niño en un ambiente seguro estaba relacionado a promover los derechos establecidos en el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente de Brasil, como educación, salud, ocio, cuidado, afecto, así como protegerlo de situaciones de violencia. Se considera que las expectativas de las participantes estaban alineadas con los objetivos del Programa de ACT. Es prioritario ofrecer programas de prevención a la violencia a los padres y cuidadores, en especial en momentos adversos como el de la pandemia de la COVID-19, con el fin de promover el desarrollo y la salud de los niños, así como prevenir situaciones de vulneración de derechos.(AU)

Fractura de la epífisis distal del fémur

Introducción: Las lesiones traumáticas de las epífisis son frecuentes en la edad pediátrica. La articulación de la rodilla es una de las más involucradas, en especial, la epífisis distal del fémur. Objetivo: Actualizar y brindar información sobre las fracturas de la epífisis distal del fémur. Método: La búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de 61 días (1 de abril al 31 de mayo de 2022) y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: "physeal injuries", "physeal injuries and knee", "physeal fractures around the knee", "distal femoral physeal fracture", a partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 153 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO, y Medline, mediante el gestor de búsqueda y gestor de referencias EndNote, de ellos: se utilizaron 34 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 33 de los últimos cinco años. Desarrollo: Se mencionaron las características anatómicas más importantes relacionadas con el mecanismo de producción. Se hizo referencia a la clasificación de Salter Harris. Se expusieron las principales modalidades de tratamiento tanto conservadoras como quirúrgicas basadas en la clasificación. Con relación a las complicaciones se describieron las más reportadas en la literatura. Conclusiones: Las fracturas de la epífisis distal del fémur son lesiones complejas. Para su mejor entendimiento es importante conocer los mecanismos de producción, así como la clasificación basada en el grado de severidad. La terapéutica tanto conservadora como quirúrgica tiene indicaciones precisas basadas en el desplazamiento y grado de afección de la epífisis.

Introduction: Traumatic injuries of the epiphysis are frequent in the pediatric age groups. The knee joint is one of the most involved, especially, distal femoral epiphysis. Objective: Update and provide information concerning fractures of the distal femoral epiphysis. Method: Search and analysis of information was gathered over a period of 61 days (April 1 to May 31, 2022) and the following words were used as a key: physeal injuries, physeal injuries and knee, physeal fractures aroundtheknee, distal femoral physeal fracture. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review was made of a total of 153 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases, using the search engine and reference manager EndNote: 34 selected citations were used for the review, 33 of them from the last five years. Development: The most important anatomical characteristics related to the mechanism of production were mentioned. The Salter Harris classification was pointed too. The main treatment modalities, both conservative and surgical, based on the classification, were presented. Regarding complications, the most reported in the literature were described. Conclusions: Fractures of the distal femoral epiphysis are complex injuries. For a better understanding, it is important to know the mechanisms of production, as well as the classification based on the degree of severity. Both conservative and surgical therapeutics have precise indications based on the degree and displacement of epiphysis affection.

Introdução: As lesões traumáticas das epífises são frequentes na idade pediátrica. A articulação do joelho é uma das mais acometidas, principalmente a epífise distal do fêmur. Objetivo: Atualizar e fornecer informações sobre fraturas da epífise distal do fêmur. Método: A busca e análise das informações foi realizada em um período de 61 dias (1º de abril a 31 de maio de 2022) e foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras: "lesões fisárias", "lesões fisárias e joelho", "fraturas fisárias ao redor o joelho", "fratura da fisária distal do fêmur", com base nas informações obtidas, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de um total de 153 artigos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, Hinari, SciELO e Medline, utilizando o gerenciador de busca e o gerenciador de referências EndNote , das quais: 34 citações selecionadas foram usadas para conduzir a revisão, 33 dos últimos cinco anos. Desenvolvimento: Foram mencionadas as características anatômicas mais importantes relacionadas ao mecanismo de produção. Foi feita referência à classificação de Salter Harris. As principais modalidades de tratamento, tanto conservador quanto cirúrgico com base na classificação, foram expostas. Em relação às complicações, foram descritas as mais relatadas na literatura. Conclusões: As fraturas da epífise distal do fêmur são lesões complexas. Para um melhor entendimento, é importante conhecer os mecanismos de produção, bem como a classificação com base no grau de severidade. Tanto a terapia conservadora quanto a cirúrgica têm indicações precisas baseadas no deslocamento e no grau de acometimento da epífise.

Effect of environmental characteristics on the diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in Andean rivers regulated for hydroelectric generation / Efecto de características ambientales en la diversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en ríos andinos regulados para generación hidroeléctrica

Introduction: The Andes are characterized by an abundance of water resources and flows are frequently regulated by reservoirs for the generation of energy. The effects of regulation on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities are not well known in Colombia. Objective: To test the hypothesis that regulated currents have less macroinvertebrate diversity. Methods: We collected water and organism samples before, and after, the regulation of the Tafetanes, Calderas and Arenosa rivers, in Antioquia, Colombia, during various hydrological cycles (rain, transition and drought) and climatic phenomena (ENSO/El Niño Phenomenon) between 2016 and 2018. Results: We collected 53 214 individuals, from 165 taxa, mostly from the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera (90 % of captures). Changes in diversity responded to spatial differences rather than to physicochemical variables: diversity was higher in non-regulated sites, regardless of the hydrological period or associated ENSO. Most species were found in all sampling sites, but abundance was higher in the site with the best habitat conservation status. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that physical barriers have effects on macroinvertebrate diversity at the local scale, however, the condition of adjacent habitats also seems to play an important role in preserving richness and abundance. The conservation of forest adjacent to the riverbed could mitigate the impacts of regulation.

Introducción: Los Andes se caracterizan por tener gran abundancia de recursos hídricos y las corrientes son frecuentemente reguladas por embalses para la generación de energía. Los efectos de la regulación en las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos no se conocen bien en Colombia. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que las corrientes reguladas presentan menor diversidad de macroinvertebrados. Métodos: Recolectamos muestras de agua y organismos, antes y después de la regulación de los ríos Tafetanes, Calderas y La Arenosa, en Antioquia, Colombia, durante varios ciclos hidrológicos (lluvia, transición y sequía) y fenómenos climáticos (ENSO/Fenómeno de El Niño) entre 2016 y 2018. Resultados: Recolectamos 53 214 individuos, de 165 táxones, en su mayoría de los órdenes Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera y Diptera (90 % de las capturas). Los cambios en la diversidad respondieron a las diferencias espaciales más que a las variables fisicoquímicas: la diversidad fue mayor en sitios no regulados, independientemente del periodo hidrológico o del ENSO. La mayoría de las especies se encontraron en todos los sitios de muestreo, pero su abundancia fue mayor en el sitio de mejor estado de conservación del hábitat. Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que las barreras físicas tienen efectos sobre la diversidad de macroinvertebrados a escala local, sin embargo, el estado de los hábitats adyacentes también parece jugar un papel importante en la preservación de la riqueza y abundancia. La conservación del bosque adyacente podría mitigar los impactos generados por la regulación.

OCURRENCIA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE Vibrio cholerae CULTIVABLE EN LA CIÉNAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO / Occurrence and distribution of cultivable Vibrio cholerae in Ciénaga Grande De Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean

RESUMEN Vibrio cholerae es un potencial patógeno humano que habita ambientes acuáticos, aunque su presencia y abundancia se ha asociado al aumento de la temperatura del agua, poco se ha investigado sobre su ecología en ambientes estuarinos tropicales, donde los cambios de salinidad suelen ser más importantes. El presente estudio evaluó la distribución de V. cholerae en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia y su relación con la temperatura y la salinidad. Para ello, entre 2016 y 2018 se cuantificó bimestralmente esta especie en muestras de agua superficial, usando agar TCBS y pruebas bioquímicas. V. cholerae se detectó en 57 de 198 muestras (28,8 %), variando en densidad entre 5 y 54 800 UFC por 100 mL. Entre enero y septiembre de 2016 se presentó una alta salinidad promedio mensual (≥ 28,7) y una baja detección de la bacteria (0,01 %). La salinidad promedio se redujo drásticamente en noviembre de 2016 (9,6), coincidiendo con una proliferación de V. cholerae (promedio geométrico 36,4 UFC/100 mL). Durante 2017 y 2018 la salinidad promedio se mantuvo por debajo de 15,2 y la detección de V. cholerae fue mayor (39,4 %) que, en 2016, presentándose mayores densidades en los meses con menor salinidad. En las estaciones denominadas BVA y NVE, donde se ubican poblaciones palafíticas, se registraron las densidades promedio (geométrico) más altas, 25,3 UFC/100 mL y 15,4 UFC/ 100 mL, respectivamente. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la salinidad juega un papel determinante en la ocurrencia y abundancia de V. cholerae en esta laguna tropical.

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is a potential human pathogen that inhabits aquatic environments, although its presence and abundance have been associated with increased water temperature, little research has been done on its ecology in tropical estuarine environments, where salinity changes tend to be more important. The present study evaluated the distribution of V. cholerae in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta and its relationship with temperature and salinity; For this, between 2016 and 2018 this microorganism was quantified bimonthly in surface water samples, using TCBS agar and biochemical tests. V. cholerae was detected in 57 of 198 samples (28.8 %), varying in density between 5 CFU / 100 mL and 54,800 CFU / 100 mL. Between January and September 2016 there was a high average monthly salinity (≥ 28.7 °C) and a low detection of the bacteria (0.01 %). Average salinity dropped drastically in November 2016 (9.6), coinciding with a proliferation of V. cholerae (geometric average 36.4 CFU / 100 mL). During 2017 and 2018, the average salinity remained below 15.2 and the detection of V. cholerae was higher (39.4 %) than in 2016, with higher densities in the months with lower salinity. At the BVA and NVE stations, where palaphytic populations are located, the highest average (geometric) densities were recorded, 25.3 CFU / 100mL and 15.4 CFU / 100mL, respectively. The results of this study show that salinity plays a determining role in the occurrence and abundance of V. cholerae in this tropical lagoon.

Deconstructing the spatial effects of El Niño and vulnerability on cholera rates in Peru: Wavelet and GIS analyses.

This study examined the spatial effects of El Niño and vulnerability on cholera in Peru across the epidemic period of 1991 to 1998. Using Wavelet and GIS analyses, relationships between sea surface temperatures and department-level cholera rates were estimated. In addition, we constructed composite indices to assess spatial vulnerability during the 1997-98 extreme El Niño. The findings demonstrated strong temporal connections in 1997-98, most evident in northern Peru, and less clear connections from 1991-93. Spatially, we found patterns of difference, greater cholera risk in northern coastal Peru in 1997-98, compared to greater risk in central and southern coastal Peru in 1991-92. Overall, the spatial vulnerability analysis suggested preexisting social conditions and disaster impacts increased cholera exposure and infection in 1998. Our study supports the notion that the spatial nature of El Niño's impacts on cholera rates exacerbated cholera vulnerability following the emergence, rather than triggered the epidemic's onset in 1991.