Recent Progress in the Electrochemical Formation of C-N Bonds for Construction of Organic Compounds via the Use of NOx/NOx.

Emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) species (NO and NO2) and nitrate/nitrite NOx-, such as NO3- and NO2-, have led to serious water pollution and climate challenges. How to remove these wastes is a global problem that urgently needs to be addressed. As reported, electrochemical catalytic technology under ambient conditions is of great interest for NOx/NOx- removal. Additionally, the in situ utilization of surface-adsorbed nucleophilic intermediates generated from the electrochemical reduction of NOx/NOx- can provide a sustainable strategy for building C-N bonds, upgrading waste NOx/NOx- into value-added organic products, such as amines, oximes, amides, and amino acids, while remediating the environment. This review summarizes the most recent progress in the construction of nitrogen compounds by coupling electrochemical NOx/NOx- reduction reactions with inorganic/organic substrates, focuses on understanding the adsorption-transformation mechanism during the NOx/NOx- reduction process, and discusses multiple side reactions and complex pathways. Important strategies, such as coupled system development and catalyst preparation, are also presented to broaden the range of nitrogen compounds and improve yields. Finally, a few key challenges and future research directions for the development of efficient and low-cost electrochemical C-N coupling processes are discussed.

Flexible Graphene Paper Modified Using Pt&Pd Alloy Nanoparticles Decorated Nanoporous Gold Support for the Electrochemical Sensing of Small Molecular Biomarkers.

The exploration into nanomaterial-based nonenzymatic biosensors with superb performance in terms of good sensitivity and anti-interference ability in disease marker monitoring has always attained undoubted priority in sensing systems. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of a highly active nanocatalyst, i.e., palladium and platinum nanoparticles (Pt&Pd-NPs) decorated ultrathin nanoporous gold (NPG) film, which is modified on a homemade graphene paper (GP) to develop a high-performance freestanding and flexible nanohybrid electrode. Owing to the structural characteristics the robust GP electrode substrate, and high electrochemically catalytic activities and durability of the permeable NPG support and ultrafine and high-density Pt&Pd-NPs on it, the resultant Pt&Pd-NPs-NPG/GP electrode exhibits excellent sensing performance of low detection limitation, high sensitivity and anti-interference capability, good reproducibility and long-term stability for the detection of small molecular biomarkers hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose (Glu), and has been applied to the monitoring of H2O2 in different types of live cells and Glu in body fluids such as urine and fingertip blood, which is of great significance for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis in point-of-care testing.

Access to carbonyl compounds via the electroreduction of N-benzyloxyphthalimides: Mechanism confirmation and preparative applications.

A method to access carbonyl compounds using reductive conditions was evaluated via electrochemical reduction of their corresponding N-benzyloxyphthalimide derivatives (NBOPIs). The mechanism of this originally reported electrochemical reaction was proposed based on DFT calculation and is experimentally confirmed herein, contrasting simulated and experimental cyclic voltammetry data. The reaction scope studied in a preparative scale and using redox sensitive functional groups showed good selectivity and tolerance toward oxidation under the reaction conditions with a moderate to good yield (50-71%). Nevertheless, some restrictions with reducible functional groups, like benzyl-brominated and nitro-aromatic derivatives, were observed. The present approach can be considered a self-sustainable electrochemical catalysis for the synthesis of aromatic carbonylic compounds passing through anion radical intermediates produced by a cathodic reaction.

Perspectives for Using CO2 as a Feedstock for Biomanufacturing of Fuels and Chemicals.

Microbial cell factories offer an eco-friendly alternative for transforming raw materials into commercially valuable products because of their reduced carbon impact compared to conventional industrial procedures. These systems often depend on lignocellulosic feedstocks, mainly pentose and hexose sugars. One major hurdle when utilizing these sugars, especially glucose, is balancing carbon allocation to satisfy energy, cofactor, and other essential component needs for cellular proliferation while maintaining a robust yield. Nearly half or more of this carbon is inevitably lost as CO2 during the biosynthesis of regular metabolic necessities. This loss lowers the production yield and compromises the benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions-a fundamental advantage of biomanufacturing. This review paper posits the perspectives of using CO2 from the atmosphere, industrial wastes, or the exhausted gases generated in microbial fermentation as a feedstock for biomanufacturing. Achieving the carbon-neutral or -negative goals is addressed under two main strategies. The one-step strategy uses novel metabolic pathway design and engineering approaches to directly fix the CO2 toward the synthesis of the desired products. Due to the limitation of the yield and efficiency in one-step fixation, the two-step strategy aims to integrate firstly the electrochemical conversion of the exhausted CO2 into C1/C2 products such as formate, methanol, acetate, and ethanol, and a second fermentation process to utilize the CO2-derived C1/C2 chemicals or co-utilize C5/C6 sugars and C1/C2 chemicals for product formation. The potential and challenges of using CO2 as a feedstock for future biomanufacturing of fuels and chemicals are also discussed.

Utilization of Fe-Ethylenediamine-N,N'-Disuccinic Acid Complex for Electrochemical Co-Catalytic Activation of Peroxymonosulfate under Neutral Initial pH Conditions.

The ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) was utilized to form Fe-EDDS complex to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in the electrochemical (EC) co-catalytic system for effective oxidation of naphthenic acids (NAs) under neutral pH conditions. 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid (ACA) was used as a model compound to represent NAs, which are persistent pollutants that are abundantly present in oil and gas field wastewater. The ACA degradation rate was significantly enhanced in the EC/PMS/Fe(III)-EDDS system (96.6%) compared to that of the EC/PMS/Fe(III) system (65.4%). The addition of EDDS led to the formation of a stable complex of Fe-EDDS under neutral pH conditions, which effectively promoted the redox cycle of Fe(III)-EDDS/Fe(II)-EDDS to activate PMS to generate oxidative species for ACA degradation. The results of quenching and chemical probe experiments, as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, identified significant contributions of •OH, 1O2, and SO4•- in the removal of ACA. The ACA degradation pathways were revealed based on the results of high resolution mass spectrometry analysis and calculation of the Fukui index. The presence of anions, such as NO3-, Cl-, and HCO3-, as well as humic acids, induced nonsignificant influence on the ACA degradation, indicating the robustness of the current system for applications in authentic scenarios. Overall results indicated the EC/PMS/Fe(III)-EDDS system is a promising strategy for the practical treatment of NAs in oil and gas field wastewater.

High Entropy Sulfide Nanoparticles as Lithium Polysulfide Redox Catalysts.

The polysulfide shuttle contributes to capacity loss in lithium-sulfur batteries, which limits their practical utilization. Materials that catalyze the complex redox reactions responsible for the polysulfide shuttle are emerging, but foundational knowledge that enables catalyst development remains limited with only a small number of catalysts identified. Here, we employ a rigorous electrochemical approach to show quantitatively that the lithium polysulfide redox reaction is catalyzed by nanoparticles of a high entropy sulfide material, Zn0.30Co0.31Cu0.19In0.13Ga0.06S. When 2% by weight of the high entropy sulfide is added to the lithium sulfur cathode composite, the capacity and Coulombic efficiency of the resulting battery are improved at both moderate (0.2 C) and high (1 C) charge/discharge rates. Surface analysis of the high entropy sulfide nanoparticles using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provides important insights into how the material evolves during the cycling process. The Zn0.30Co0.31Cu0.19In0.13Ga0.06S nanoparticle catalyst outperformed the constituent metal sulfides, pointing to the role that the high-entropy "cocktail effect" can play in the development of advanced electrocatalytic materials for improved lithium sulfur battery performance.

Bi-MOF-Derived Carbon Wrapped Bi Nanoparticles Assembly on Flexible Graphene Paper Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing of Multiple Heavy Metal Ions.

The development of nanohybrid with high electrocatalytic activity is of great significance for electrochemical sensing applications. In this work, we develop a novel and facile method to prepare a high-performance flexible nanohybrid paper electrode, based on nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) wrapped Bi nanoparticles (Bi-NPs) assembly derived from Bi-MOF, which are decorated on a flexible and freestanding graphene paper (GP) electrode. The as-obtained Bi-NPs encapsulated by an NC layer are uniform, and the active sites are increased by introducing a nitrogen source while preparing Bi-MOF. Owing to the synergistic effect between the high conductivity of GP electrode and the highly efficient electrocatalytic activity of Bi-NPs, the NC wrapped Bi-NPs (Bi-NPs@NC) modified GP (Bi-NPs@NC/GP) electrode possesses high electrochemically active area, rapid electron-transfer capability, and good electrochemical stability. To demonstrate its outstanding functionality, the Bi-NPs@NC/GP electrode has been integrated into a handheld electrochemical sensor for detecting heavy metal ions. The result shows that Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ can be detected with extremely low detection limits, wide linear range, high sensitivity, as well as good selectivity. Furthermore, it demonstrates outstanding electrochemical sensing performance in the simultaneous detection of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor has achieved excellent repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and reliability in measuring real water samples, which will have great potential in advanced applications in environmental systems.

Effects and mechanisms of Al substitution on the catalytic ability of ferrihydrite for Mn(II) oxidation and the subsequent oxidation and immobilization of coexisting Cr(III).

Al(III)-substituted ferrihydrite existing in natural soils is more common than pure ferrihydrite; however, the effects of Al(III) incorporation on the interaction between ferrihydrite, Mn(II) catalytic oxidation, and coexisting transition metal (e.g., Cr(III)) oxidation remain elusive. To address this knowledge gap, Mn(II) oxidation on synthetic Al(III)-incorporated ferrihydrite and Cr(III) oxidation on the previously formed Fe-Mn binaries were investigated in this study via batch kinetic studies combined with various spectroscopic analyses. The results indicate that Al substitution in ferrihydrite barely changes its morphology, specific surface area, or the types of surface functional groups, but increases the total amount of hydroxyl on the ferrihydrite surface and enhances its adsorption capacity toward Mn(II). Conversely, Al substitution inhibits electron transfer in ferrihydrite, thereby weakening its electrochemical catalysis on Mn(II) oxidation. Thus, the contents of Mn(III/IV) oxides with higher Mn valence states decrease, whereas those of lower Mn valence states increase. Furthermore, the number of hydroxyl radicals formed during Mn(II) oxidation on ferrihydrite decreases. These inhibitions of Al substitution on Mn(II) catalytic oxidation subsequently cause decreased Cr(III) oxidation and poor Cr(VI) immobilization. Additionally, Mn(III) in Fe-Mn binaries is confirmed to play a dominant role in Cr(III) oxidation. This research facilitates sound decision-making regarding the management of Cr-contaminated soil environments enriched with Fe and Mn.

Dense-Packed RuO2 Nanorods with In Situ Generated Metal Vacancies Loaded on SnO2 Nanocubes for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer with Ultra-Low Noble Metal Loading.

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is a green hydrogen production technology that can be coupled with intermittent power sources such as wind and photoelectric power. To achieve cost-effective operations, low noble metal loading on the anode catalyst layer is desired. In this study, a catalyst with RuO2 nanorods coated outside SnO2 nanocubes is designed, which forms continuous networks and provides high conductivity. This allows for the reduction of Ru contents in catalysts. Furthermore, the structure evolutions on the RuO2 surface are carefully investigated. The etched RuO2 surfaces are seen as the consequence of Co leaching, and theoretical calculations demonstrate that it is more effective in driving oxygen evolution. For electrochemical tests, the catalysts with 23 wt% Ru exhibit an overpotential of 178 mV at 10 mA cm-2 , which is much higher than most state-of-art oxygen evolution catalysts. In a practical PEMWE, the noble metal Ru loading on the anode side is only 0.3 mg cm-2 . The cell achieves 1.61 V at 1 A cm-2 and proper stability at 500 mA cm-2 , demonstrating the effectiveness of the designed catalyst.

Honeycomb-like CuO@C for electroreduction of carbon dioxide to ethylene.

The electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) of high-value multicarbon products is an urgent challenge for catalysis and energy resources. Herein, we reported a simple polymer thermal treatment strategy for preparing honeycomb-like CuO@C catalysts for ECR with remarkable C2H4 activity and selectivity. The honeycomb-like structure favored the enrichment of more CO2 molecules to improve the CO2-to-C2H4 conversion. Further experimental results indicate that the CuO loaded on amorphous carbon with a calcination temperature of 600 °C (CuO@C-600) has a Faradaic efficiency (FE) as high as 60.2% towards C2H4 formation, significantly outperforming pure CuO-600 (18.3%), CuO@C-500 (45.1%) and CuO@C-700 (41.4%), respectively. The interaction between the CuO nanoparticles and amorphous carbon improves the electron transfer and accelerates the ECR process. Furthermore, in situ Raman spectra demonstrated that CuO@C-600 can adsorb more adsorbed *CO intermediates, which enriches the CC coupling kinetics and promotes C2H4 production. This finding may offer a paradigm to design high-efficiency electrocatalysts, which can be beneficial to achieve the "double carbon goal."

Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Platinum-Based Nanocrystals and Their Electrocatalytic Applications in Fuel Cells.

To achieve environmentally benign energy conversion with the carbon neutrality target via electrochemical reactions, the innovation of electrocatalysts plays a vital role in the enablement of renewable resources. Nowadays, Pt-based nanocrystals (NCs) have been identified as one class of the most promising candidates to efficiently catalyze both the half-reactions in hydrogen- and hydrocarbon-based fuel cells. Here, we thoroughly discuss the key achievement in developing shape-controlled Pt and Pt-based NCs, and their electrochemical applications in fuel cells. We begin with a mechanistic discussion on how the morphology can be precisely controlled in a colloidal system, followed by highlighting the advanced development of shape-controlled Pt, Pt-alloy, Pt-based core@shell NCs, Pt-based nanocages, and Pt-based intermetallic compounds. We then select some case studies on models of typical reactions (oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode and small molecular oxidation reaction at the anode) that are enhanced by the shape-controlled Pt-based nanocatalysts. Finally, we provide an outlook on the potential challenges of shape-controlled nanocatalysts and envision their perspective with suggestions.

Effect of Halide Anions on the Electroreduction of CO2 to C2 H4 : A Density Functional Theory Study.

The halide anions present in the electrolyte improve the Faradaic efficiencies (FEs) of the multi-hydrocarbon (C2+ ) products for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 over copper (Cu) catalysts. However, the mechanism behind the increased yield of C2+ products with the addition of halide anions remains indistinct. In this study, we analysed the mechanism by investigating the electronic structures and computing the relative free energies of intermediates formed from CO2 to C2 H4 on the Cu (100) facet based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results show that formyl *CHO from the hydrogenation reaction of the adsorbed *CO acts as the key intermediate, and the C-C coupling reaction occurs preferentially between *CHO and *CO with the formation of a *CHO-CO intermediate. We then propose a free-energy pathway of C2 H4 formation. We find that the presence of halide anions significantly decreases the free energy of the *CHOCH intermediate, and enhances desorption of C2 H4 in the order of I- >Cl- >Br- >F- . Lastly, the obtained results are rationalized through Bader charge analysis.

Electrochemical esterification in distilled liquor via gold catalysis and its application for enhancing ester aroma of low-alcohol liquor.

The development of low-alcohol liquor (Baijiu) can represent a tool to solve the problems of excessive alcohol intake. However, low-alcohol liquor has an insufficient ester aroma and a bland taste due to the alcohol dilution process. This study proposes an electrochemical catalysis technology to catalyze the esterification reaction between the acid and alcohol in liquor, thereby enhancing the ester aroma of low-alcohol liquor. In the electrochemical conversion process, the gold electrode with a certain potential promotes the formation of carbocation intermediate from corresponding carboxylic acid, thereby improving the esterification reaction efficiency. The key finding is that the total ester content of liquor treated using this technology is increased by more than 20%, and a strong ester aroma is attained. This study clarifies the electrocatalytic mechanism of the esterification reaction in liquor, and provides a new idea for making low-alcohol liquor become more attractive for aroma and taste aspects trying to obtain an alternative product contributing to the public health.

Construction of Ultrathin Layered MXene-TiN Heterostructure Enabling Favorable Catalytic Ability for High-Areal-Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Catalysis has been regarded as an effective strategy to mitigate sluggish reaction kinetics and serious shuttle effect of Li-S batteries. Herein, a spherical structure consists of ultrathin layered Ti3C2Tx-TiN heterostructures (MX-TiN) through in-situ nitridation method is reported. Through controllable nitridation, highly conductive TiN layer grew on the surface and close coupled with interior MXene to form unique 2D heterostructures. The ultrathin heterostructure with only several nanometers in thickness enables outstanding ability to shorten electrons diffusion distance during electrochemical reactions and enlarge active surface with abundant adsorptive and catalytic sites. Moreover, the (001) surface of TiN is dominated by metallic Ti-3d states, which ensures fast transmitting electrons from high conductive MX-TiN matrix and thus guarantees efficient catalytic performance. Calculations and experiments demonstrate that polysulfides are strongly immobilized on MX-TiN, meanwhile the bidirectional reaction kinetics are catalytically enhanced by reducing the conversion barrier between liquid LiPSs and solid Li2S2/Li2S. As a result, the S/MX-TiN cathode achieves excellent long-term cyclability with extremely low-capacity fading rate of 0.022% over 1000 cycles and remarkable areal capacity of 8.27 mAh cm-2 at high sulfur loading and lean electrolytes.

Tensile-Strained RuO2 Loaded on Antimony-Tin Oxide by Fast Quenching for Proton-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer.

Future energy demands for green hydrogen have fueled intensive research on proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE). However, the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and highly corrosive environment on the anode side narrow the catalysts to be expensive Ir-based materials. It is very challenging to develop cheap and effective OER catalysts. Herein, Co-hexamethylenetetramine metal-organic framework (Co-HMT) as the precursor and a fast-quenching method is employed to synthesize RuO2 nanorods loaded on antimony-tin oxide (ATO). Physical characterizations and theoretical calculations indicate that the ATO can increase the electrochemical surface areas of the catalysts, while the tensile strains incorporated by quenching can alter the electronic state of RuO2 . The optimized catalyst exhibits a small overpotential of 198 mV at 10 mA cm-2 for OER, and keeps almost unchanged after 150 h chronopotentiometry. When applied in a real PEMWE assembly, only 1.51 V is needed for the catalyst to reach a current density of 1 A cm-2 .

Electrochemically Assisted Cycloaddition of Carbon Dioxide to Styrene Oxide on Copper/Carbon Hybrid Electrodes: Active Species and Reaction Mechanism.

A novel electrochemically assisted cycloaddition process is proposed, in which highly efficient coupling of CO2 with styrene oxide (SO) can be achieved to form styrene carbonate (SC) as a high-value-added product. A series of Cu catalysts with different morphologies and chemical states were fabricated on carbon paper (CP) by using in-situ electrodeposition, and the sample with nano-dendrimer structure was found to exhibit a relatively high activity of 74.8 % SC yield with 92.7 % SO conversion under gentle reaction conditions, thus showing its potential for practical applications. The relatively high electrochemically active surface area and charge transfer ability of dendrimer-like Cu benefited the electrochemical reaction. In particular, the Cu2+ species that were formed in situ during the reaction played a vital role in enhancing the activity and selectivity of the proposed Cu/CP hybrid catalyst. Cu2+ atoms served as active sites that can not only electrochemically activate CO2 but also facilitate the ring opening of SO. Mechanistic analysis suggested that the reaction followed electrochemical and liquid-phase heterogeneous paths, which provide a new green and sustainable route for efficient utilization of CO2 resources for fine chemical electrosynthesis.

Construct α-FeOOH-Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel as a Carrier for Glucose Oxidase Electrode.

A promising α-FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide aerogel (FeOOH-GA) has been prepared for the assembly of an enzyme electrode. The α-FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide aerogel was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal that graphene oxide is reduced by Fe2+ ion and α-FeOOH nanorods anchored on the reduced graphene oxide sheet through the Fe-O-C bond. Analyses using scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method show that FeOOH-GA displays a various and interconnected pore structure. The FeOOH-GA was used as a support material on the glass carbon electrode (GCE) for glucose oxidase (GOD). Electrochemistry properties and bioelectrocatalytic activities of Nafion/GOD/FeOOH-GA/GCE were achieved from cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that Nafion/GOD/FeOOH-GA/GCE maintains outstanding catalytic activity and electrochemical properties. The FeOOH-GA could immobilize GOD through the hydrophobicity of the reduced graphene oxide and hydroxide radical of α-FeOOH. Appropriate α-FeOOH and diversified pore structure are beneficial for electron transfer, enzyme electrode storage, and interfacial electron transfer rate. All results indicated that the α-FeOOH-reduced graphene oxide aerogel as a carrier could effectively immobilize the tested enzyme.

Photochemical and Electrochemical Strategies for Hydrodefluorination of Fluorinated Organic Compounds.

Hydrodefluorination (HDF) is a very important fundamental transformation for conversion of the C-F bond into the C-H bond in organic synthesis. In the past decade, much progress has been achieved with HDF through the utility of low-valent metals, transition-metal complexes and main-group Lewis acids. Recently, novel methods have been introduced for this purpose through photo- and electrochemical pathways, which are of great significance, due to their considerable environmental and economical advantages. This Review highlights the HDF of fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) through photo- and electrochemical strategies, along with mechanistic insights.

On the Existence and Role of Formaldehyde During Aqueous Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Monoxide to Methanol by Cobalt Phthalocyanine.

A long-time challenge in aqueous CO2 electrochemical reduction is to catalyze the formation of products beyond carbon monoxide with selectivity. Formaldehyde is the simplest of these products and one of the most relevant due to its broad use in the industry. Paradoxically it is one of the less reported product. Such scarcity may be in part explained by difficult identification and quantification using conventional chromatography or proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Likewise, indirect detection methods are usually not compatible with labelled studies for asserting product origin. Recently, the possible production of formaldehyde during electrochemical reduction of carbon monoxide to methanol at cobalt phthalocyanine molecular catalyst in basic media has been the object of contradictory reports. By applying an analytical procedure based on proton NMR along with labelled studies, we provide definitive evidence for HCHO formation. We have further identified the possible scenarios for methanol formation through formaldehyde and revealed that the formation of the intermediate and its subsequent reduction are taking place at the same single active site. These studies open a new perspective to improve selectivity toward formaldehyde formation and to develop a subsequent chemistry based on reacting it with nucleophiles.

Construction of Lattice Strain in Bimetallic Nanostructures and Its Effectiveness in Electrochemical Applications.

Bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs), associated with various surface functions such as ligand effect, ensemble effect, and strain effect, exhibit superior electrocatalytic properties. The stress-induced surface strain effect can alter binding strength between the surface active sites and reactants as well as their intermediates, and the electrochemical performance of bimetallic NCs can be significantly facilitated by the lattice-strain modification via their morphologies, sizes, shell-thickness, surface defectiveness as well as compositions. In this review, an overview of fundamental principles, characterization techniques, and quantitative determination of the surface lattice strain is provided. Various strategies and synthesis efforts on creating lattice-strain-engineered bimetallic NCs, including the de-alloying process, atomic layer-by-layer deposition, thermal treatment evolution, one-pot synthesis, and other efforts are also discussed. It is further outlined how the lattice strain effect promotes electrochemical catalysis through the selected case studies. The reactions on oxygen reduction reaction, small molecular oxidation, water splitting reaction, and electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions are focused. In particular, studies of lattice strain arisen from core-shell nanostructure and defectiveness are highlighted. Lastly, the potential challenges are summarized and the prospects of lattice-strain-based engineering on bimetallic nanocatalysts with suggestion and guidance of the future electrocatalyst design are envisioned.