Mating- and oviposition-dependent changes of the spermatheca and colleterial glands in the pest termite Cryptotermes brevis (Blattaria, Isoptera, Kalotermitidae).

The spermatheca and colleterial glands of female insects are organs associated with the reproductive system, responsible for sperm storage and secretion of egg coverings, respectively. Here we compared the development, secretory activity, and chemical nature of the secretion in the spermatheca and colleterial glands of different-aged females of the drywood termite Cryptotermes brevis. We also provide the ultrastructure of these organs in alate females. These structures have been poorly investigated in termites when compared to other eusocial insects (Hymenoptera) and termite-related dictyopterans (mantises and cockroaches). The spermatheca of C. brevis comprises a cone-shaped structure, connected to the genital chamber by a short duct. The colleterial glands, in turn, are divided into anterior and posterior tubules, each showing a basal trunk, and join into a common duct. Histological and histochemical analyses showed that the secretion of proteins and polysaccharides by the spermatheca takes place before pairing, but increases as females mate and store sperm. Colleterial glands of alates showed non-synchronous secretory activity, but the synthesis of products increased in egg-laying queens, together with the epithelium height. Ultrastructure of the spermatheca and colleterial glands revealed epithelia composed of class III secretory cells. Richness of mitochondria and electron-dense secretion in the spermatheca indicates synthesis and transport of content. Presence and absence of colleterial gland secretion in different individuals may reflect variable maturation stages of the females and secretory cells. Assuming that termites are iteroparous, the development and secretion of the spermatheca and colleterial glands play a crucial role for C. brevis queens.

Morphology of the Mandibular and Intramandibular Glands of Army Ant Workers of Labidus praedator (Smith 1858) and Labidus coecus (Latreille 1802) (Formicidae: Dorylinae).

Social insects are characterized by having a wide diversity of exocrine glands, with highlights for ants with about 85 glands spreading throughout the body. The mandibular and intramandibular glands are associated with the production of pheromones. The army ants (Dorylinae) play an important role in the structure of the invertebrate community because they are efficient predators and provide suitable conditions for various animals following their invasions in the food search. Labidus coecus (Latreille) is an underground-ameliorating ant and Labidus praedator (Smith) is a generalist surface predator which can deplete invertebrate biomass by up to 75%. This work investigated the morphology of the mandibular and intramandibular glands of L. praedator and L. coecus workers. The glands were analyzed by light microscopy, histochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy. The mandibular and intramandibular glands of the two species were classified as class III glands. The data on the morphology of the mandibular glands has revealed that they have characteristics in common with other subfamilies. The intramandibular glands of the two species of Labidus have similar morphology and chemical composition, which indicates that the components of these glands can have the same function despite their different habits.

Functional Morphology and Development of the Colleterial Glands in Non- and Egg-Laying Females of the Pest Termite Coptotermes gestroi (Blattaria, Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae).

Colleterial glands of female insects are accessory glands responsible for producing secretions associated with egg-laying. Within Dictyoptera, they synthesize compounds of the ootheca. However, their morphology and role in termites are poorly understood. Here, we compared the morphology, development, and secretory activity of the colleterial glands between non- and egg-laying females of the pest termite Coptotermes gestroi under light and transmission electron microscopy. We also provide the first description of these glands for Rhinotermitidae. The glands are paired, divided into anterior and posterior units, which join in a common duct via basal trunks. They are highly developed within egg-laying females, especially the posterior gland, secreting glycoproteins to lubricate the genital chamber and/or stick the eggs together. Ultrastructure revealed glandular epithelia composed of bicellular units of Class 3, whose secretory activity varied between groups and units. Posterior gland of egg-laying females showed richness of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and secretory vesicles, including electron-dense secretory granules, indicating synthesis and transport of contents, especially proteins. The basal trunks were enfolded by muscles, supporting their role in conducting secretion. Morphophysiological modifications occur in the colleterial glands as females mature and lay eggs, and the mechanisms underlying the secretory cycle of the glands are discussed.

Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Tool to Study the Toxicological Effects of Thiamethoxam in Workers of Atta sexdens (Myrmicinae, Attini).

Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid that has been used to control insect pests. The literature reports a few behavioral studies evaluating the toxic effect of thiamethoxam in ants; however, there are scarce studies at the cellular level. The present research evaluated the effects of thiamethoxam in labial (LG) and mandibular glands (MG), fat bodies (FB), and Malpighian tubules (MT) of workers of Atta sexdens, using transmission electron microscopy. The duct and secretory cells of LG were profoundly affected, then the production of saliva can be compromised, as well as its quality and subsequent use. In MG, reservoir and canaliculi cells presented slight alterations; however, MG secretory cells presented vacuoles containing lamellar structures, increased lipid production, and a large amount of mitochondria, which may lead to organ's malfunctioning. The FB cell alterations do not seem enough to cause significant changes that lead to cell death. Prominent changes in MT, such as loss of the electron-dense concentric ring, increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum, loss of basal infolds, vacuoles containing mineralized granules, and lamellar structures associated with mitochondria, suggest that their excretory function is compromised. In conclusion, thiamethoxam acts not only in the nervous system but also contributes to systemic toxicity on the target organism.

Síndrome de Sjögren juvenil con acidosis tubular renal distal de debut / Juvenile Sjögren's syndrome with a presentation of renal distal tubular acidosis

RESUMEN Introducción: el Síndrome de Sjögren es una exocrinopatía autoinmune caracterizada por un infiltrado inflamatorio, con predominio de linfocitos en glándulas exocrinas y tejidos extraglandulares. La lesión glandular se caracteriza por la hiposecreción en mucosa oral y ocular. Caso Clínico: paciente femenina de 13 años de edad, procedente del municipio de Consolación del Sur, en la provincia de Pinar del Río, con Síndrome de Sjögren, cuya manifestación clínica inicial fue extraglandular, con el riñón como principal órgano afectado bajo la forma de acidosis tubular renal distal tipo I. Conclusiones: se demuestra que la realización de una minuciosa anamnesis, exploración clínica y la utilización de distintas herramientas diagnósticas, hacen posible un diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad y de sus manifestaciones extraglandulares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the Syndrome of Sjögren is an exocrinopatía autoinmune characterized by an infiltrated inflammatory, with linfocitos prevalence in glands exocrinas and knitted extraglandulares. The glandular lesion is characterized by the hiposecreción in mucous oral and ocular. Clinical case: a 13-year-old female adolescent with Sjögren's Syndrome is presented, whose initial clinical manifestation was extra-glandular, with the kidney as the main affected organ in type-I distal renal tubular acidosis. Conclusions: it is demonstrated that the realization of a meticulous anamnesis, clinical exploration and the use of different diagnostic tools, they make possible a precocious diagnosis of the illness and of their manifestations extraglandulares.

"Sweeter than a rose", at least to Triatoma phyllosoma complex males (Triatominae: Reduviidae).

BACKGROUND: The Triatoma phyllosoma complex of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors (Triatominae: Reduviidae) is distributed in both Neotropical and Nearctic bioregions of Mexico. METHODS: Volatile organic compounds emitted by disturbed Triatoma longipennis, Triatoma pallidipennis and Triatoma phyllosoma, and from their Brindley's and metasternal glands, were identified using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Disturbed bugs and the metasternal glands from T. phyllosoma released or had significantly fewer compounds than T. longipennis and T. pallidipennis. Isobutyric acid was the most abundant compound secreted by disturbed bugs of the three species, while Brindley's glands of all species produced another four compounds: propanoic acid, isobutyric acid, pentyl butanoate, and 2-methyl hexanoic acid. Two novel compounds, both rose oxide isomers, were produced in MGs and released only by disturbed females of all three species, making this the first report in Triatominae of these monoterpenes. The principal compound in MGs of both sexes of T. longipennis and T. phyllosoma was 3-methyl-2-hexanone, while cis-rose oxide was the principal compound in T. pallidipennis females. The major components in male effluvia of T. pallidipennis were 2-decanol and 3-methyl-2-hexanone. CONCLUSION: Discriminant analysis of volatile organic compounds was significant, separating the three species and was consistent with morphological and genetic evidence for species distinctions within the complex.

Dual action of high estradiol doses on MNU-induced prostate neoplasms in a rodent model with high serum testosterone: Protective effect and emergence of unstable epithelial microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: Estrogens are critical players in prostate growth and disease. Estrogen therapy has been the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer for several decades; however, it has currently been replaced by alternative anti-androgenic therapies. Additionally, studies of its action on prostate biology, resulting from an association between carcinogens and estrogen, at different stages of life are scarce or inconclusive about its protective and beneficial role on induced-carcinogenesis. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether estradiol exerts a protective and/or stimulatory role on N-methyl-N-nitrosurea-induced prostate neoplasms. METHODS: We adopted a rodent model that has been used to study induced-prostate carcinogenesis: the Mongolian gerbil. We investigated the occurrence of neoplasms, karyometric patterns, androgen and estrogen receptors, basal cells, and global methylation status in ventral and dorsolateral prostate tissues. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis showed that estrogen was able to slow tumor growth in both lobes after prolonged treatment. However, a true neoplastic regression was observed only in the dorsolateral prostate. In addition to the protective effects against neoplastic progression, estrogen treatment resulted in an epithelium that exhibited features distinctive from a normal prostate, including increased androgen-insensitive basal cells, high androgens and estrogen receptor positivity, and changes in DNA methylation patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen was able to slow tumor growth, but the epithelium exhibited features distinct from a normal prostatic epithelium, and this unstable microenvironment could trigger lesion recurrence over time.

POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF INTRAMANDIBULAR GLANDS OF FRIESELLA SCHROTTKYI (FRIESE, 1900) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) WORKERS

ABSTRACT Exocrine glands play important role in social organization of insects, such as caste and inter-caste differentiation. Due their functional and structural plasticity, morphological studies on such glands contribute to better understanding the biology of social bees. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the sequence of the post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers using histological and histochemical analyses. The mandibles of pupae at different developmental stages and newly emerged adults were analyzed. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi presented two types: class I glands, in the mandible epidermis and class III glands, inside the mandible cavity that open onto external surface. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi developed during the transition from the prepupae to the white-eyed pupae, as shown by the morphological changes. Black-eyed pupae of F. schrottkyi presented fully developed intramandibular glands.

RESUMO As glândulas exócrinas desempenham importantes funções na organização social dos insetos, como a diferenciação de castas e inter-castas. Devido à sua plasticidade estrutural e funcional, estudos morfológicos destas glândulas contribuem para o melhor entendimento da biologia das abelhas sociais. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi acompanhar o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário das glândulas intramandibulares de operárias da abelha sem ferrão Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) com análises histológicas e histoquímicas. As mandíbulas das pupas em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento e operárias recém-emergidas foram analisadas. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi são divididas em dois tipos: glândulas da classe I na epiderme da mandíbula e da classe III, inseridas na cavidade da mandíbula que se abrem na superfície externa. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi se desenvolvem durante a transição de pré-pupa para pupa de olho branco como observado pelas alterações morfológicas nas células. As pupas de olhos pretos de F. schrottkyi apresentaram glândulas intramandibulares completamente desenvolvidas.

Post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers

Exocrine glands play important role in social organization of insects, such as caste and inter-caste differentiation. Due their functional and structural plasticity, morphological studies on such glands contribute to better understanding the biology of social bees. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the sequence of the post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers using histological and histochemical analyses. The mandibles of pupae at different developmental stages and newly emerged adults were analyzed. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi presented two types: class I glands, in the mandible epidermis and class III glands, inside the mandible cavity that open onto external surface. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi developed during the transition from the prepupae to the white-eyed pupae, as shown by the morphological changes. Black-eyed pupae of F. schrottkyi presented fully developed intramandibular glands.(AU)

As glândulas exócrinas desempenham importantes funções na organização social dos insetos, como a diferenciação de castas e inter-castas. Devido à sua plasticidade estrutural e funcional, estudos morfológicos destas glândulas contribuem para o melhor entendimento da biologia das abelhas sociais. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi acompanhar o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário das glândulas intramandibulares de operárias da abelha sem ferrão Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) com análises histológicas e histoquímicas. As mandíbulas das pupas em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento e operárias recém-emergidas foram analisadas. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi são divididas em dois tipos: glândulas da classe I na epiderme da mandíbula e da classe III, inseridas na cavidade da mandíbula que se abrem na superfície externa. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi se desenvolvem durante a transição de pré-pupa para pupa de olho branco como observado pelas alterações morfológicas nas células. As pupas de olhos pretos de F. schrottkyi apresentaram glândulas intramandibulares completamente desenvolvidas.(AU)

Post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers

Exocrine glands play important role in social organization of insects, such as caste and inter-caste differentiation. Due their functional and structural plasticity, morphological studies on such glands contribute to better understanding the biology of social bees. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the sequence of the post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers using histological and histochemical analyses. The mandibles of pupae at different developmental stages and newly emerged adults were analyzed. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi presented two types: class I glands, in the mandible epidermis and class III glands, inside the mandible cavity that open onto external surface. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi developed during the transition from the prepupae to the white-eyed pupae, as shown by the morphological changes. Black-eyed pupae of F. schrottkyi presented fully developed intramandibular glands.

As glândulas exócrinas desempenham importantes funções na organização social dos insetos, como a diferenciação de castas e inter-castas. Devido à sua plasticidade estrutural e funcional, estudos morfológicos destas glândulas contribuem para o melhor entendimento da biologia das abelhas sociais. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi acompanhar o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário das glândulas intramandibulares de operárias da abelha sem ferrão Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) com análises histológicas e histoquímicas. As mandíbulas das pupas em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento e operárias recém-emergidas foram analisadas. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi são divididas em dois tipos: glândulas da classe I na epiderme da mandíbula e da classe III, inseridas na cavidade da mandíbula que se abrem na superfície externa. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi se desenvolvem durante a transição de pré-pupa para pupa de olho branco como observado pelas alterações morfológicas nas células. As pupas de olhos pretos de F. schrottkyi apresentaram glândulas intramandibulares completamente desenvolvidas.

Post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of friesella schrottkyi (friese, 1900) (hymenoptera: apidae) workers

ABSTRACT Exocrine glands play important role in social organization of insects, such as caste and inter-caste differentiation. Due their functional and structural plasticity, morphological studies on such glands contribute to better understanding the biology of social bees. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the sequence of the post-embryonic development of intramandibular glands of Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers using histological and histochemical analyses. The mandibles of pupae at different developmental stages and newly emerged adults were analyzed. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi presented two types: class I glands, in the mandible epidermis and class III glands, inside the mandible cavity that open onto external surface. The intramandibular glands of F. schrottkyi developed during the transition from the prepupae to the white-eyed pupae, as shown by the morphological changes. Black-eyed pupae of F. schrottkyi presented fully developed intramandibular glands.

RESUMO As glândulas exócrinas desempenham importantes funções na organização social dos insetos, como a diferenciação de castas e inter-castas. Devido à sua plasticidade estrutural e funcional, estudos morfológicos destas glândulas contribuem para o melhor entendimento da biologia das abelhas sociais. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi acompanhar o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário das glândulas intramandibulares de operárias da abelha sem ferrão Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) com análises histológicas e histoquímicas. As mandíbulas das pupas em diferentes estágios do desenvolvimento e operárias recém-emergidas foram analisadas. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi são divididas em dois tipos: glândulas da classe I na epiderme da mandíbula e da classe III, inseridas na cavidade da mandíbula que se abrem na superfície externa. As glândulas intramandibulares de F. schrottkyi se desenvolvem durante a transição de pré-pupa para pupa de olho branco como observado pelas alterações morfológicas nas células. As pupas de olhos pretos de F. schrottkyi apresentaram glândulas intramandibulares completamente desenvolvidas.

Giant cystadenoma of the floor of the mouth: a case report

INTRODUCTION: Cystadenoma is an uncommon epithelial neoplasia that arises from the salivary glands. The malignancy can affect structures such as the larynx, nasopharynx, buccal mucosa, and palate. OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of a giant cystadenoma of the floor of the mouth treated at a public hospital in midwestern Brazil. CASE REPORT: The patient was a 46-year-old woman with complaints of difficulties in articulating words and swallowing solid food and vocal fatigue. The progression of the disease since the initial consultation, the results of clinical examinations, and the outcome of surgery are described. FINALS COMMENTS: Cystadenoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic injuries in the floor of the mouth if the patient's symptoms are suggestive of this malignancy.

Dislodgement effect of natural semiochemicals released by disturbed triatomines: a possible alternative monitoring tool.

The quick detection of domestic and peridomestic triatomines in their environments becomes difficult without the use of dislodgement substances that flush them out from their shelters. At present, tetramethrin 0.2% is being widely used in control programs. Although it is an efficient dislodging agent, its toxicity might affect the health of captured triatomines, of other insects and, to a lesser extent, of other animals, including humans. Here, we tested if semiochemicals released by disturbed adults of Triatoma infestans and/or Rhodnius prolixus can make larvae of the same species exit from their refuges. In a walking olfactometer we found that: 1) larvae of T. infestans were repelled by the odors released by disturbed adults of their own species and of R. prolixus, 2) larvae of R. prolixus did not change their behavior in the presence of odors released by adults of both species, and 3) activity levels were not modulated by these odors in any of both species. Besides, in pseudo-natural conditions we found an increased flushing-out activity of larvae of T. infestans when their shelters were sprayed with isobutyric acid or 3-pentanol, and of larvae of R. prolixus when sprayed with 3-methyl-1-butanol. We succeeded in this work to dislodge larvae of triatomines from artificial shelters using natural volatile compounds, allowing the capture of live bugs for further investigations (e.g., xenodiagnosis or genetic studies) and favoring ecological aspects (e.g., minimizing environmental insecticide-contamination and non-targeted mortality).

Giant cystadenoma of the floor of the mouth: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Cystadenoma is an uncommon epithelial neoplasia that arises from the salivary glands. The malignancy can affect structures such as the larynx, nasopharynx, buccal mucosa, and palate. OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of a giant cystadenoma of the floor of the mouth treated at a public hospital in midwestern Brazil. CASE REPORT: The patient was a 46-year-old woman with complaints of difficulties in articulating words and swallowing solid food and vocal fatigue. The progression of the disease since the initial consultation, the results of clinical examinations, and the outcome of surgery are described. Finals Comments: Cystadenoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic injuries in the floor of the mouth if the patient's symptoms are suggestive of this malignancy.

Electroantennography in the study of two stingless bee species (Hymenoptera: meliponini)

The first recorded electroantennographic preliminary studies on stingless bees have been performed using two species of Frieseomelitta from Brazil. Experiments with F. silvestrii and F. varia showed that antennae respond to hexane extracts of heads and abdomens of both species and posterior tibia of F. silvestrii (which carry plant resin), as well as to the pure compounds 2-heptanol and 2-nonanol, which occur in the mandibular glands of both species, and to the terpenes alpha-cubebene, humulene, and beta-caryophyllene found on their tibia and in the cerumen of their nests.

Relatam-se aqui os resultados preliminares de estudos eletroantenográficos realizados com duas espécies de Frieseomellita brasileira. Os experimentos com F. silvestrii e F. varia mostraram que as antenas respondem aos extratos obtidos com hexano das cabeças e dos abdômens das duas espécies e da tíbia posterior de F. silvestrii (que transporta resinas coletadas de plantas). Respondem também aos compostos puros, 2-heptanol e 2-nonanol, e aos terpenos, alfa-cubebeno, humuleno e beta-cariofileno, encontrados nas tíbias e no cerume de seus próprios ninhos.

Ultra-estrutura de glândulas abdominais tegumentares em Oxaea flavescens (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Oxaeinae)

The sternal glands of the abdomen of Oxaea flavescens (Klug, 1807) consist of class III glandular cells around a reservoir constituted by branched folds of the intersegmental membrane of segments III, IV and V. The gland cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and produce a secretion with mucous aspect. The treatment with oxidated osmium and ruthenium red showed numerous Golgi regions in the cell and carbohydrates absorption from the haemolymph, respectively. The high degree of development of the glands suggests an important function to the species, although still unknown.

Ultra-estrutura de glândulas abdominais tegumentares em Oxaea flavescens (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Oxaeinae)

The sternal glands of the abdomen of Oxaea flavescens (Klug, 1807) consist of class III glandular cells around a reservoir constituted by branched folds of the intersegmental membrane of segments III, IV and V. The gland cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and produce a secretion with mucous aspect. The treatment with oxidated osmium and ruthenium red showed numerous Golgi regions in the cell and carbohydrates absorption from the haemolymph, respectively. The high degree of development of the glands suggests an important function to the species, although still unknown.

Exocrine glands of Schwarziana quadripunctata (Hymenoptera, Apinae, Meliponini)

This article describes the location, anatomy, histology and ontogeny of adult Schwarziana quadripunctata exocrine glands. These glands appear either as individualized organs (salivary gland system and Dufour gland) or as epidermis differentiation (tegumentary glands). Variations in the occurrence and degree of development among colony components with regard to their degree of maturity are also described.

O presente artigo descreve a localização, a anatomia, a histologia e o desenvolvimento das glândulas exócrinas presentes em operárias, rainhas e machos de Schwarziana quadripunctata. As glândulas apresentam-se como órgãos individualizados (glândulas do sistema salivar e glândula de Dufour) ou como simples diferenciações da epiderme (glândulas tegumentares). As variações na ocorrência e no grau de desenvolvimento dos componentes da colônia, ou de seu grau de amadurecimento, também são apresentadas.

Exocrine glands of Schwarziana quadripunctata (Hymenoptera, Apinae, Meliponini)

This article describes the location, anatomy, histology and ontogeny of adult Schwarziana quadripunctata exocrine glands. These glands appear either as individualized organs (salivary gland system and Dufour gland) or as epidermis differentiation (tegumentary glands). Variations in the occurrence and degree of development among colony components with regard to their degree of maturity are also described.

O presente artigo descreve a localização, a anatomia, a histologia e o desenvolvimento das glândulas exócrinas presentes em operárias, rainhas e machos de Schwarziana quadripunctata. As glândulas apresentam-se como órgãos individualizados (glândulas do sistema salivar e glândula de Dufour) ou como simples diferenciações da epiderme (glândulas tegumentares). As variações na ocorrência e no grau de desenvolvimento dos componentes da colônia, ou de seu grau de amadurecimento, também são apresentadas.