A relação família-escola nas publicações da ABRAPEE: Estado do conhecimento / Family-school relationship in ABRAPEE'S publications: State of knowledge

O presente artigo consiste em um recorte de monografia, tratando-se de uma investigação sobre como a produção científica relacionada à área da psicologia escolar e educacional, no Brasil, tem abordado a relação família-escola. Foram analisados artigos publicados na Revista Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, que abordaram, em alguma medida, tal questão, entre os anos de 1996 e 2020. Verificou-se que, em um universo de 692 artigos, apenas 31 discutiram em torno de questões tocantes à relação família-escola. A análise dos artigos revelou que estes foram elaborados em torno de seis eixos temáticos: parceria família-escola; educação infantil; violência; queixa escolar; dificuldades de aprendizagem, e educação especial. Ainda, verificou-se a predominância de pesquisas sobre contextos e amostras singulares e a ausência de discussões no âmbito das políticas públicas.

This article consists of an extract from a monograph, an investigation on how the scientific production related to the area of school and educational psychology, in Brazil, has treated the family-school relationship. It was investigated how scientific production related to the area of school and educational psychology in Brazil has addressed the family-school relationship. Articles published in the Revista Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, from the Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, that addressed this issue between 1996 and 2020, were analyzed. It was found that, in a universe of 692 articles, only 31 discussed issues regarding the family-school relationship. The analysis of the articles allowed the emergence of six thematic axes: family-school partnership; child education; violence; school complaint; learning difficulties and special education. Also, it was verified that there was a prevalence of research on small samples and isolated contexts as well as the absence of discussions within the scope of public policies.

Educación afectivo-sexual en las escuelas familiares / Affective-sexual education in family schools: A matter about vital constructio

El texto surge a través de las reflexiones conceptuales en el Doctorado en Educación de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, en Medellín, Colombia, y la Pasantía Doctoral en la Universidad de Murcia con el grupo de investigación "Compartimos Educación" con el objetivo de caracterizar el lugar de las escuelas familiares en la promoción de la educación afectivo-sexual de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en la escuela. La metodología es de corte cualitativo. Como resultado se muestra la necesidad de vincular actores que transversalizan el quehacer de los sujetos, la familia y escuela en un lugar común, las escuelas familiares para la promoción de la educación afectivo-sexual para gestar acciones de cambio individual y social. Es evidente la necesidad intrínseca de generar la discusión en cuanto al género para la deconstrucción de prácticas socioculturalmente atribuidas, promover espacios formativos respecto a la sexualidad y la afectividad e incentivar a la reflexión como ejercicio pedagógico

This text emerges through the conceptual reflections of the Doctorate in Education at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, in Medellín, Colombia, and the Doctoral Internship at University of Murcia with the research group "Compartimos Educación" with the aim of characterizing the place of family schools in the promotion of affective-sexual education of boys, girls and adolescents at school. The used methodology is qualitative. As a result, the need to link actors that mainstream the work of the subjects, family and school in a common place, the family schools for the promotion of affective-sexual education to create actions of individual and social change is shown. The intrinsic need to generate discussion regarding gender for the deconstruction of sociocultural attributed practices, promote training spaces regarding sexuality and affectivity and encourage reflection as a pedagogical exercise is evident

Envolvimento família-escola na percepção de professores: facilitadores e limitadores / Family and school involvement in teachers' perceptions: facilitators and constraints / Participación de la familia y la escuela en la percepción de los docentes: facilitadores y limitantes

Família e escola são sistemas fundamentais para o desenvolvimento humano, pois compartilham a função de educar e socializar crianças e adolescentes. Portanto, faz-se importante compreender como se estabelece a relação entre eles, identificando quais seus facilitadores e limitadores, através da percepção de professores. Realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória, de corte transversal e abordagem qualitativa, da qual participaram dez professores de escolas públicas de uma cidade da região metropolitana do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que responderam a uma entrevista semiestrutura. A análise qualitativa consensual dos dados indicou que os professores reconheciam a responsabilidade da iniciativa em estabelecer a relação família-escola, porém denunciaram a escassez de suporte teórico e prático. Verificou-se a necessidade de qualificar a comunicação e de desenvolver formas ativas de participação das famílias no contexto escolar. Intervenções que amparem tais demandas são escassas, mas necessárias.

Family and school are fundamental systems for human development, as they share educating and socialising children and adolescents. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the relationship between them is established, identifying their facilitators and limitations through teachers' perceptions. An exploratory cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach was conducted, involving ten teachers from public schools in a city in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, who responded to a semi-structured interview. The consensual qualitative analysis of the data indicated that teachers recognised the responsibility of the initiative to establish the family-school relationship but reported a lack of theoretical and practical support. There was a need to qualify communication and develop active forms of family participation in the school context. Interventions to support such demands are scarce but necessary

La familia y la escuela son sistemas fundamentales para el desarrollo humano, ya que comparten la función de educar y socializar a los niños y adolescentes. Por lo tanto, es importante entender cómo se establece la relación entre ellos, identificando sus facilitadores y limitantes, a través de la percepción de los docentes. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio de corte transversal con un enfoque cualitativo, en el que participaron diez maestros de escuelas públicas de una ciudad de la región metropolitana del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, quienes respondieron a una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis cualitativo consensuado de los datos indicó que los maestros reconocieron la responsabilidad de la iniciativa en el establecimiento de la relación familia-escuela, pero denunciaron la falta de apoyo teórico y práctico. Se verificó la necesidad de mejorar la comunicación y desarrollar formas activas de participación familiar en el contexto escolar. Las intervenciones para apoyar tales demandas son escasas, pero necesarias.

Programa de fortalecimiento parental en contextos de vulnerabilidad social: Una propuesta desde el ámbito escolar / Program of parental strengthening in contexts of social vulnerability: A proposal from the school environment

El trabajo que se informa destaca el rol relevante de la familia y del ejercicio adecuado de la parentalidad para el desarrollo humano. Dado que las competencias parentales estarían relacionadas con el contexto social, se describen las características de las familias en vulnerabilidad social, teniendo en cuenta los riesgos psicosociales a los que muchas veces están expuestas, las consideraciones culturales de lo que significa ser buenos padres y las propias experiencias de los progenitores o cuidadores en sus familias de origen. Se revisan diversas modalidades de programas de intervención familiar y parental, destacando la importancia del diseño, implementación y evaluación de estos programas en contextos de vulnerabilidad social. En este marco, y considerando que en Argentina existe un escaso desarrollo de programas de apoyo a las familias socialmente vulnerables, se presenta una propuesta de intervención aplicable en el ámbito escolar y dirigida a fortalecer las competencias parentales. El programa propuesto, basado en el enfoque de la parentalidad positiva, integra elementos de los modelos de intervención educativo y comunitario, ya que se implementa en forma grupal, mediante encuentros expositivo-participativos y en coordinación con la escuela a la que asisten los hijos de los beneficiarios. Como conclusión y en función de la experiencia obtenida por las interventoras y la observada en las madres participantes, se presenta una reflexión sobre las contribuciones de la intervención propuesta y los desafíos pendientes para futuras aplicaciones del programa.

This study stresses the significant role of the family and a proper parenting performance for human development. Parenting in itself is very complex, since it demands a balanced combination of several essential factors such as affection, communication, discipline, and the autonomy granted to children. Given the fact that parental skills would be related to a specific social context, a description of the characteristics of families in situations of social vulnerability is provided. Likewise, it is noteworthy that parenting development would depend on those cultural considerations implicated in the concept of being good parents, and the parents or caregivers’ own experiences of upbringing, temperament and resilience. Subsequently, the main modalities of family intervention programs are reviewed, highlighting the importance of design, implementation and evaluation of the former in contexts of social vulnerability. Within this frame work, and considering that in Argentine there are very few programs supporting families in social vulnerability, the main aim of this research is to present an intervention proposal to strengthen parenting skills applicable in the school setting. The proposed program, which is based in the approach of positive parenting, integrates elements from educational and community intervention models, since it is performed in groups, by means of participative and expositive meetings and in coordination with the school attended by the children of the project participants. The proposed intervention was based on two basic areas: (a) direct intervention for parents: the promotion of parenting skills (i.e., attachment, parental empathy, parenting style, positive communication and support networks) and (b) indirect intervention for children: training parents in strategies to promote children’s development of socio-emotional resources (e.g., positive emotions, prosocial behavior, etc.). The intervention was carried out in a school within a context of social vulnerability in the province of Entre Ríos (Argentina). The organization of the meetings was conducted by an interdisciplinary team (i.e., psychologists and educational psychologists). The topics addressed were agreed with the participants based on their interests and needs; a total amount of 30 meetings of 60 to 90 minutes each were carried out. The themes were as follows: parental and child self-esteem, appropriate expression of affection, positive communication and conflict resolution, positive emotions, the strengthening of cognitive resources, prosocial behavior, social skills, family, parental and child resilience, social support networks to families and family-school relationships. The main approach techniques used were: (a) information exposure, (b) peers' feedback and co-reflection, (c) modeling of attitudes and alternative behaviors, (d) task assignments and proposals for action, and (e) interviews after workshops. The research findings are related to those found by other intervention programs made with parents and caregivers in other countries. These preliminary results show that parenting skills, the type of relationship and even the attachment with the children could be modified through the implementation of programs of parental strengthening. Furthermore, the results showed that the program could also help to improve family-school relationships. In some cases, the intervention implemented aroused the interest of the participants in the schooling situation of their children, and at the same time it improved the communication among parents, teachers, and the people in charge of the school. The exploratory results of this proposal of intervention clearly show the need to support and implement these specific kinds of programs, which aim to strengthen the resources of parenting skills and encourage a healthy development of children. Based on the experience got from interventionists and participating mothers, a final consideration about the contributions of the proposed intervention and the possible future challenges observed after the implementation of the program is presented.

Family-school relationship expectations / Expectativas construídas na relação família-escola / Expectativas construidas en la relación familia-escuela

This article discusses the psychosocial processes in the accomplishment of the family-school integration pedagogical goal, aiming at identifying and analyzing the integrating expectations between professionals and family members of a school community. It is a qualitative research based on the methodology of ethnographic case studies, developed in a public school in Minas Gerais (Brazil), using the participant observation - recorded in field diary - and semi-structured interviews with 21 professionals and 16 relatives, as well as reported files. It was verified that the relatives show pedagogical expectations about support and attention provided by the school to the children, as well as with institutional relationship with families. Professionals, in turn, talk about the responsibility of families in the education of their children and their participation in school every day. The importance of the school as an environment of citizenship and participatory democracy is evidenced.

Este artigo aborda os processos psicossociais que ocorrem na efetivação da meta pedagógica de integração família-escola, objetivando identificar e analisar as expectativas construídas na interação entre profissionais e familiares de uma comunidade escolar. Caracteriza-se como pesquisa qualitativa e tem como método o estudo de caso de cunho etnográfico que foi desenvolvido em uma escola pública mineira, utilizando-se a observação participante com registro em diário de campo, a entrevista semiestruturada (com 21 profissionais e 16 familiares) e a consulta a documentos. Constatou-se que os familiares apresentam expectativas referentes ao atendimento pedagógico prestado pela escola aos filhos e ao relacionamento da instituição com as famílias. Os profissionais, por sua vez, falam sobre a responsabilidade das famílias na educação dos filhos e da participação delas no cotidiano escolar. Evidencia-se a importância da apropriação da escola pelas famílias como exercício de cidadania e construção da democracia participativa.

Este artículo aborda los procesos psicosociales que ocurren en la efectividad de la meta pedagógica de integración familia-escuela, con el objetivo de identificar y analizar las expectativas construidas en la interacción entre profesionales y familiares de una comunidad escolar. Se caracteriza como investigación cualitativa y tiene como método el estudio de carácter etnográfico que fue desarrollado en una escuela pública minera, utilizándose la observación participante con registro en diario de campo, la entrevista semiestructurada (con 21 profesionales y 16 familiares) y la consulta a documentos. Se constató que los familiares presentan expectativas referentes al atendimiento pedagógico prestado por la escuela a los hijos y a la relación de la institución con las familias. Los profesionales, por su vez, hablan sobre la responsabilidad de las familias en la educación de los hijos y de la participación de ellas en el cotidiano escolar. Se evidencia la importancia de la apropiación de la escuela por las familias como ejercicio de ciudadanía y construcción de la democracia participativa.

La participación de la familia y su vinculación en los procesos de aprendizaje de los niños y niñas en contextos escolares / The Participation of the Family and its Association to Learning Processes in Children in School Contexts

Los nuevos escenarios educativos demandantes de calidad y equidad ubican la vinculación familia-escuela en un sitial clave, pues si se da positivamente, tendrá potencialidades de colaboración mutua, favoreciendo aprendizajes significativos en los estudiantes. Esta vinculación es analizada desde una mirada ecosistémica, en la que se van articulando en los distintos ámbitos ecológicos las dimensiones de la escuela, la familia y los aprendizajes. A partir de este análisis, se relevan los procesos de participación parental como instancia estratégica para mejorar los aprendizajes, mejorar el clima escolar y contribuir a la mejora educativa. Finalmente, se presentan algunas estrategias enfocadas en favorecer diversas instancias de participación y se desarrollan algunas consideraciones al momento de diseñar e implementar la estrategia de participación parental en la escuela.

The new educational scenarios asking for quality and equity, are positioning the Family-School relationship as a key piece, because if it develops in a positive way, will be a potential for mutual cooperation, promoting significative learning in the students. This relationship is analyzed from an eco-systemic view, which allows articulated in different ecological levels, the dimensions of: School, Family and Learning. From this analysis comes the Process of Parental Involvement, as a strategic feature to improve learning, the school climate and contribute to the educative improvement. Finally, it presents some strategies targeted to promote diverse instance of participation and it develops some considerations to help design and implement strategy of Parental Involvement in the school.

A interação família-escola diante dos problemas de comportamento da criança: estudos de caso

O presente estudo buscou compreender como a família e a escola partilham a socialização de crianças em idade escolar com problemas de comportamento, investigando a continuidade e/ou descontinuidade das práticas educativas utilizadas pelas mesmas. Foram estudados três casos, entrevistando pais e professores de crianças de escolas particulares de Porto Alegre, a partir do delineamento de estudos de caso. A análise de conteúdo das entrevistas evidenciou a ambivalência quanto ao problema de comportamento da criança, a delimitação rígida das fronteiras e dos saberes família-escola, a descontinuidade e desconhecimento a respeito das práticas educativas, e as dificuldades na comunicação. A discussão dos dados destaca a falta de modelos integrativos família-escola e a necessidade de maior conhecimento e flexibilidade de fronteiras entre os sistemas familiar e escolar.(AU)

The present study intended to comprehend how family and school share the socialization of school-age children with behavioral problems, investigating the explanations that support the use and the continuity of educational practices in these systems. Three cases had been studied by interviews with parents and teachers of children from private schools in Porto Alegre, using a case study delineation. The interviews' content analysis revealed ambivalence regarding the child's problem behavior, the rigid definition of boundaries and the family and school knowledge, the discontinuity and ignorance about the educational practices and the communication difficulties. Data discussion highlights the lack of integrative family-school's models and the need for greater knowledge and boundaries' flexibility considering these systems.(AU)

El estudio ha buscado comprender cómo la familia y la escuela comparten la socialización de niños en edad escolar con problemas de conducta, investigando las explicaciones que sostienen el uso y la continuidad de las prácticas educativas en estos sistemas. Fueran estudiados tres casos entrevistando los padres y profesores de niños de escuelas privadas de Porto Alegre, a partir del diseño de estudios de casos. El análisis de contenidos de las entrevistas reveló la ambivalencia frente a los problemas de conducta de los niños, la delimitación rígida de las fronteras y de los conocimientos de la familia y la escuela, la discontinuidad y desconocimiento con respecto a las prácticas educativas y las dificultades en la comunicación. La discusión de los datos destaca la falta de modelos integradores familia-escuela y la necesidad de más conocimientos y flexibilidad de fronteras entre los sistemas.(AU)

A interação família-escola diante dos problemas de comportamento da criança: estudos de caso / Interaction family-school on children's behavior problems: case studies

O presente estudo buscou compreender como a família e a escola partilham a socialização de crianças em idade escolar com problemas de comportamento, investigando a continuidade e/ou descontinuidade das práticas educativas utilizadas pelas mesmas. Foram estudados três casos, entrevistando pais e professores de crianças de escolas particulares de Porto Alegre, a partir do delineamento de estudos de caso. A análise de conteúdo das entrevistas evidenciou a ambivalência quanto ao problema de comportamento da criança, a delimitação rígida das fronteiras e dos saberes família-escola, a descontinuidade e desconhecimento a respeito das práticas educativas, e as dificuldades na comunicação. A discussão dos dados destaca a falta de modelos integrativos família-escola e a necessidade de maior conhecimento e flexibilidade de fronteiras entre os sistemas familiar e escolar.

The present study intended to comprehend how family and school share the socialization of school-age children with behavioral problems, investigating the explanations that support the use and the continuity of educational practices in these systems. Three cases had been studied by interviews with parents and teachers of children from private schools in Porto Alegre, using a case study delineation. The interviews' content analysis revealed ambivalence regarding the child's problem behavior, the rigid definition of boundaries and the family and school knowledge, the discontinuity and ignorance about the educational practices and the communication difficulties. Data discussion highlights the lack of integrative family-school's models and the need for greater knowledge and boundaries' flexibility considering these systems.

El estudio ha buscado comprender cómo la familia y la escuela comparten la socialización de niños en edad escolar con problemas de conducta, investigando las explicaciones que sostienen el uso y la continuidad de las prácticas educativas en estos sistemas. Fueran estudiados tres casos entrevistando los padres y profesores de niños de escuelas privadas de Porto Alegre, a partir del diseño de estudios de casos. El análisis de contenidos de las entrevistas reveló la ambivalencia frente a los problemas de conducta de los niños, la delimitación rígida de las fronteras y de los conocimientos de la familia y la escuela, la discontinuidad y desconocimiento con respecto a las prácticas educativas y las dificultades en la comunicación. La discusión de los datos destaca la falta de modelos integradores familia-escuela y la necesidad de más conocimientos y flexibilidad de fronteras entre los sistemas.

Família de crianças com deficiência e profissionais: componentes da parceria colaborativa na escola / Family of children with disabilities and professionals: components of the collaborative partnership in school

O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar e descrever os comportamentos dos profissionais da escola e dos familiares de crianças com deficiência que, na perspectiva dos dois lados, são propiciadores e mantenedores de uma parceria colaborativa efetiva e bem sucedida. O estudo foi conduzido com quatro grupos focais, compostos por familiares (FAM1 e FAM2) e por profissionais (PROF1 e PROF2). Foram conduzidas duas etapas de coleta de dados. Na Etapa 1, as reuniões tiveram por objetivo identificar os componentes da parceria colaborativa. Na Etapa 2, cada um dos grupos focais foi confrontado com os dados obtidos na primeira etapa, sendo que familiares foram confrontados com os dados dos profissionais e vice-versa. Por meio da análise qualitativa dos dados obtidos, foram identificadas e descritas as categorias levantadas pelos participantes referentes aos comportamentos que devem ser emitidos. O estudo apontou que, entre as categorias levantadas, são observadas características essenciais do processo colaborativo, tais como respeito mútuo, comunicação, confiança, participação, amabilidade, sinceridade, seriedade e imparcialidade. Espera-se que o levantamento e a descrição das categorias possam nortear os profissionais da escola e familiares de crianças com deficiência na busca do estabelecimento de uma parceria colaborativa efetiva e de sucesso.

This present study aims to identify and describe the behavior of professionals that work in the school and the family of children with disabilities that promote and maintain an effective and successful collaborative partnership, as viewed from both sides. The study was carried out with four focal groups, composed by families (FAM1 and FAM2) and professionals (PROF1 and PROF2). Two phases of data collection were conducted. In Phase 1 the meetings aimed to identify the components of collaborative partnerships. In Phase 2 each of the focal groups was confronted with data obtained during the first phase, i.e. the parents were presented with the data given by the professionals and vice versa. By qualitative analyses of the obtained data, the categories elicited by the participants related to the behaviors that should be emitted were identified and described. The study pointed out that among the elicited categories, essential characteristics of the collaborative process can be observed, such as mutual respect, communication, trust, participation, amicability, sincerity and impartiality. It is expected that the survey and description of the categories will guide professionals and family members of disabled children in search of successful and effective collaborative partnership.