Intrauterine Transfusion for Rhesus Alloimmunization: A Historical Retrospective Cohort from A Single Reference Center in Brazil.

Objective: This study aimed to describe the historical experience of a single reference center in Brazil with intrauterine transfusion (IUT) for Rhesus (Rh) alloimmunization, evaluating the major complications and the perinatal outcomes of this procedure. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated data from medical records of pregnant women between 20 and 34 weeks of gestation whose fetuses underwent IUT by cordocentesis between January 1991 and June 2021. The same experienced examiner performed all procedures. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effect of fetal hydrops, duration of IUT, post-transfusion cord bleeding time, and bradycardia on death (fetal or neonatal). Results: We analyzed data from 388 IUTs in 169 fetuses of alloimmunized pregnant women with a mean age of 29.3 ± 5.1 years. Death and fetal hydrops were significantly associated at first IUT (p < 0.001). We had two cases of emergency cesarean section (mean of 0.51% per IUT) and three cases of premature rupture of the ovular membranes (mean of 0.77% per procedure). Thirty-six deaths were recorded, including 14 intrauterine and 22 neonatal. A higher percentage of neonatal deaths was observed in the group with post-transfusion cord bleeding time > 120 s (45.8%). The odds of neonatal death were 17.6 and 12.9 times higher in cases with hydrops and bradycardia than in cases without hydrops and bradycardia, respectively. The odds of death (fetal and neonatal) were 79.9 and 92.3 times higher in cases with hydrops and bradycardia than in cases without hydrops and bradycardia, respectively. Conclusions: The most common complications of IUT for Rh alloimmunization were post-transfusion cord bleeding, fetal bradycardia, premature rupture of ovular membranes, and emergency cesarean section. The IUT complication most associated with death (fetal and neonatal) was bradycardia, and the perinatal outcomes were worse in fetuses with hydrops.

Características de los casos de óbito fetal en un hospital público de Perú: estudio descriptivo / Characteristics of cases of fetal death in a public hospital in Peru: a descriptive study

Objetivo: Describir las características de los casos de óbito fetal reportados entre el año 2017 y 2021 en un hospital público de Perú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal, que se realizó en los casos confirmados de muerte fetal en madres con edad gestacional mayor a 22 semanas presentados en el Hospital de Vitarte de Lima, Perú. La muestra estuvo conformada por 137 casos durante el periodo de 2017 a 2021. Se presentaron frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: La muerte fetal tuvo una tasa de 14,8 por 1 000 nacidos vivos. La mayoría de las mujeres tenía entre 20 y 24 años (27 %), además, el 70,1 % era conviviente, 92 % era ama de casa y 83,2% estudió hasta secundaria. Por otra parte, 50,4 % era multigesta y 29,9 % tuvo antecedente de aborto y 16,7 % antecedente de cesárea. La asistencia al servicio prenatal fue el más frecuente (67,2 %) y 29,2 % tenía sobrepeso. Respecto a las patologías maternas, el 38 % tuvo infección del tracto urinario, 17,5 % preeclampsia sin signos de seguridad y 2,9 % diabetes gestacional. Las malformaciones congénitas se presentaron en el 19 % de los casos; además, el 23,4 % de muertes fetales tuvo una causa materna. Conclusiones: La tasa de muerte fetal es alta. Los casos estuvieron caracterizados mayormente por madres con cualidades de vulnerabilidad social, además de presentar características de mayor riesgo obstétrico. Las causas maternas de muerte fetal fueron las más frecuentes(AU)

Objective: To describe the characteristics of fetal death cases reported between 2017 and 2021 in a public hospital in Peru. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study, which was conducted in confirmed cases of fetal death in mothers with gestational age greater than 22 weeks presented at the Vitarte Hospital in Lima, Peru. The sample consisted of 137 cases during the period from 2017 to 2021. Frequencies and percentages were presented. Results: Fetal death had a rate of 14,8 per 1000 live births. Most of the women were between 20 and 24 years old (27%), in addition, 70,1% were cohabiting, 92% were housewives and 83,2% studied up to high school. On the other hand, 50,4% were multigestational and 29,9% had a history of abortion and 16,7% had a history of cesarean section. Prenatal service attendance was the most frequent (67,2%) and 29,2% were overweight. Regarding maternal pathologies, 38% had urinary tract infection, 17,5% had preeclampsia without signs of safety and 2,9% had gestational diabetes. Congenital malformations were present in 19% of cases; in addition, 23,4% of fetal deaths had a maternal cause. Conclusions: The rate of fetal death is high. The cases were characterized mostly by mothers with qualities of social vulnerability, in addition to presenting characteristics of higher obstetric risk. Maternal causes of fetal death were the most frequent(AU)

Alteraciones de la placenta y sus anejos en muestras procedentes de muertes fetales. Cienfuegos, 2021-2023

Fundamento la placenta humana es un misterio. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico cobra importancia en la búsqueda de factores en los que se pueda trabajar para evitar las muertes fetales. Objetivo determinar las alteraciones macroscópicas y microscópicas de la placenta y sus anejos en especímenes procedentes de muertes fetales. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y trasversal, en el Hospital Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de Cienfuegos, en el período comprendido entre 2021 y 2023. Fueron analizadas 58 placentas y sus anejos, recibidos en el departamento de Anatomía Patológica. Se estudiaron las alteraciones macroscópicas y microscópicas de la placenta. Resultados tuvieron mayor representación las placentas y cordones anormalmente pequeños (24,14 % y 63,79 % respectivamente); la inserción marginal del cordón (36,21 %), las rupturas, las torciones (8,62 %), los quistes (6,90 %), el edema (77,59 %), la necrosis fibrinoide (72,41%), las vellosidades inmaduras, la villitis (43,10 %), el excesivo número de nudos sincitiales (3,48 %), la esclerosis fibromuscular (20,69 %), la presencia de fibrina (82,76 %), la funisitis (29,31%), la esclerosis fibromuscular (20,69 %) y la corioamnionitis (31,03 %). Conclusiones los resultados evidenciaron predominio de las alteraciones microscópicas, como son la fibrina, la necrosis fibrinoide y el edema. Teniendo en cuenta estos factores, se podrán tomar las medidas necesarias para evitar una muerte fetal.

Foundation the human placenta is a mystery. The anatomopathological diagnosis becomes important in the search for factors that can be worked on to avoid fetal deaths. Objective to determine the macroscopic and microscopic alterations of the placenta and its annexes in specimens from fetal deaths. Methods a descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out at the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital, in Cienfuegos, from 2021 to 2023. 58 placentas and their annexes, received in the Pathological Anatomy Department, were analyzed. Macroscopic and microscopic alterations of the placenta were studied. Results abnormally small placentas and cords were more represented (24.14 % and 63.79 % respectively); marginal cord insertion (36.21 %), ruptures, twists (8.62 %), cysts (6.90 %), edema (77.59 %), fibrinoid necrosis (72.41 %), immature villi, villitis (43.10 %), excessive number of syncytial knots (3.48 %), fibromuscular sclerosis (20.69 %), the presence of fibrin (82.76%), funisitis (29.31 %), fibromuscular sclerosis (20.69 %) and chorioamnionitis (31.03 %). Conclusions the results showed a predominance of microscopic alterations, such as fibrin, fibrinoid necrosis and edema. Taking these factors into account, the necessary measures can be taken to avoid fetal death.

Nursing care for parents who have experienced fetal demise: integrative review / Cuidado de enfermería a padres que han experimentado la pérdida fetal: revisión integradora / O cuidado de enfermagem aos pais que vivenciaram o óbito fetal: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify scientific evidence regarding nursing care for parents who have experienced grief following fetal demise. Methods: an integrative review of original studies was conducted across six databases. The studies were classified according to the level of evidence. Results: the qualitative analysis of the nine studies comprising the sample involved thematic categories, exploring the impact of perinatal loss on families, inadequate communication by healthcare professionals, and the importance of a holistic approach in care. The role of the nurse is highlighted in making a positive contribution to the team, emphasizing participation in training and the provision of essential information. Final Considerations: grieving affects not only family dynamics but also the social environment, emphasizing the urgency of a more empathetic and comprehensive approach. Care should be holistic, going beyond technical nursing assistance, and addressing the biopsychosocial context of the parents.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar evidencia científica sobre el cuidado de enfermería a padres que han experimentado el duelo ante la pérdida fetal. Métodos: revisión integradora de estudios originales realizada en seis bases de datos y clasificados según el nivel de evidencia. Resultados: el análisis cualitativo de los nueve estudios que conformaron la muestra abordó categorías temáticas, explorando el impacto de la pérdida perinatal en las familias, la comunicación inadecuada por parte de los profesionales de la salud y la importancia de un enfoque holístico en la atención. Se destaca la importancia del papel del enfermero en la contribución positiva al equipo, haciendo hincapié en la participación en capacitaciones y la provisión de información esencial. Consideraciones Finales: la experiencia del duelo afecta no solo la dinámica familiar, sino también el entorno social, evidenciando la urgencia de un enfoque más empático y comprensivo. El cuidado debe ser holístico, trascendiendo la asistencia técnica de enfermería, con un enfoque en el contexto biopsicosocial de los padres.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar evidências científicas acerca do cuidado de enfermagem aos pais que vivenciaram o luto diante do óbito fetal. Métodos: revisão integrativa de estudos originais realizada em seis bases de dados e classificados quanto ao nível de evidência. Resultados: a análise qualitativa dos nove estudos que compuseram a amostra envolveu categorias temáticas, explorando o impacto da perda perinatal nas famílias, a comunicação inadequada por parte dos profissionais de saúde e a importância de uma abordagem holística na assistência. Destaca-se a importância do papel do enfermeiro na contribuição positiva para a equipe, enfatizando a participação em capacitações e o fornecimento de informações essenciais. Considerações Finais: a vivência do luto impacta não apenas a dinâmica familiar, mas o meio social, evidenciando a urgência de uma abordagem mais empática e compreensiva. O cuidado deve ocorrer de forma holística, transcendendo a assistência técnica de enfermagem, com abordagem do contexto biopsicossocial dos pais.

Mortalidad perinatal en el municipio de Panchimalco, San Salvador: una serie de casos / Perinatal mortality in the municipality of Panchimalco, San Salvador: a case series

RESUMEN La mortalidad perinatal es un indicador que refleja el impacto de la atención materno-infantil de un país. Este estudio presenta nueve casos de la mortalidad perinatal ocurridos en el municipio de Panchimalco, El Salvador. La información se obtuvo de los informes de auditorías. Las madres de los fallecidos tenían edades entre 17 a 43 años, sin uso de anticonceptivos, con controles prenatales incompletos y un promedio de edad gestacional de 31 semanas, tres partos fueron atendidos en la comunidad. La mayoría de muertes perinatales ocurrieron antes del parto de causa desconocida y los nacidos vivos fueron prematuros. Se identificaron factores como el déficit en la atención integral a la mujer. Se requiere de nuevos estudios para determinar los principales factores que influyen en las muertes perinatales en El Salvador.

ABSTRACT Perinatal mortality is an indicator that reflects the impact of maternal and infant care in a country. This study presents nine cases of perinatal mortality that occurred in the municipality of Panchimalco, El Salvador. The information was obtained from audit reports. The mothers of the deceased infants were aged between 17 and 43 years, did not use contraceptive methods, had incomplete prenatal controls and averaged a gestational age of 31 weeks. Three deliveries were attended in the community. Most perinatal deaths occurred before delivery due to unknown causes, and live births were preterm. We identified factors such as deficits in comprehensive care for women. Further studies are needed to determine the main factors influencing perinatal deaths in El Salvador.

Displasia mesenquimal placentaria

La displasia mesenquimal placentaria es una entidad poco frecuente, confundida al ultrasonido y macroscopía con mola parcial por las lesiones vesiculares y la presencia de feto. La microscopía revela vellosidades troncales hidrópicas con gran hiperplasia mesenquimal y lesiones vasculares prominentes, pero sin hiperplasia del epitelio trofoblástico. El feto, generalmente femenino, puede ser normal o presentar retardo del crecimiento intrauterino, malformaciones, tumores o cromosomopatías. Presentamos el estudio de cuatro casos de displasia mesenquimal placentaria; tres primigestas de 39 y 20 años de edad, y una segundigesta de 26 años. La mayor, del tercer trimestre, cursó con preeclampsia y mortinato de sexo femenino con anomalías pulmonar y esplénica, las otras dos presentaron sangrado vaginal y dolor pélvico y un caso fue un hallazgo en el control prenatal a las 8 semanas de gestación. En tres casos se observaron feto y embrion, dos de ellos tuvieron necropsia.

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is a rare entity, confused with ultrasound and macroscopy with partial mole due to vesicular lesions and the presence of a fetus. Microscopy reveals hydropic trunk villi with great mesenchymal hyperplasia and prominent vascular lesions but without hyperplasia of the trophoblastic epithelium. The fetus, usually female, may be normal or present malformations, tumors or chromosomopathies. We present the study of four cases of placental mesenchymal dysplasia; three first-pregnancies, aged 39 and 20, and a second-pregnancy, aged 26. The oldest in the third trimester presented with preeclampsia and a female stillbirth with pulmonary and splenic anomalies, the other two presented vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain and one case was a finding in prenatal control at 8 weeks of gestation. In three cases, fetus and embryo were observed, two of them had a necropsy.

The prevalence and perinatal repercussions of preeclampsia after the implementation of a prophylaxis protocol with aspirin.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and perinatal repercussions of preeclampsia (PE) after the implementation of a prophylaxis protocol with aspirin in singleton pregnancy at Maternity School of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015-2106). METHODOLOGY: PE prevalence according to gestational age (GA) and the prevalence ratio (PR) between PE and prematurity, small for gestational age (SGA), and fetal death were calculated in patients assisted during 2015 and 2016. RESULTS: PE occurred in 373(10.75%) of 3468 investigated cases, where PE < 37 weeks was of 2.79% and PE greater than 37 weeks was of 7.95%. A total of 413 (11.9%) prematurity cases, 320 SGA (9.22%), and 50 fetal deaths (1.44%) occurred. In the PE group, 97 premature newborns (PR 0.90) and 51 SGA (PR 1.16) were born, and two fetal deaths occurred (PR 7.46). Concerning PE < 37 weeks, 27 SGA cases (PR 1.42) and two fetal deaths (PR 2.62) were observed. Regarding PE greater than 37 weeks, 24 SGA (PR 1.09) were born, and no fetal deaths were observed. Our findings were compared to previously published results. CONCLUSIONS: PE was significantly associated with SGA newborns, especially premature PE. Prescribing aspirin for PE prophylaxis based only on clinical risk factors in a real-life scenario does not appear to be effective but resulted in a PE screening and prophylaxis protocol review and update at ME/UFRJ.

Factores de riesgo maternos asociados con la muerte fetal tardía en el contexto santaclareño / Maternal risk factors associated with late fetal death in the Santa Clara context

Introducción: La muerte fetal es uno de los accidentes obstétricos más difíciles de enfrentar, tanto para la paciente y su familia como para el personal de salud que atiende a la gestante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo maternos asociados con la muerte fetal tardía en el contexto santaclareño. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo en el municipio Santa Clara, provincia Villa Clara, en el período comprendido de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2019. La población estuvo conformada por 71 gestantes con fetos muertos en una etapa tardía y sus productos; en el análisis y procesamiento de los datos, se usó el software SPSS versión 20 para Windows. Resultados: Existió predominio de gestantes multíparas (56,3 %), en edad reproductiva óptima (69 %) y con uno a tres factores de riesgo (71,8 %). Conclusiones: Los factores maternos asociados con mayor frecuencia a la muerte fetal tardía pueden agruparse en: los vinculados a las enfermedades crónicas, en primer lugar la hipertensión arterial y en segundo el hipotiroidismo, y los relacionados con las afecciones del tracto genital, entre las que prevalece la vaginitis.

Introduction: fetal death is one of the most difficult obstetric accidents to face, both for patients and their families as well as for the health personnel who take care of the pregnant women. Objective: to identify the maternal risk factors associated with late fetal death in the Santa Clara context. Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out in Santa Clara municipality, Villa Clara province, from January 2015 to December 2019. The population consisted of 71 pregnant women with late fetal demise and their products; the SPSS software version 20.0 for Windows was used in the data processing and analysis. Results: multiparous pregnant women predominated (56.3%), in optimal reproductive age (69%) and from one to three risk factors (71.8%). Conclusions: the most frequently maternal factors associated with late fetal death can be grouped into those that were linked to chronic diseases, firstly arterial hypertension and secondly hypothyroidism, and those related to disorders of the genital tract, among which vaginitis prevails.

Fetal death as an outcome of acute respiratory distress in pregnancy, during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based cohort study in Bahia, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Fetal loss is one of the most serious adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil has recorded an unprecedented number of hospitalizations of pregnant women due to acute respiratory distress (ARD), thereby, we aimed to assess the risk of fetal deaths associated to ARD during pregnancy in Bahia state, Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is an observational population-based retrospective cohort study, developed with women at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy, residents in Bahia, Brazil. Women who had acute respiratory distress (ARD) in pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic (Jan 2020 to Jun 2021) were considered 'exposed'. Women who did not have ARD in pregnancy, and whose pregnancy occurred before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (Jan 2019 to Dec 2019) were considered 'non-exposed'. The main outcome was fetal death. We linked administrative data (under mandatory registration) on live births, fetal deaths, and acute respiratory syndrome, using a probabilistic linkage method, and analyzed them with multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: 200,979 pregnant women participated in this study, 765 exposed and 200,214 unexposed. We found four times higher chance of fetal death in women with ARD during pregnancy, of all etiologies (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.06 confidence interval [CI] 95% 2.66; 6.21), and due to SARS-CoV-2 (aOR 4.45 CI 95% 2.41; 8.20). The risk of fetal death increased more when ARD in pregnancy was accompanied by vaginal delivery (aOR 7.06 CI 95% 4.21; 11.83), or admission to Intensive Care Unit (aOR 8.79 CI 95% 4.96; 15.58), or use of invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR 21.22 CI 95% 9.93; 45.36). CONCLUSION: Our findings can contribute to expanding the understanding of health professionals and managers about the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 on maternal-fetal health and alerts the need to prioritize pregnant women in preventive actions against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. It also suggests that pregnant women, infected with SARS-CoV-2, need to be monitored to prevent complications of ARD, including a careful assessment of the risks and benefits of early delivery to prevent fetal death.

Aborto em bovinos e bubalinos: causas específicas e inespecíficas / Abortion in cattle and buffaloes: specific and non-specific causes

O aborto é caracterizado como a expulsão do feto sem viabilidade para fora do ambiente uterino da progenitora durante o período que vai do 42° dia a o 260° dia. São descritos diversos fatores infecciosos e não infecciosos como etiologia para o aborto. Dentre os infecciosos, destacam-se as infecções por bactérias, vírus, protozoários e fungos. Enquanto as causas não infecciosas englobam falhas de manejo nutricional, intoxicações e medicamentos que ocasionalmente podem levar à morte fetal. Essa mortalidade fetal é causa importante de perdas reprodutivas na cadeia produtiva de animais domésticos, especialmente bovinos e bubalinos. Ambas as espécies participam da produtividade econômica no Brasil e compartilham de diversas doenças que são causas de aborto. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta revisão foi reunir e discorrer sobre as principais informações concernentes às possíveis etiologias do aborto, sejam elas de origem infecciosa ou não infecciosas nas espécies bovinas e bubalinas no Brasil.

Abortion is characterized as the expulsion of the non-viable fetus outside the mother's uterine environment during the period between the 42nd day to the 260th day. Several infectious and non-infectious factors are described as etiology for miscarriage. Among the infectious, infections by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi stand out, while non-infectious causes include failures in nutritional management, poisoning, and medications that occasionally can lead to fetal death. This fetal mortality is an important cause of reproductive losses in the production chain of domestic animals, especially cattle and buffaloes. Both species participate in economic productivity in Brazil and share several diseases that are causes of abortion. In this context, this review aimed to gather and discuss the main information concerning the possible etiologies of abortion, whether of infectious or non-infectious origin in bovine and buffalo species in Brazil.

Experiência dos enfermeiros no cuidado às mulheres diante das perdas gestacionais / Nurses' experience in caring for women in the face of pregnancy losses

Resumo: A gestação é um fenômeno fisiológico e mesmo com o manejo de pré-natal adequado, as perdas gestacionais podem ocorrer. A Organização Mundial da Saúde estima uma ocorrência de 4,9 milhões de mortes perinatais no mundo todos os anos. No Brasil, a incidência em 2020, mostrou um total de 28.993 casos, sendo 1.062 no estado do Paraná e, destes, 117 na cidade de Curitiba. Não obstante, para além dos dados, tem-se o impacto emocional para todos os envolvidos, inquestionáveis para a mulher e família que sofre com a perda gestacional, mas também para os profissionais de saúde, em especial os enfermeiros, que se deparam com estas situações ao longo da vida profissional. Desta forma, este estudo teve como questão de pesquisa: qual a percepção do enfermeiro sobre o cuidado oferecido à mulher que sofreu perda gestacional? Ainda, como objetivo geral, compreender a percepção do enfermeiro que presta cuidados às mulheres diante das perdas gestacionais; e objetivos específicos: identificar elementos do cuidado do enfermeiro frente à mulher que sofreu perda gestacional e descrever a experiência dos enfermeiros sobre seu cuidado diante da mulher que diante perda gestacional. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo exploratório, realizado em um hospital universitário da Região Sul do país. A coleta de dados deu-se através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, as quais foram audiogravadas e transcritas na íntegra, durante os meses de abril a junho de 2022. Contou com a participação de 11 enfermeiros que atuam diretamente com mulheres em situação de perda gestacional. Para análise dos dados, foram seguidos os passos da Análise de Conteúdo do tipo temática proposta por Bardin e apoiada pelo uso do software de análise qualitativa o webQDA. Resultados: foram levantados 13 temas, os quais, por afinidade e exclusão, resultaram na elaboração de 3 categorias: Fragilidades do processo de cuidar frente às perdas gestacionais; Potencialidades do processo de cuidar frente às perdas gestacionais; e Cuidados de enfermagem frente às perdas gestacionais. Foi possível evidenciar que os enfermeiros conseguiam reconhecer as lacunas assistenciais e, mesmo com suas dificuldades, prestavam um cuidado respeitoso e empático, além de proporcionar momento de criação de memórias para as famílias enlutadas, através de fotos ou guarda de pertences que foram do bebê, que passou tão brevemente pela vida. O estudo permitiu compreender que os enfermeiros entrevistados reconheciam a importância da sua presença como um profissional que oferece um cuidado direcionado a cada mulher/família em situação de perda gestacional nas suas necessidades, enfatizaram a comunicação verbal e não verbal, sendo uma de suas preocupações que esta compreendesse, para além da assistência oferecida, este olhar singular do profissional. Os impactos do desenvolvimento deste trabalho podem resultar na elaboração de documentos, materiais educativos e protocolos assistenciais voltados aos profissionais de saúde que prestam cuidados diante das perdas gestacionais dentro das instituições hospitalares.

Abstract: Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon. However, even with proper prenatal care management, pregnancy losses may occur. The World Health Organization estimates 4.9 million perinatal deaths worldwide every year. In Brazil, showed an incidence of 28,993 cases in 2020, with 1,062 cases in Parana State and, among these, 117 in its capital city, Curitiba. Therefore, that is a global health problem, but there still have been scarce public policies addressing this theme. Apart from the data, there is also the emotional impact on all the involved individuals, unquestionably to the woman and family who suffer the pregnancy loss, but also to the healthcare professionals, ultimately nurses, who are confronted with those situations along their professional lives. Thus, the research question in this study was: what is the nurses' perception on the health care delivered to the woman facing a pregnancy loss? In addition, the general objective was to understand the nurse's perception who renders health care to the woman who suffered a pregnancy loss. It is an exploratory qualitative study held at a university hospital in Southern Brazil. Data collection was conducted by means of semi-structured interviews, which were audio recorded and fully transcribed between April and June 2022. The participants were 11 nurses who care for women in a situation of pregnancy loss. For the data analysis, Thematic Content Analysis proposed by Bardin was applied, supported by the use of the webQDAE software for qualitative analysis. Results: 13 themes by affinity and exclusion stood out by means of the analysis, which resulted in the elaboration of 3 categories: Fragilities in the caring process in the face of pregnancy losses; Potentialities of the caring process in the face of pregnancy losses; and Nursing Care in the face of pregnancy losses. It was possible to evidence that nurses could recognize caring gaps, and even facing difficulties, they could deliver respectful and empathetic care, in addition to providing a moment of creating memories to bereaved families through photos or belongings of the baby who briefly got through their lives. The study enabled to understand that the interviewed nurses acknowledged the importance of their presence as professionals who delivered care to meet the needs of each woman/family going through a pregnancy loss. They also pointed out verbal and non-verbal communication as one of their concerns so that the women could understand their unique professional look, beyond care delivery. The study outcomes may result in the elaboration of documents, educational materials and care protocols to those health professionals who are confronted with pregnancy losses while rendering care within hospital institutions.

Investigation of stillbirths in Brazil: A systematic scoping review of the causes and related reporting processes in the past decade.

BACKGROUND: Recognizing the causes of stillbirths and their associated conditions is essential to reduce its occurrence. OBJECTIVE: To describe information on stillbirths in Brazil during the past decade. SEARCH STRATEGY: A literature search was performed from January 2010 to December 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: Original observational studies and clinical trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were manually extracted to a spreadsheet and descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 55 studies were included; 40 studies (72.2%) used the official data stored by national public health systems. Most articles aimed to estimate the rate and trends of stillbirth (60%) or their causes (55.4%). Among the 16 articles addressing the causes of death, 10 (62.5%) used the International Classification of Diseases; most of the articles only specified the main cause of death. Intrauterine hypoxia was the main cause reported (ranging from 14.3% to 54.9%). CONCLUSION: Having a national system based on compulsory notification of stillbirths may not be sufficient to provide quality information on occurrence and, especially, causes of death. Further improvements of the attribution and registration of causes of deaths and the implementation of educational actions for improving reporting systems are advisable. Finally, expanding the investigation of contributing factors associated with stillbirths would create an opportunity for further development of prevention strategies in low- and middle-income countries such as Brazil.

Unveiling the evolution of fetal death in pregnancy in different cultures / Desvelando em diferentes culturas a evolução da gestação em óbito fetal

Abstract Objectives: to describe the identification of fetal death during pregnancy in Brazilian and Canadian women. Methods: clinical-qualitative study with women who experienced the outcome of fetal death in their pregnancies, living in Maringá (Brazil) and participating in the Center d'intervention familiale (Canada). Data collection was performed through a semi-structured interview with the question: How did you find out about your baby's death? Readings were performed and the relevant aspects were categorized into themes according to the places where the death was confirmed. Results: in both countries, the main causes of death were the same, related to complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and health problems of the pregnant woman or fetus. Brazilian women had a higher frequency of deaths in the third trimester and Canadian women experienceda majority of deaths in the second trimester. The stillbirthswere found in different places, times and moments categorized at prenatal routine consultation, emergency care, expected death from congenital malformations of poor prognosis and labor. Conclusions: the determination of fetal death during pregnancy was due to possible intrinsic intercurrences of the pregnancy period. Based on the women's experiences, it was possible to demonstrate the clinical practice of identifying fetal death according to the cultural scenario. Continuous studies on prenatal care for women who had stillbirths are necessary for early detection of pathological conditions and appropriate interventions.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a identificação do óbito fetal durante a gestação em brasileiras e canadenses. Métodos: estudo clínico-qualitativo com mulheres que vivenciaram o desfecho do óbito fetal nas suas gestações, residentes em Maringá (Brasil) e participantes do Centre d'Intervention Familiale (Canadá). A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semidirigida com a pergunta: Como ficou sabendo da morte do seu bebê? Foram realizadas leituras e os aspectos relevantes foram categorizados em temas conforme os locais da confirmação do óbito. Resultados: nos dois países, as principais causas dos óbitos foram relacionadas às complicações na gravidez e parto, problemas de saúde da gestante ou do feto. As brasileiras com frequência maior dos óbitos no terceiro trimestre e as canadenses, no segundo trimestre. As categorias foram identificadas nos consultórios na rotina pré-natal, nos serviços de emergência, e nos serviços de imagem, ao detectar o óbito esperado nos casos de malformações congênitas de prognóstico ruim. Conclusão: a determinação óbito fetal durante a gestação foi em razão das possíveis intercorrências intrínsecas do período gravídico. A partir das experiências das mulheres, foi possível mostrar a prática clínica da identificação do óbito fetal de acordo com o cenário cultural. Contínuos estudos, sobre a assistência pré-natal das mulheres que tiveram óbito fetal, são necessários para detecção precoce das condições patológicas e intervenções adequadas.

Fatores clínicos e obstétricos de óbitos fetais em uma maternidade de alto risco / Clinical and obstetric factors of fetal death in a high-risk maternity

Objetivo: Caracterizar os fatores clínicos e obstétricos de mulheres que tiveram diagnóstico de óbito fetal em uma maternidade escola de alto risco. Metodologia: estudo de abordagem quantitativa, de corte transversal e caráter descritivo exploratório. Foram incluídos 354 prontuários de mulheres admitidas com diagnóstico e óbito fetal entre janeiro de 2018 a janeiro de 2022. Analisou-se os dados a partir da distribuição de frequências absolutas e relativas (%). Resultados: A idade média das participantes foi de 26 anos. A maioria era primípara sem perdas fetais prévias. Hipóxia Fetal Intraútero foi a causa de óbito mais frequente (17,8%). Conclusão: O óbito fetal intraútero ainda é um diagnóstico que requer mais visibilidade por parte do sistema de saúde. Foi constatada a deficiência dos registros em prontuário de dados importantes, ressaltando a necessidade de promover treinamento e capacitação para os profissionais que realizam assistência

Objective: To characterize the clinical and obstetric factors of women who were diagnosed with fetal death in a high-risk maternity hospital. Methodology: cross-sectional, analytical and retrospective study, carried out in a high-risk maternity hospital in the Central Region of Goiás. A total of 354 medical records of women admitted with a diagnosis and fetal death between January 2018 and January 2022 were included. Data were analyzed based on the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies (%). Results: The average age of the participants was 26 years old. Most were primiparous without previous fetal losses. Intrauterine Fetal Hypoxia was the most frequent cause of death (17.8%). Conclusion: Intrauterine fetal death is still a diagnosis that requires more visibility from the health system. It was verified the deficiency of records in medical records of important data, emphasizing the need to promote training and qualification for professionals who perform assistance

Percepção sobre o cuidado à perda gestacional: estudo qualitativo com casais brasileiros / Perceptions on pregnancy loss care: a qualitative study with brazilian couples / Percepción sobre la atención a la pérdida del embarazo: estudio cualitativo con parejas brasileñas

Este artigo analisou a percepção e os sentimentos de casais sobre o atendimento recebido nos serviços de saúde acessados em função de perda gestacional (óbito fetal ante e intraparto). O convite para a pesquisa foi divulgado em mídias sociais (Instagram e Facebook). Dos 66 casais que contataram a equipe, 12 participaram do estudo, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu em 2018. Os casais responderam conjuntamente a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada presencialmente (n=4) ou por videochamada (n=8). Os dados foram gravados em áudio e posteriormente transcritos. A Análise Temática indutiva das entrevistas identificou cinco temas: sentimento de impotência, iatrogenia vivida nos serviços, falta de cuidado em saúde mental, não reconhecimento da perda como evento com consequências emocionais negativas, e características do bom atendimento. Os achados demonstraram situações de violência, comunicação deficitária, desvalorização das perdas precoces, falta de suporte para contato com o bebê falecido e rotinas pouco humanizadas, especialmente durante a internação após a perda. Para aprimorar a assistência às famílias enlutadas, sugere-se qualificação profissional, ampliação da visibilidade do tema entre diferentes atores e reorganização dos serviços, considerando uma diretriz clínica para atenção ao luto perinatal, com destaque para o fortalecimento da inserção de equipes de saúde mental no contexto hospitalar.(AU)

This study analyzed couples' perceptions and feelings about pregnancy loss care (ante and intrapartum fetal death). A research invitation was published on social media (Instagram and Facebook) and data collection took place in 2018. Of the 66 couples who contacted the research team, 12 participated in the study by filling a sociodemographic questionnaire and answering a semi-structured interview in person (n=04) or by video call (n=08). All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and examined by Inductive Thematic Analysis, which identified five themes: feelings of impotence, iatrogenic experiences in health services, lack of mental health care, not recognizing pregnancy loss as an emotionally overwhelming event, and aspects of good healthcare. Analysis showed experiences of violence, poor communication, devaluation of early losses, lack of support for contact with the deceased baby, and dehumanizing routines, especially during hospitalization after loss. Professional qualification, extended pregnancy loss visibility among different stakeholders, and reorganization of health services are needed to improve the care offered to grieving families, considering a clinical guideline for perinatal grief care with emphasis on strengthening the insertion of mental health teams in the hospital context.(AU)

Este estudio analizó las percepciones y sentimientos de parejas sobre la atención recibida en los servicios de salud a los que accedieron debido a la pérdida del embarazo (muerte fetal ante e intraparto). La invitación al estudio se publicó en las redes sociales (Instagram y Facebook). De las 66 parejas que se contactaron con el equipo, 12 participaron en el estudio, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en 2018. Las parejas respondieron un formulario de datos sociodemográficos y realizaron una entrevista semiestructurada presencialmente (n=4) o por videollamada (n=08). Los datos se grabaron en audio para su posterior transcripción. El análisis temático inductivo identificó cinco temas: Sentimiento de impotencia, experiencias iatrogénicas en los servicios, falta de atención a la salud mental, falta de reconocimiento de la pérdida como un evento con consecuencias emocionales negativas y características de buena atención. Los hallazgos evidenciaron situaciones de violencia, comunicación deficiente, desvalorización de las pérdidas tempranas, falta de apoyo para el contacto con el bebé fallecido y rutinas poco humanizadas, especialmente durante la hospitalización tras la pérdida. Para mejorar la atención a las familias en duelo, se sugiere capacitación profesional, ampliación de la visibilidad del tema entre los diferentes actores y reorganización de los servicios, teniendo en cuenta una guía clínica para la atención del duelo perinatal, enfocada en fortalecer la inserción de los equipos de salud mental en el contexto hospitalario.(AU)

Corioamnionitis Histológica Asociada a Muerte Fetal / Histological Chorioamnionitis Associated with Fetal Death

INTRODUCCIÓN. Anualmente ocurren más de 2 millones de muertes fetales a nivel mundial, siendo fundamental el estudio anatomopatológico placentario para disminuir el número de muertes inexplicadas. OBJETIVO. Revisar la literatura existente acerca de corioamnionitis histológica, los criterios para establecer su diagnóstico, su presencia y posible asociación en estudios de causas de muerte fetal. METODOLOGÍA. Se realizaron búsquedas en bases de datos electrónicas para recopilar estudios de causas de muerte fetal que incluyeron corioamnionitis histológica. RESULTADOS. Se encontraron 13 estudios que evaluaron mortalidad fetal y que entre sus causas incluyeron corioamnionitis histológica. DESARROLLO. El estudio microscópico placentario en muertes fetales es esencial al investigar una muerte fetal. Las anomalías placentarias son la causa más común de muerte fetal, la corioamnionitis aguda es la lesión inflamatoria más frecuente. Se detallaron los criterios más relevantes para definir corioamnionitis aguda histológica pero aún no se establece un consenso. Estudios de causas de muerte fetal en años recientes han reportado corioamnionitis histológica entre 6,3% y 41,3% de casos. Las alteraciones inflamatorias del líquido amniótico son una causa importante de muerte fetal, siendo la corioamnionitis la más frecuente en este grupo. CONCLUSIÓN. En estudios para determinar las causas de muerte fetal se evidenció corioamnionitis aguda histológica en hasta el 41,3% de casos, por lo que podría estar asociada a dicho evento. Sin embargo, es necesario establecer un sistema de estadiaje de corioamnionitis histológica mediante un panel de expertos a nivel mundial.

INTRODUCTION. Annually more than 2 million fetal deaths occur worldwide, being fundamental the placental anatomopathological study to reduce the number of unexplained deaths. OBJECTIVE. To review the existing literature on histological chorioamnionitis, the criteria to establish its diagnosis, its presence and possible association in studies of causes of fetal death. METHODOLOGY. Electronic databases were searched to collect studies of causes of fetal death that included histologic chorioamnionitis. RESULTS. Thirteen studies were found that evaluated fetal mortality and that included histologic chorioamnionitis among their causes. DEVELOPMENT: Placental microscopic study in fetal deaths is essential when investigating a fetal death. Placental abnormalities are the most common cause of fetal death, acute chorioamnionitis being the most frequent inflammatory lesion. The most relevant criteria for defining histologic acute chorioamnionitis have been detailed but consensus has not yet been established. Studies of causes of fetal death in recent years have reported histologic chorioamnionitis in between 6,3% and 41,3% of cases. Inflammatory changes in the amniotic fluid are an important cause of fetal death, with chorioamnionitis being the most frequent in this group. CONCLUSIONS. In studies to determine the causes of fetal death, histological acute chorioamnionitis was evidenced in up to 41,3% of cases, so it could be associated with this event. However, it is necessary to establish a histological chorioamnionitis staging system by means of a worldwide panel of experts.

Pesar no óbito fetal: luto sem voz / Grief after fetal death: a voiceless mourning / Pesar por la muerte fetal: duelo sin voz

Resumo O Ministério da Saúde orienta que a declaração de óbito não seja emitida em casos de óbito fetal com gestação inferior a 20 semanas ou feto com peso inferior a 500 g ou estatura menor que 25 cm, acrescentando que a legislação permite a emissão da declaração em casos em que a família deseje fazer o sepultamento do feto. Nesse contexto, são poucos os casos de aborto em que a declaração é feita. Este artigo realizou revisão integrativa que responde à pergunta: os rituais de fechamento, particularmente o sepultamento (possibilitado pela emissão da declaração de óbito) em caso de morte fetal inferior a 20 semanas de idade gestacional, ajudariam no processo de luto dos pais? A literatura consultada trouxe informações favoráveis à emissão da declaração de óbito e possibilitou discussão médica, jurídica e antropológica do tema.

Abstract The Ministry of Health advises that death certificates should not be issued in cases of fetal death for a pregnancy of less than 20 weeks or fetus weighing less than 500 g or shorter than 25 cm in height; however, the legislation allows the issuance of the certificate in cases where the family wishes to bury the fetus. Given this context, abortion cases in which the certificate is issued are few. This article presents an integrative review that answers the question: would the death ceremonies, particularly the burial (made possible by the issuance of the death certificate), in case of fetal death under 20 weeks of gestational age help in the parents' mourning process? The literature consulted presented favorable information for the issuance of the death certificate and enabled a medical, legal and anthropological discussion of the theme.

Resumen El Ministerio de Salud brasileño recomienda que no se debe emitir el certificado de defunción en los casos de muerte fetal de menos de 20 semanas de gestación, feto con peso inferior a 500 g o estatura inferior a 25 cm, pero agrega que se puede permitirlo cuando la familia opta por el entierro del feto. En este contexto, el certificado se emite en pocos casos de aborto. Este artículo realizó una revisión integradora a partir de la pregunta: ¿Ayudarían en el proceso de duelo de los padres los rituales de inhumación, sobre todo el entierro (habilitado mediante la emisión de un certificado de defunción) en caso de muerte fetal con menos de 20 semanas de edad gestacional? La literatura consultada aportó con informaciones favorables a la emisión del certificado de defunción y permitió fomentar la discusión médica, jurídica y antropológica del tema.

Manejo del embarazo gemelar monocoriónico monoamniótico: revisión de la literatura y reporte de caso

A propósito de la presentación de un caso de embarazo gemelar monocoriónico monoamniótico, se revisó la literatura sobre su diagnóstico y manejo mediante búsqueda electrónica en la base de datos de Medline, OVID, Cochrane y PubMed entre los años 1966 y 2019. Las palabras clave utilizadas en la indagación fueron: embarazo, gemelos, monoamniótico, enredamiento de cordones. Existe un riesgo alto de muerte fetal súbita en gemelos monoamnióticos causado por el enredamiento de los cordones umbilicales, por lo que el diagnóstico oportuno de la corionicidad y amnionicidad en el embarazo gemelar mediante ecografía puede dar la pauta para una vigilancia fetal estrecha y mejorar así el resultado obstétrico.

In view of the presentation of a case of monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy, the literature on its diagnosis and management was reviewed by electronic search in the Medline, OVID, Cochrane, and PubMed databases between 1966 and 2019. The key words used in the inquiry were: pregnancy, twins, monoamniotic, cord entanglement. There is a high risk of sudden fetal death in monoamniotic twins caused by entanglement of the umbilical cords, so timely diagnosis of chorionicity and amnionicity in twin pregnancy by ultrasonography may provide guidance for close fetal surveillance and thus improve obstetric outcome.

Viral infections in stillbirth: a contribution underestimated in Mexico?

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the role of viral infections as etiology of stillbirths in Mexico and their epidemiological impact in the context of the global Every Newborn Initiative. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed in electronic databases related to stillbirth and viral infections published prior to January 19th 2021. Stillbirths records and causes from National Mexican databases, during 2008-2019 period were also computed. RESULTS: Only two articles with a direct relationship between viral infection and stillbirth were found, and one article with an indirect serological association was identified. During the analyzed period there were 198,076 stillbirths, with a National stillbirth rate (SBR) ranging from 6.9 to 6.5 between 2008 and 2014, with a subsequent increase to reach 7.7 in 2019. Only 19 cases were attributed to viral causes and a specific virus was identified in 11. The main causes of early stillbirth were a fetus with premature rupture of membranes and light for gestational age, and for late stillbirth these were fetus affected by oligohydramnios and slow fetal growth. The percentage classified as unspecified deaths varied from 34.4-41.9%. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, there has been an increase in SBR during last years, but the goals of the Every Newborn Initiative is met. More than 14,500 stillbirths with at least 5,100 unspecified cases have been reported per year, and only 11 cases were attributable to a specific virus, highlighting the serious underestimation of cases and the need of implementation of routine viral diagnosis methods to improve the care of this global health problem.

Case Report: SARS-CoV-2 Gamma Isolation From Placenta of a Miscarriage in Midwest, Brazil.

The present study investigated a SARS-CoV-2 infection in placenta and fetal samples from an early pregnancy miscarriage in Midwest Brazil. The Gamma variant was isolated and fully sequenced from the placenta sample, but not from fetal samples. Our findings highlight potential adverse perinatal outcomes caused by SARS-CoV-2 Gamma infection during pregnancy.