Changes in Oxygen Saturation During Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy: High-Flow Nasal Cannula versus Standard Oxygen Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxemia is a relatively common complication in stable patients during fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB). To prevent this complication, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been described as an alternative to standard oxygen therapy. However, the advantages of HFNC over standard oxygen therapy in acute care patients receiving supplemental oxygen before FOB performed with an oral approach are unknown. METHODS: We conducted an observational study that involved subjects with a presumptive diagnosis of pneumonia and a clinical indication for a bronchial aspirate sample. The type of oxygen support (standard oxygen therapy vs HFNC) was selected according to availability. The oxygen flow in the HFNC group was 60 L/min. In both groups, the FIO2 was set at 0.40. Hemodynamic, respiratory dynamics, and gas exchange data were collected at baseline, before, during, and 24 h after FOB. RESULTS: Forty subjects were included, 20 in each group (HFNC and standard oxygen therapy). The study was performed on day 5 of hospitalization in the HFNC group and on day 4 in the standard oxygen therapy group (P = .10). No significant between-group differences in baseline characteristics were observed. HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy was associated with a smaller decrease in SpO2 levels during the procedure (94% vs 90%; P = .040, respectively) and with less variation between the last SpO2 measured before FOB and the lowest SpO2 during FOB (Δ SpO2 ): 2% versus 4.5% (P = .01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In acute subjects who required oxygen support before FOB, the use of HFNC during FOB with an oral approach was associated with a smaller decrease in SpO2 and lower Δ SpO2 compared with standard oxygen therapy.

Carcinoma pulmonar de celulas pequeñas en paciente neumonectomizada no fumadora - primera criobiopsia por fibrobroncoscopia en bolivia, presentación de caso clínico / Small cell lung carcinoma in a non-smoking pneumonectomized patient - first cryobiopsy by fibrobronchoscopy in Bolivia, case report

El cáncer broncogénico tiene una base genética, que se expresa por factores externos relacionados a la exposición medioambiental y laboral, en los últimos años ha cambiado el perfil epidemiológico con incidencia creciente en mujeres sin hábito tabáquico en rangos de 50-70 años. Paciente femenino de 50 años con el antecedente de exposición a humo de leña y uso de pesticidas, con síndrome de atelectasia pulmonar masiva izquierda. Se realizó estudios fibrobroncoscopicos con toma de biopsia de masa tumoral endobronquial izquierda y se realizó la primera criobiopsia por fibrobroncoscopía en Bolivia, posteriormente paciente fue sometida a neumonectomia izquierda con estudio histopatológico concluyente de carcinoma indiferenciado de células pequeñas con primario pulmonar. Existe una fuerte asociación entre la exposición medio-ambiental y laboral y el cáncer broncogénico en pacientes no fumadores, incluso en variantes histopatológicas infrecuentes en este subgrupo como el cáncer de células pequeñas o microcítico.

Bronchogenic cancer has a genetic basis, which is expressed by external factors related to environmental and occupational exposure. In recent years, the epidemiological profile has changed with increasing incidence in women without tobacco habit in ranges of 50-70 years. A 50-year-old female patient with a history of exposure to wood smoke and pesticide use, with massive left lung atelectasis syndrome. Fibrobronchoscopy studies were performed with a biopsy of the left endobronchial tumor mass and the first cryobiopsy was performed by fibrobronchoscopy in Bolivia, later the patient underwent left pneumonectomy with a conclusive histopathological study of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma with a pulmonary primary. There is a strong association between environmental and occupational exposure and bronchogenic cancer in non-smokers, even in infrequent histopathological variants in this subgroup such as small cell or microcytic cancer.

Disnea secundaria a oclusión subaguda de un bronquio fuente / Dyspnea secondary to subacute occlusion of a main bronchus

La presencia de un cuerpo extraño en la vía aérea es todo un desafío diagnóstico, especialmente cuando el paciente no manifiesta una etapa asfíctica y el cuadro clínico se presenta silente o lentamente progresivo. Pero también es un desafío terapéutico, dado que no es frecuente disponer de broncoscopía rígida y flexible en la misma institución médica ni tampoco suele haber una variedad de instrumental para poder asirlo, en especial cuando el objeto es romo y voluminoso, con lo cual la extracción del mismo requiere no sólo de pericia, sino de paciencia e inventiva para poder resolver el problema con los escasos medios que habitualmente se cuentan.

The presence of a foreign body in the airways is a diagnostic challenge, especially when the patient doesn't show an asphyctic stage and is in a silent or slowly progressive clinical condition. But it is also a therapeutic challenge, given the fact that it is not common to have both rigid and flexible bronchoscopies in the same medical institution, or a variety of tools to grab the foreign body, mostly when the object is blunt and voluminous, so that in order to be extracted the physician must have skill, patience and imagination to solve the problem with the few resources usually available.

The influence of airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy / A influência das manobras de suporte das vias aéreas sobre a visibilidade da glote em fibrobroncoscopia pediátrica

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy is a valuable intervention for evaluation and management of respiratory diseases in both infants, pediatric and adult patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this randomized, controlled, crossover study; patients aged between 0 and 15 years who underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure having American Society of Anesthesiologists I---II risk score were included. Patients having risk of difficult intubation, intubated or patients with tracheostomy, and patients with reduced neck mobility or having cautions for neck mobility were excluded from this study. After obtaining best glottic view at the neutral position, patients were positioned jaw trust with open mouth, jaw trust with teeth prottution, head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers and best glottis scores were recorded.RESULTS:Total of 121 pediatric patients, 57 girls and 64 boys, were included in this study. Both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers improved the glottis view compared with neutral position (p < 0.05), but we did not observe any difference between jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers (p > 0.05). Head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers improved glottis view when compared with both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers and neutral position (p < 0.05); however we found no differences between head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers (p > 0.05).

RESUMOINTRODUÇÃO: A broncofibroscopia flexível (BF) é uma valiosa intervenção para o manejo eavaliação de doenças respiratórias em pacientes tanto pediátricos quanto adultos. O obje-tivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência das manobras de apoio das vias aéreas sobre avisibilidade da glote durante a BF pediátrica.MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo cruzado, randômico e controlado, incluindo pacientes com idadesentre 0-15 anos, ASA I-II, que foram submetidos à BF. Pacientes com risco de intubação difí-cil, entubados ou com traqueostomia e aqueles com mobilidade reduzida do pescoço ou queexigissem cuidados para a mobilidade do pescoço foram excluídos do estudo. Depois de obter amelhor visibilidade da glote na posição neutra, os pacientes foram posicionados com elevaçãoda mandíbula e abertura da aberta (EMBA), com elevação da mandíbula e protrusão dos dentes(EMPD), com inclinação da cabeça elevação do queixo (ICEQ) e com a tripla manobra das viasaéreas (TMVA). Os melhores escores da glote foram registrados.RESULTADOS: No total, 121 pacientes pediátricos foram incluídos no estudo: 57 pacientes do sexofeminino e 64 do sexo masculino. Ambos as manobras EMBA e EMPD melhoraram a visibilidadeda glote em comparação com a posição neutra (p < 0,05), mas não observamos diferença entreas manobras EMBA e EMPD (p > 0,05). As manobras ICEQ e TMVA melhoraram a visibilidade daglote em comparação com as manobras EMBA e EMPD e a posição neutra (p < 0,05); porém, nãoencontramos diferenças entre a ICEQ e a TMVA (p > 0,05).CONCLUSÃO: Todas as manobras de acesso às vias aéreas melhoraram a visibilidade da glotedurante a BF pediátrica; porém, a inclinação da cabeça e elevação do queixo e a tripla manobradas vias aéreas foram consideradas as manobras mais eficazes.

The influence of airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: Flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy is a valuable intervention for evaluation and management of respiratory diseases in both infants, pediatric and adult patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, crossover study; patients aged between 0 and 15 years who underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure having American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II risk score were included. Patients having risk of difficult intubation, intubated or patients with tracheostomy, and patients with reduced neck mobility or having cautions for neck mobility were excluded from this study. After obtaining best glottic view at the neutral position, patients were positioned jaw trust with open mouth, jaw trust with teeth prottution, head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers and best glottis scores were recorded. RESULTS: Total of 121 pediatric patients, 57 girls and 64 boys, were included in this study. Both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers improved the glottis view compared with neutral position (p<0.05), but we did not observe any difference between jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers (p>0.05). Head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers improved glottis view when compared with both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers and neutral position (p<0.05); however we found no differences between head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: All airway supporting maneuvers improved glottic view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy; however head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers were found to be the most effective maneuvers.

[The influence of airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view in pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy]. / A influência das manobras de suporte das vias aéreas sobre a visibilidade da glote em fibrobroncoscopia pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Flexible fiber optic bronchoscopy is a valuable intervention for evaluation and management of respiratory diseases in both infants, pediatric and adult patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the airway supporting maneuvers on glottis view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, crossover study; patients aged between 0 and 15 years who underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure having American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II risk score were included. Patients having risk of difficult intubation, intubated or patients with tracheostomy, and patients with reduced neck mobility or having cautions for neck mobility were excluded from this study. After obtaining best glottic view at the neutral position, patients were positioned jaw trust with open mouth, jaw trust with teeth prottution, head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers and best glottis scores were recorded. RESULTS: Total of 121 pediatric patients, 57 girls and 64 boys, were included in this study. Both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers improved the glottis view compared with neutral position (p<0.05), but we did not observe any difference between jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers (p>0.05). Head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers improved glottis view when compared with both jaw trust with open mouth and jaw trust with teeth prottution maneuvers and neutral position (p<0.05); however we found no differences between head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: All airway supporting maneuvers improved glottic view during pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy; however head tilt chin lift and triple airway maneuvers were found to be the most effective maneuvers.

Fibrobroncoscopía en pacientes con hemoptisis no masiva y radiografía de tórax más tomografía de tórax no localizadoras

Introducción: La necesidad de la fibrobroncoscopía (FBC) en pacientes con hemoptisis y radiografía de tórax (RxTx) no localizadora (NL) es todavía controversial, aunque en general continúa siendo el procedimiento recomendado como rutina de evaluación. Objetivo: Determinar la rentabilidad diagnóstica de la FBC en pacientes con hemoptisis y RxTxNL. Material y métodos: Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva los registros estandarizados de 340 FBC realizadas en forma programada entre enero de 2008 y diciembre 2012 en un único centro. La hemoptisis fue clasificada como trivial (esputo hemoptoico), leve (menos de 100 ml en 24 horas) y moderada (100-500 mL en 24 horas). El procedimiento se realizo en los primeros 7 días de hemoptisis, y se consideraba positiva si se obtenía el diagnóstico final. Resultados: De 396 pacientes, 102 (25,7

) tenían indicación de fibrobroncoscopia por hemoptisis, de los cuales, 52 presentaba Rx de Tórax no localizadora. En el 42.3

de los casos, la tomografía proveyó información diagnóstica adicional. 30 pacientes (29,4

Introduction: The exact role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in the diagnosis of patients presenting with haemoptysis and with normal or non-localizing chest radiography and CT scan has not been clearly defined. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the yield of FOB in patients with haemoptysis and normal findings on chest roentgenogram and CT scan. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all consecutive patients undergoing elective flexible bronchoscopy between January 2008 and December 2012. All patients underwent FOB within 7 days of active bleeding. Amount of bleeding was classified as trivial (drops of blood, bloody sputum), mild < 100 mL in 24 h and moderate 100-500 mL in 24 h. Bronchoscopy was considered positive if it led to the final diagnosis. We also assessed whether the bronchoscopic evaluation located the bleeding site. Results: Amongst 396 patients examined with FOB, in 102 patients (25.7

) FOB was prescribed for evaluation of haemoptysis; in 52 patients with haemoptysis, the chest radiography was normal. In 42.3

of these patients, CT scan provided additional diagnostic information. In 30 patients (29.4

de todos los casos de hemoptisis) presentaron radiografía y tomografía no localizadora. En un paciente el hallazgo broncoscópico fue un carcinoma bronquial no sospechado. 7 pacientes tenían hallazgos endobronquiales benignos. Todos los pacientes que presentaron hallazgos positivos en la fibrobroncoscopía eran tabaquistas, mayores de 40 años, tenían alguna sospecha clínica previa o presentaban hemoptisis por más de 1 semana. Todos los pacientes asintomáticos, menores de 40 años y con hemoptisis menor a los 7 días, la fibrobroncoscopía fue normal. Conclusión: En los pacientes con hemoptisis, mayores de 40 años, con antecedentes de tabaquismo y síntomas constitucionales se obtiene una alta rentabilidad diagnóstica cuando se asocian la Tomografía computada de tórax y la FBC, pero pueden evitarse en ausencia de estas condiciones o si existe la sospecha clínica de otras causas identificables.(AU)

of all the haemoptysis cases), CXR and CT did not show images which could explain the haemoptysis . Bronchoscopy findings showed an unsuspected bronchial carcinoma in one patient. In seven patients FOB disclosed some benign abnormality. All patients with a positive finding in the FOB were smokers, older than 40 years, had some clinical suspicion and had suffered haemoptysis for more than one week. FOB was normal in asymptomatic patients, who were younger than 40 years and with hemoptysis lasting less than one week. Conclusion: In patients older than 40 years, smokers, with constitutional symptoms or with hemoptysis lasting for more than one week the combined use of bronchoscopy and chest CT gives the best diagnostic yield. In younger, asymptomatic, non-smoking patients with haemoptysis and normal CT scan, further investigations may not be justified, but these results need to be confirmed in a prospective multicenter study.(AU)

Fibrobroncoscopía en pacientes con hemoptisis no masiva y radiografía de tórax más tomografía de tórax no localizadoras / Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Patients with non Massive Haemoptysis and non Explainable Images in Chest Radiography and Tomography

Introducción: La necesidad de la fibrobroncoscopía (FBC) en pacientes con hemoptisis y radiografía de tórax (RxTx) no localizadora (NL) es todavía controversial, aunque en general continúa siendo el procedimiento recomendado como rutina de evaluación. Objetivo: Determinar la rentabilidad diagnóstica de la FBC en pacientes con hemoptisis y RxTxNL. Material y métodos: Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva los registros estandarizados de 340 FBC realizadas en forma programada entre enero de 2008 y diciembre 2012 en un único centro. La hemoptisis fue clasificada como trivial (esputo hemoptoico), leve (menos de 100 ml en 24 horas) y moderada (100-500 mL en 24 horas). El procedimiento se realizo en los primeros 7 días de hemoptisis, y se consideraba positiva si se obtenía el diagnóstico final. Resultados: De 396 pacientes, 102 (25,7%) tenían indicación de fibrobroncoscopia por hemoptisis, de los cuales, 52 presentaba Rx de Tórax no localizadora. En el 42.3% de los casos, la tomografía proveyó información diagnóstica adicional. 30 pacientes (29,4% de todos los casos de hemoptisis) presentaron radiografía y tomografía no localizadora. En un paciente el hallazgo broncoscópico fue un carcinoma bronquial no sospechado. 7 pacientes tenían hallazgos endobronquiales benignos. Todos los pacientes que presentaron hallazgos positivos en la fibrobroncoscopía eran tabaquistas, mayores de 40 años, tenían alguna sospecha clínica previa o presentaban hemoptisis por más de 1 semana. Todos los pacientes asintomáticos, menores de 40 años y con hemoptisis menor a los 7 días, la fibrobroncoscopía fue normal. Conclusión: En los pacientes con hemoptisis, mayores de 40 años, con antecedentes de tabaquismo y síntomas constitucionales se obtiene una alta rentabilidad diagnóstica cuando se asocian la Tomografía computada de tórax y la FBC, pero pueden evitarse en ausencia de estas condiciones o si existe la sospecha clínica de otras causas identificables.

Introduction: The exact role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in the diagnosis of patients presenting with haemoptysis and with normal or non-localizing chest radiography and CT scan has not been clearly defined. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the yield of FOB in patients with haemoptysis and normal findings on chest roentgenogram and CT scan. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all consecutive patients undergoing elective flexible bronchoscopy between January 2008 and December 2012. All patients underwent FOB within 7 days of active bleeding. Amount of bleeding was classified as trivial (drops of blood, bloody sputum), mild < 100 mL in 24 h and moderate 100-500 mL in 24 h. Bronchoscopy was considered positive if it led to the final diagnosis. We also assessed whether the bronchoscopic evaluation located the bleeding site. Results: Amongst 396 patients examined with FOB, in 102 patients (25.7%) FOB was prescribed for evaluation of haemoptysis; in 52 patients with haemoptysis, the chest radiography was normal. In 42.3% of these patients, CT scan provided additional diagnostic information. In 30 patients (29.4% of all the haemoptysis cases), CXR and CT did not show images which could explain the haemoptysis . Bronchoscopy findings showed an unsuspected bronchial carcinoma in one patient. In seven patients FOB disclosed some benign abnormality. All patients with a positive finding in the FOB were smokers, older than 40 years, had some clinical suspicion and had suffered haemoptysis for more than one week. FOB was normal in asymptomatic patients, who were younger than 40 years and with hemoptysis lasting less than one week. Conclusion: In patients older than 40 years, smokers, with constitutional symptoms or with hemoptysis lasting for more than one week the combined use of bronchoscopy and chest CT gives the best diagnostic yield. In younger, asymptomatic, non-smoking patients with haemoptysis and normal CT scan, further investigations may not be justified, but these results need to be confirmed in a prospective multicenter study.

Fibrobroncoscopia no diagnóstico e decisão terapêutica de infecções respiratórias em pacientes neutropênicos febris hematológicos / Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and therapeutic decision for respiratory infections in hematological febrile neutropenic patients

INTRODUÇÃO: A neutropenia febril é uma complicação frequente dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento quimioterápico ou Transplante de Célula Tronco Hematopoiética (TCTH). A fibrobroncoscopia (FBC) flexível tem sido utilizada para auxiliar no diagnóstico de doenças pulmonares. No entanto, não há consenso em relação ao benefício do exame para estabelecer diagnóstico e alterar o tratamento das doenças pulmonares nesse contexto. Estudos prévios, retrospectivos e bastante heterogêneos, com pacientes imunocomprometidos não-HIV mostraram que o rendimento da fibrobroncoscopia para estabelecer diagnóstico etiológico varia de 13 a 81% e gera alteração de terapêutica em 5 e 51%. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o rendimento da Fibrobroncoscopia, o risco ao procedimento em pacientes hematológicos e neutropênicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal retrospectivo que avaliou pacientes com neoplasia hematológica e neutropenia febril e que tenham sido submetidos à fibrobroncoscopia diagnóstica entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2012 internados no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 45 pacientes: 18 (36%) tiveram resultado positivo no Lavado Broncoalveolar (LAB), sendo que houve mudança na conduta terapêutica em 95% dos pacientes que apresentaram positividade no LAB. Com relação ao risco do procedimento tivemos uma taxa de 2,2% de complicação, com um paciente que apresentou dessaturação imediatamente após o procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do número limitado de pacientes, nossos achados indicam que a realização da fibrobroncoscopia com LAB em pacientes neutropênicos é segura e com um rendimento semelhante aos descritos na literatura

INTRODUCTION: Febrile neutropenia is a common complication in patients undergoing chemotherapy or hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT). Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy has been used to aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. However, there is no consensus regarding the benefit of the exam in establishing diagnosis and in changing the treatment of lung disease in this context. Previous retrospective studies, quite heterogeneous and with non-HIV immunocompromised patients, showed that the yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in establishing etiology ranges from 13% to 81%, and in changing therapy, from 5% to 51%. To evaluate the efficiency of Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and the procedure-related risk for neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancy. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed the medical records of patients with hematologic malignancy with febrile neutropenia who had undergone diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy between January 2011 and December 2012 at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were included: 18 (36%) tested positive for bronchoalveolar lavage, with change in therapeutic management occurring for 95% of them. The procedure-related risk was 2.2%, with one patient showing desaturation immediately after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Despite the limited number of patients, our findings indicate that fiberoptic bronchoscopy in neutropenic patients is safe, and the results are similar to those previously reported

Traqueostomía percutánea con asistencia fibrobroncoscópica en pacientes críticos de alto riesgo: seguridad de las indicaciones extendidas / Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy with fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance in high-risk critically ill patients

Introducción: La traqueostomía percutánea (TP) por dilatación es el método de elección en pacientes críticos que requieren la instalación de una traqueostomía. Sin embargo, una proporción importante de pacientes presentan habitualmente una o más contraindicaciones relativas para la realización de este procedimiento. Objetivo: Comparar la incidencia de complicaciones perioperatorias asociadas a la TP con la técnica de Ciaglia Blue Rhino y asistencia fibrobroncoscópica en pacientes críticos de alto riesgo versus pacientes críticos de bajo riesgo. Pacientes y Método: Se evaluaron en forma prospectiva 180 pacientes sometidos a una TP electiva debido a ventilación mecánica prolongada. Todas las TP fueron realizadas en la Unidad de Pacientes Críticos por un intensivista experimentado en el procedimiento y mediante un abordaje estandarizado. Se registraron variables demográficas, APACHE II, días de ventilación mecánica antes de la TP y la tasa de complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados: La incidencia de complicaciones operatorias para los pacientes de alto y bajo riesgo fue 4,5 por ciento (3/67) y 5,2 por ciento (6/114), respectivamente (p = 0,81). No se registraron complicaciones operatorias graves, ni muertes asociadas al procedimiento. La incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias fue 3 por ciento (2/67) para los pacientes de alto riesgo vs. 2,6 por ciento (3/114) para los pacientes de bajo riesgo (p =0,89). La incidencia global de complicaciones perioperatorias fue 7,5 por ciento (5/67) y 7,9 por ciento (9/114) para los pacientes de alto y bajo riesgo, respectivamente (p = 0,92).Conclusión: La TP por dilatación con la técnica de Ciaglia Blue Rhino modificada y asistencia fibrobroncoscópica es segura en pacientes críticos de alto riesgo, cuando es realizada por un intensivista experimentado mediante un abordaje estandarizado.

Background: Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) is the method of choice in critically ill patients requiring the installation of a tracheostomy. However, a significant proportion of patients usually have one or more relative contraindications for this procedure. Objective: To compare the incidence of perioperative complication of PDT with the modified Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique and fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance in high-risk critically ill patients versus low-risk critically ill patients. Patients and Methods: We prospectively evaluated 180 patients undergoing an elective PDT due to prolonged mechanical ventilation. All of the PDT were performed in the Critical Care Unit for an intensivist experienced in the procedure, using a standardized approach. We recorded demographic variables, APACHE II, days of mechanical ventilation before the PDT and the rate of perioperative complications. Results: The incidence of operative complications for patients high and low risk was 4.5 percent (3/67) and 5.2 percent (6/114), respectively (p =0.81). There were no serious operative complications or deaths associated with the procedure. The incidence of postoperative complications was 3 percent (2/67) for high risk patients vs 2.6 percent (3/114) for low risk patients (p=0.89). The overall incidence of perioperative complications was 7.5 percent (5/67) and 7.9 percent (9/114) for patients at high and low risk, respectively (p =0.92). Conclusions: PDT with the modified Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique and fiberoptic bronchoscopy assistance is safe in critically ill patients at high risk, when performed by an experienced intensivist using a standardized approach.

Fibrobroncoscopía y traqueotomía / Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and tracheotomy

La traqueotomía mantiene la permeabilidad de la vía aérea. La revisión directa de la tráquea a través de la cánula o el traqueostoma por fibrobroncoscopía (FOB), permite ver la mucosa en su porción distal y por arriba del traqueostoma; por esta vía se pueden realizar diversos procedimientos. Objetivo: Evaluar las condiciones de la mucosa traqueal por FOB en casos con cánula de traqueotomía y la utilidad de esta vía de acceso. Material y métodos: Se practicó FOB en 38 pacientes con traqueotomía. Resultados: Las indicaciones más frecuentes de la FOB fueron la aspiración de secreciones, el lavado bronquial con aspiración y la obtención de muestras para estudio bacteriológico. En todos se valoraron las condiciones de la mucosa traqueal, incluidos ocho enfermos con estenosis de la vía aérea en los que se evaluó la mucosa antes y después de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Se encontraron lesiones de la mucosa, anomalías de la pared traqueal, lesiones de las cuerdas vocales y subglóticas. Conclusión: La FOB a través de la cánula o el traqueostoma permite la práctica de diversos procedimientos. La exploración endoscópica por abajo y por encima de la cánula de traqueostomía detecta alteraciones de la mucosa traqueal; en los casos de estenosis de la vía aérea superior, la visión retrógrada con FOB antes y después de las intervenciones quirúrgicas es un paso importante.

Tracheostomy preserves the patency of the airway. Direct exploration through the tracheal cannula or the tracheostoma by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) allows a view of the conditions of the tracheal mucosa above and below the tracheostoma. Different procedures may be performed thru this approach. Objective: To evaluate the anatomic conditions of the tracheal mucosa by FOB in cases with tracheotomy cannula, and the usefulness of this approach. Material and methods: FOB was performed in 38 patients with tracheotomy. Results: Aspiration of secretions, bronchial lavage with aspiration and bacteriological sampling were the most frequent indications. The conditions of the mucosa were evaluated in all, including eight cases with airway stenosis, both before and after surgical reconstruction. Mucosal inflammation, tracheal anomalies, vocal cords and subglottic lesions were found. Conclusions: FOB trough the cannula or the tracheostoma allows for preoperatory evaluation of the tracheal mucosa. Careful endoscopic exploration above and below the tracheotomy cannula and the tracheostoma may show alterations of the mucosa in cases of airway stenosis both before and after surgical procedures.

Lavado y cepillado bronquiales en tumores pulmonares centrales y periféricos sospechosos de malignidad / Bronchial washing and brushing in central and peripheral lung masses suspicious of malignancy

El diagnóstico citológico e histopatológico en casos de tumores pulmonares se realiza con alta confiabilidad a través de muestras obtenidas por fibrobroncoscopía (FBC). Puede haber diferencias que dependen de la localización del tumor. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad del lavado, cepillado bronquial y biopsia por (FBC) en una muestra de tumores pulmonares centrales, donde hay alteraciones endoscópicas evidentes y en otra de tumores pulmonares periféricos con sospecha de malignidad donde las alteraciones son menos frecuentes. Casos: Se estudiaron 86 enfermos con tumores pulmonares, 44 centrales (Grupo A) y 42 periféricos (Grupo B). Todos fueron objeto de estudio por FBC con lavado y cepillado; en 15 casos se practicó biopsia. Resultados: Hubo una diferencia significativa (p < 0.005) con respecto a la apariencia normal y anormal entre tumores centrales (A) y periféricos (B). El diagnóstico de malignidad basado en la presencia de células malignas por cepillado y lavado bronquiales fue positivo en 21 del Grupo A y en 14 del Grupo B con sensibilidad de 60 y 40%, respectivamente. En 15 casos de tumor endobronquial se practicó biopsia. En los casos negativos, 23 del A y 28 del B, se emplearon otros métodos diagnósticos (p < 0.05). Se detectaron 76 casos de neoplasias, predominando el carcinoma bronquiogénico (43%). Diez casos fueron procesos infecciosos. Conclusión: El estudio por FBC permanece como un importante método diagnóstico en casos de tumores pulmonares. El lavado y el cepillado tuvieron resultados positivos en 35/86, cifra relativamente baja que sugiere la necesidad de mejorar la calidad de las muestras obtenidas. La negatividad por FBC obliga el empleo de otros métodos diagnósticos. El costo estimado de los procedimientos, erogado por el paciente en dólares americanos, es notablemente menor que en países como Holanda, que se tomó como comparativo.

Cytologic and histologic diagnosis of lung tumors can usually be done by means of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), but there are some differences in cases of central or peripheral tumors. Objective: To determine the sensititivity of bronchial brushing, lavage and biopsy performed by FBO in a sample of central tumors, with evident bronchial alterations, and another sample of peripheral lesions in which these alterations are less frequent. A preliminary comparison of the costs of FOB in Mexico and Holland was also done. Cases: There were 86 patients with tumoral lesions suspicious of malignancy, 44 central (Group A) and 42 peripheral (Group B); all were subjected to FOB, lavage and bronchial brush ings; biopsy was done in 15 cases of endobronchial lesions. Results: There was a significat difference (p < 0.005) as to the normal or abnormal appearance of the bronchial mucosa between central tumors (A) and peripheral (B) lesions. Diagnosis of malignancy by lavage and brushing based in the finding of malignant cells was positive in 21 of the Group A and in 14 of Group B, sensitivity of 60% and 40% respectively. Biopsy was performed in 15 cases with endobronchial tumor. In the negative cases, 23 in Group A and 28 in Group B, other diagnostic methods were employed (p < 0.05). A total of 76 cases of malignancy were detected; bronchogenic carcinoma was predominant (43%). Ten cases of infectious diseases were identified. Conclusion: FOB remains as an important diagnostic tool in cases of lung tumors. Bronchial lavage and brushing had positive results for malignant cells in 35/86; this relative low figure suggests the need to improve the quality of the samples obtained by FOB. Other diagnostic methods must be used in cases with negative FOB results. Estimated costs, in US dollars, of diagnostic methods are much lower in Mexico than in an European country, The Netherlands.

Correlación de la broncoscopía virtual y la fibrobroncoscopía en estenosis no neoplásicas de vías aéreas principales / Correlation between virtual bronchoscopy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in non-neoplasic stenosis of the larger airways

Introducción: La exploración del árbol traqueobronquial puede hacerse directamente por fibrobroncoscopía (FB) y por imagen, broncoscopía virtual (BV), y por tomografía helicoidal computada en tercera dimensión (HCT3D). Objetivos: Evaluar diferencias entre la BVHCT3D y la FB en estenosis no neoplásicas de las vías aéreas principales. Material y métodos: Dieciseis casos de estenosis de vía aérea, 6 mujeres, 10 hombres de 16 a 57, promedio 33 años, evolución promedio 8 meses, rango de 2 a 108 meses. Diez con traqueostomía. En todos: FB con fibrobroncoscopio (FFB) y video para fotografía, HCT3D con reconstrucciones volumétricas y BV. Se determinaron sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) y significancia por r de Pearson para grado de estenosis y longitud de la vía aérea afectada por BVHCT3 y FB. Resultados: Siete estenosis subglótica, 4 estenosis traqueal, 1 estenosis de bronquio principal izquierdo, 2 colapso de tráquea y 2 granulomas. Se trataron 7 con técnica de Gríllo Pearson, 4 por anastomosis traqueales y 1 anastomosis bronquial terminoterminales, 1 terapia con láser, 1 dilatación y 2 no quirúrgicos. Para detección de estenosis, FB y BVHCT3D S 100% y E 100%. Para grado de estenosis, FB S 100% y E 100%, HCT3D S 60% y E 60%. Para extensión de estenosis FB detectó 4 casos, en 12 no pasó el FFB. En 12 casos operados, por HCT3D la correlación de la extensión fue exacta en 7 y en 5 error promedio de 10%. La extensión de la estenosis por HCT3D y en la pieza resecada por r de Pearson p< 0.05 -r=0. 7782 y grado estenosis p< 0.01 -r = 0.9534. Las 12 piezas resecadas tenían fibrosis, inflamación crónica, metaplasia epidermoide y granulomas en grado variable. Comentario y conclusiones: La BVHCT3D detecta grado de estenosis y extensión. La FB diagnostica estenosis y permanece como estándar de oro. Cuando el FFB no pasa es imposible medir longitud de la estenosis. La BVHC3D detecta espacialmente la estenosis de la vía aérea, no es invasiva y es costosa. ...

Introduction: Imaging of the larger airways can be done by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) or by virtual bronchoscopy by means of three dimensional helical computed tomography (VBHCT3D). Objectives: To compare the differences of both methods for the assessment of non neoplastic stenosis of the trachea and main bronchi, as diagnostic tools helpful in the planning of treatment in such cases. Material and methods: Sixteen cases, 6 women and 10 men, ages 16 to 57, mean 33 years; clinical course 2 to 108 months, mean 8 months. In all: FOB and VBHCT3D. Sensitivity (Se) and Specificity (Sp) were determined and statistical significance for both methods and Pearson's r for length and degree of the stenotic segment using VBHCT3D. Results: Location: 7 cases with subglotic and 4 with tracheal stenosis, 2 cases tracheal collapse, 1 case stenosis of the left main bronchus, 2 granulomas of the trachea. Etiology: 7 cases post tracheal intubation, 5 cases post traumatic, 1 post tracheostomy, 2 tracheomalacia, 1 granulomatous disease. Treatment: 7 Grillo Pearson's technique, five resection of the large airways and terminoterminal anastomosis, 1 dilatation, 1 laser therapy, 2 non-surgical. For the detection of stenosis, FOB and VBHCT3D had 100% Se and Sp; for the degree of stenosis. FOB had 100% Sp and Se, VBHCT3D had 60% Se and Sp. To evaluate the length of stenosis, FOB could not pass the obstruction in 12 cases. In the 12 surgical cases, for VBHCT3D there was exact correlation in 7 and a 10% mean error in 5 cases. For the length of the stenosis in the freshly resected specimen, Pearson's r by VBHCT3D p< 0.05 -r=0.7782, degree of stenosis p< 0.01 -r=0.9534. All 12 resected specimens showed various degrees of fibrosis, chronic inflammation, epidermoid metaplasia and granulomas. Conclusions: VBHCT3D can detect degree and length of stenosis, but the gold standard for stenosis and degree is FOB, but in severe cases the instrument can not pass the obstruction and assess its length. VBHCT3D detects degree and length of stenosis non invasively and is expensive. FOB visualizes stenosis and its degree with precision, is less expensive. Both methods are helpful in the diagnosis of degree and lenght of the obstruction and in the planning of surgical treatment.

Patología traquaal diagnosticada por fibrobroncoscopia: experiencia en 111 casos

Objetivo: Determinar la etiología benigna o maligna de las lesiones traqueales diagnosticadas por fibrobroncoscopia y el tratamiento establecido. Material y métodos: Estudio de observación clínica, retrospectivo y prospectivo, en pacientes con fibrobroncoscopia diagnóstica (octubre 2001 a septiembre 2003). Se registraron diagnóstico histopatológico benigno o maligno de las lesiones y el tratamiento. Se aplicaron las pruebas de varianza ANOVA y de comparación de proporciones con límites de confianza de la distribución binominal (Bernoulli). Resultados: De 867 fibrobroncoscopias, 153 (17.6%) fueron de vía aérea central realizadas en 111 pacientes, 62 (55.8%) hombres y 49 (44.1%) mujeres, edad promedio 52 años, desviación estándar 20.15, rango 3-82 años. Tenían patología benigna 66/111 (59.4%): las más frecuentes fueron estenosis posintubación 41/66 y granuloma inespecífico 9/66; otras causas incluyen compresión extrínseca, traqueomalacia, tuberculosis, fístula traqueoesofágica, escleroma, bridas, adenoma papilar. En 45/111 (40.5%) la patología fue maligna: primaria en 34/45 siendo más frecuente el adenocarcinoma 18/45; otros tumores fueron: cáncer epidermoide pulmonar, cáncer epidermoide laríngeo, carcinoma de células pequeñas; y metástasis: 4/45 como cáncer de próstata, cervicouterino, colangiocarcinoma y sarcoma fibromixoide retroperitoneal. Correspondieron a extensión local o infiltración tumoral 7/45 casos. Por ANOVA no se encontraron diferencias en cuanto al porcentaje de estenosis de diferente localización. Por comparación de proporciones no hubo diferencias significativas entre patología benigna y maligna; de cada 10 casos, 6 benignos y 4 malignos. De las lesiones malignas hubo diferencia significativa entre primarias y metastásicas e infiltrantes de tumores intratorácicos, 34/45 (75.5%), p<0.05. Después del tratamiento se obtuvo una mejoría inmediata de la sintomatología obstructiva. Conclusión: La fibrobroncoscopia permite determinar: localización, grado de obstrucción y tipo de lesión de laringe, tráquea y bronquios principales, benigna o maligna. Es útil para planear la terapéutica curativa o paliativa más conveniente para corregir la obstrucción. Predominó la estenosis posintubación traqueal 41/66 (62%) entre las lesiones benignas.

Objective: To determine the malignant and benign etiology of tracheal lesions by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) and the results of their treatment. Material and methods: Retrospective and prospective study of patients with diagnostic FOB, from October 2001 to September 2003. Histopathologic diagnosis and treatment of all lesions were recorded. ANOVA and proportions comparison with confidence limits for binomial distribution (Bernoulli) were applied. Results: Of 867 FOB, 153 (17.6%) were performed in the main airway in a total of 111 patients. Sixty-two (55.8%) were males and 49 (44.1%) females, mean age of 52 years; SD 20.15, range 3-82 years. Of these, 66/111 (59.4%) had benign lesions, the most frequent were post-intubation stenosis (41/66) and non-specific granuloma (9/66), other lesions such as extrinsic compression, tracheomalacia, tuberculosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, scleroma, strips and papillary adenoma were found. In 45/111 (40.5%) the lesion was malignant; of these, 34/45 were primarythe most common being adenocarcinoma (18/45); other tumors were epidermoid pulmonary, epidermoid laryngeal and small cell carcinoma, and metastases, and 4/45 were prostate cancer, uterine cervix carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and retroperitoneal fibromixoid sarcoma. 7/45 had local infiltration or invasion from intrathoracic tumors. ANOVA did not demonstrate differences between the percentages of stenosis of different localization. There was statistical difference between primary and metastatic malignancies p <0.05. Immediate relief of respiratory difficulty was registered following treatment. Conclusion: Site, degree of obstruction and type of tracheal lesions can be evaluated by FOB to establish the most convenient treatment for the obstruction, whether curative or palliative. Among benign lesions post-endotracheal intubation structure was the most common.

La fibrobroncocoopia en medicina crítica

Objetivo: Identificar las indicaciones de la fibrobroncoscopia en pacientes hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Material y métodos: Estudio de observación clínica, reprospectivo y prospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos con fibrobroncoscopia de octubre de 2001 a septiembre de 2003. Se registraron diagnósticos de indicación de fibrobroncoscopia, hallazgos, complicaciones y Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de procedencia. Se aplicó la prueba de comparación de proporciones con límites de confianza de la distribución nominal (Bernoulli) Resultados: De 867 fibrobroncoscopias, 88 se practicaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (10.14%); de ellas hubo 51 hombres y 37 mujeres; edad promedio 52.35; desviación estándar 17.27; rango 15-86 años. Cincuenta pacientes provinieron de diferentes Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (Central, Infectología, Oncología, Cardiología Y Neurología), y 38 de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Respiratorios (Neumología). En 50 casos la indicación fue por neumonía, 16 adquirida en la comunidad, 12 por broncoaspiración, 12 asociada a ventilador, 10 nosocomial. Quince casos en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Respiratorios y 35 procedentes de unidades no neumológicas; la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Los diagnósticos de los 38 pacientes restantes fueron: 18 atelectasia, 6 enfermedad maligna, 5 hemoptisis, 3 revisión de traqueotomía y colocación de cánula, 2 fístula traqueoesofágica, 2 estenosis traqueal, 1 absceso pulmonar y 1 quemadura de vía aérea. En fibrobroncoscopia 65 fueron diagnósticas,11 terapéuticas y 12 ambas. Dos pacientes presentaron complicaciones. Ninguno falleció como consecuencia del procedimiento. Conclusiones: La fibrobroncoscopia es un método seguro en pacientes en estado crítico, tiene indicaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas que facilitan la toma de decisiones para su manejo clínico, con baja morbilidad.

Objective: To identify the indications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Material and methods: Observational clinic study retrospective and prospective of patients hospitalized in ICU with FOB, from October 2001-September 2003. In all cases it was recorded diagnostic indication for FOB, findings, complications and ICU where it comes from. Test of proportions with confidence limits for binomial distribution (Bernoulli) was applied. Results: Of 867 FOB, 88 were performed in ICU (10.14%), 51 males, 37 females, mean age 52.35; SD 17.27; range 15-86 years old. Fifty patients came from different services IC units, central, infectology, oncology, cardiology and neurology, 38 were from Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU). In 50 cases the indication was pneumonia, 16 communitary, 12 by aspiration, 12 ventilator associated and 10 nosocomial. 15 correspond to RICU and 35 from non-pneumologic ICU. There were no significative differences. Diagnosis of the others 38 patients were 18 atelectasis, 6 malignancies, 5 hemoptysis, 3 evaluation of tracheostomy, 2 tracheoesophageal fistula, 2 tracheal stenosis, 1 lung abscess an 1 burn of airway. 65 FOB were for diagnosis, 11 therapeutics and 12 by both. Only 2 patients presented complications. No casualties were recorded. Conclusion: FOB is a safe method for diagnostic and therapeutic indications in patients in critical conditions under intensive care and make easier the decisions for clinical management, with low morbidity.

Correlação entre a radiologia tóracica e a broncofibroscopia em pacientes com suspeita de Câncer de pulmão. Análise de 67 exames. / Correlation between the thoracic radiolofy and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in patients with suspected lung cancer. Analysis of 67 procedures.

Introdução: a broncofibroscopia (BFC), a tomografia computadorizada (TC) e a teleradiografia de tórax (Rx) são métodos complementares de investigação no câncer de pulmão (CP). A identificação de anormalidades radiológicas como atelectasia ou massa pulmonar precedendo a realização da BFC parecem aumentar a curácica diagnóstica da BCF. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre radiologia torácica e o rendimento diagnóstico da BFC no CP em um Hospital Universitário no Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente os prontuários de pacientes cuja indicação do exame havia sido suspeita de câncer de pulmão, submetidos à BFC no período entre 1º Janeiro de 2001 e 31 de Março de 2002. Os autores descrevem as anormalidades radiológicas mais comumente associadas ao diagnóstico de CP. Resultados: 67 pacientes (48 homens) foram estudados, com uma média de idade de 64 anos (44 a 87 anos). A BFC Teve o seu maior rendimento diagnóstico entre os pacientes com massa pulmonar ao Rx (58%, 38/67) e com lesão visível à endoscopia (84%, 56/57). A correlação entre radiologia e diagnóstico broncoscópico de CP foi de 90% (60/67). Conclusão: BFC e a radiologia são métodos complementares usados na investigação de pacientes de CP. O Rx e a TC de tórax são úteis na suspeita de câncer de pulmão, com excelentes correlação entre a suspeita de doenças na radiologia e a visualização direta na BFC.

Introduction: fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB), thoracic computed tomography (CT) and chest radiograph are complementary methods of investigating patients with lung cancer (LC). Chest radiographic abnormalities such as pulmonary mass or atelectasis prior to FB have been shown diagnostic value in a attempt to increase the diagnostic yield of the FB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between thoracic radiology and bronchoscopic for the LC diagnosis in a Universitary Hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Methods: medical charts of patients who underwent FB from January 1, 2001 to March, 31, 2002 because lung cancer suspected were evaluted. The authors describe the most frequent radiographics abnormalities related to the LC diagnosis suspected. Results: 67 patients (48 men) were studied with a mean age of 64 years (range 44-87). FB had higher diagnostic yield among patients with pulmonary mass on the chest radiograph (58%, 38/65) and visible lesion on endoscopy (84%, 56/67). The correlation between radiology and bronchoscopic diagnosis of LC was 90% (60/67). Conclusion: FB and radiology are complementary methods used in the investigation of patients with suspicion of LC. Chest radiographs and CT had been shown to be of value prior to FB in the investigation of malignancy, with excellent correlation between the detection of diase on radiology and direct visualisation at FB.