The Critical Shoulder Angle: A Significant Radiological Measure in Rotator Cuff vs. Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis in Chilean Patients-A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Shoulder pain is one of the most important musculoskeletal conditions affecting the upper extremities. Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA) and rotator cuff injuries (RCIs) are notable for their high prevalence. The critical shoulder angle (CSA) is a significant radiological measure for determining the diagnosis and progression of patients with these conditions. Although there are reports in the international literature about this measure, in our country, guideline values considering these two pathologies are unknown. Objective: Our objective was to assess patients diagnosed with GHOA and RCI using an AP X-ray view and the CSA. Methods: To conduct this, we identified differences between sexes and age categories. Fifty-nine adult patients with GHOA and RCI were included. CSA grades varied depending on the age category and type of injury evaluated. Results: Significant differences between the age ranges of 40 and 54 (p = 0.05), 55-69 (p = 0.001), and 70-84 (p = 0.017) were observed. Conclusions: Patients with RCI tended to be younger and have a higher CSA compared to those with GHOA. It is important to have more normative values and to continue monitoring the critical shoulder angle in these patients.

Shoulder injuries in Brazilian professional football players: epidemiological analysis of 3828 games.

OBJECTIVES: Football is a globally played sport that poses potential risks for musculoskeletal injuries. Upper-limb injuries have a lower incidence rate than lower-limb injuries but can still cause absenteeism and performance impairment in football players. This descriptive epidemiological study aimed to evaluate and compare the epidemiological data on shoulder injuries among professional football players in two major Brazilian football championships. METHODS: Data were collected throughout the championships, and club physicians medically evaluated each player during official games using two online forms. The collected information included the player's age and position, injury diagnosis, laterality, location on the field where the injury occurred, playing time, imaging examinations performed, need for surgical treatment, time to return to play (TRP), and recurrence of the injury. The incidence of injuries was evaluated using the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) incidence formula. RESULTS: A total of 107 shoulder injuries were recorded (4.3% of all injuries), with a FIFA incidence of 0.847. Glenohumeral dislocations (GHDs) and acromioclavicular dislocations (ACDs) accounted for 37.38% and 35.51% of all shoulder injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers and defenders presented, respectively, a 2.15 and 1.57 times increased risk of suffering shoulder injuries, while attackers presented a 0.63 times decreased risk. Injury recurrence was observed in 14.95% of cases, with GHDs and ACDs showing recurrence rates of 35.00% and 5.26%, respectively. Surgery was performed in 9.35% of cases, with GHDs representing 50% of all surgeries. The average TRP was 22.37 days, with severe and major injuries accounting for 11.21% and 10.28% of all injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers had the highest average TRP of 36.15 days. Recurring injuries had a higher average TRP of 33.44 days compared to nonrecurring injuries, which had an average TRP of 20.43 days. Surgically treated injuries had the highest average TRP of 112.5 days. CONCLUSION: Shoulder injuries in the professional football scenario are of great concern due to the high recurrence rate and need for surgical treatment, which will lead to a long TRP. These findings emphasize the need to implement prevention protocols and effective treatments to reduce the consequences of such injuries, which are usually underestimated in this sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF PATIENTS SUBMITTED TO LATARJET SURGERY UNDER OUTFIT SYSTEM COMPARED TO HOSPITAL SYSTEM.

Anterior shoulder instability causes functional changes that affect patients' quality of life. The Latarjet procedure is one of the most frequently performed surgeries for cases of recurrent shoulder instability. Objective: To assess the level of satisfaction of patients who underwent the Latarjet procedure in outpatient settings (day hospital) compared with inpatient settings. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to both groups and a descriptive analysis of the results was performed. Results: 51 patients were included, with a mean age of 29.9 years, 82.3% men and 17.6% women. Of the patients who underwent surgery in the day hospital, 46.1% were operated within 100 days of their first outpatient visit; among those in the inpatient group, 76.3% underwent surgery more than 200 days later. Delays occurred in 15.3% of cases in the day hospital compared with 68.4% in the inpatient group. Of the patients in the day hospital, 92.3% felt comfortable contacting the medical team in case of complications and would perform the procedure again in the same setting. Moreover, 63.2% of inpatients would have preferred to have been discharged on the same day. The final satisfaction rate for both groups was 100%. Conclusion: Outpatient surgery guarantees more patient comfort, safety, and can be performed in a timely manner and with fewer delays, which has influenced patients' decision to have surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Level of Evidence V, Cross-sectional Study.

A instabilidade anterior do ombro acarreta alterações funcionais que impactam a qualidade de vida do paciente. A cirurgia de Latarjet é um dos procedimentos mais executados para casos de instabilidade recorrente de ombro. Objetivo: Comparar o grau de satisfação dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Latarjet no regime ambulatorial (hospital dia) com o dos operados no regime hospitalar. Métodos: Um questionário foi aplicado em ambos os grupos e uma análise descritiva dos resultados foi realizada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, com idade média de 29,9 anos, sendo 82,3% homens e 17,6% mulheres. Dos submetidos à cirurgia no hospital dia, 46,1% operaram em até 100 dias depois do primeiro atendimento ambulatorial; já entre os do grupo hospitalar, 76,3% operaram mais de 200 dias depois. O atraso na cirurgia ocorreu com 15,3% dos pacientes do hospital dia contra 68,4% do grupo hospitalar. Do hospital dia, 92,3% pacientes sentiram-se confortáveis em contatar a equipe médica em caso de intercorrências e fariam novamente o procedimento de forma ambulatorial. Além disso, 63,2% dos internados gostariam de ter recebido alta no mesmo dia. O grau de satisfação final em ambos os grupos foi de 100%. Conclusão: A cirurgia ambulatorial garante mais conforto para o paciente, mostrando-se segura e podendo ser performada em tempo hábil e com menos atrasos, o que influenciou a decisão dos pacientes em operar durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Nível de Evidência V, Estudo Transversal.

Inestabilidad anterior de hombro con lesión de Hill-Sachs on-track. ¿Bankart o Bankart-remplissage? / Anterior shoulder instability with Hill-Sachs on-track. Bankart or Bankart-remplissage?

Resumen: Introducción: en pacientes con inestabilidad glenohumeral (GH) anterior con defecto de Hill-Sachs (HS) off-track o enganchante, Bankart-remplissage (B + R) reduce tasa de recurrencia en comparación a Bankart aislado (B). Hay controversia si tasa de recurrencia también disminuye en pacientes con defecto de HS on-track o no enganchantes. Objetivo: comparar la tasa de recurrencia y evolución clínica entre la cirugía de B versus B-R en pacientes operados por inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior con defecto de Hill-Sachs on-track. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte, no randomizado, retrospectivo y unicéntrico, en pacientes operados por inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior, entre Enero 2010 y Diciembre de 2018. Se incluyen sólo pacientes con defecto de Hill-Sachs on-track. Fueron comparados pacientes operados con cirugía de B versus B + R. Se consigna recurrencia, complicación, reoperación y sensación de inestabilidad. Además, se realizan y comparan puntajes de EVA, SSV, WOSI y qDASH. Resultados: de los 105 pacientes que cumplieron criterios de inclusión, 78 (74.3%) realizaron seguimiento completo (52 B y 26 B + R, 4.3 años mediana de seguimiento). Hubo mayor tasa de recurrencia en grupo B en comparación a B + R, siendo esta diferencia no significativa (17.3% versus 7.7%, p = 0.21). No hubo diferencia significativa en dolor residual, sensación de inestabilidad residual, complicaciones o puntajes de escala EVA, qDASH, SSV ni WOSI. En análisis por subgrupo, pacientes con deportes de contacto, B tienen mayor tasa de recurrencia (24.1% versus 0%, p = 0.08) y complicaciones comparadas con B + R (41.4% versus 18.2%, p = 0.16), siendo estas diferencias no significativas. Conclusión: no hubo diferencias significativas en tasa de recurrencia y evolución funcional entre cirugía de Bankart aislado o Bankart-remplissage para inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior asociada a defecto de Hill-Sachs on-track. Estudios comparativos, prospectivos deben realizarse para establecer recomendaciones definitivas.

Abstract: Introduction: in patients with anterior glenohumeral (GH) instability together with an off-track or engaging Hill-Sachs (HS) defect, Bankart-remplissage (B-R) surgery reduces the recurrence rate when compared to Bankart (B) surgery alone. There is controversy regarding whether the recurrence rate also decreases in patients with on-track or non-engaging Hill-Sachs defects. Objective: to compare the recurrence rate and clinical evolution of patients with anterior glenohumeral instability with 'on-track' Hill-Sachs defect treated with either B or B-R surgery. Material and methods: non-randomized, retrospective, single-center cohort study of patients with anterior glenohumeral instability and on-track Hill-Sachs defect, operated between January 2010 and December 2018. Patients operated with B versus B-R were compared. Recurrence, complications and re-operation were recorded. In addition, VAS, SSV, WOSI and qDASH scores were obtained and compared in both groups. Results: of the 105 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 78 (74.3%) patients had a complete follow-up (52 B and 26 B-R, 4.3 years median follow-up). There was a higher recurrence rate in group B compared to B-R, with this difference not reaching statistical significance (17.3% vs 7.7%, p = 0.21). There were no significant differences in residual pain, feeling of instability, complications or VAS, qDASH, SSV or WOSI scores between both groups. In the subgroup analysis, patients who practiced contact sports and were operated with B showed higher recurrence rates (24.1% vs 0%, p = 0.08) and complications (41.4% vs 18.2%, p = 0.16) when compared to B + R, although these differences were not significant. Conclusion: there were no significant differences in recurrence rates and functional evolution between patients with anterior glenohumeral instability operated with B or B-R surgery. Comparative, prospective studies should be performed to establish definitive recommendations.

Recurrence of glenohumeral instability in patients with isolated rotator cuff repair after a traumatic shoulder dislocation.

INTRODUCTION: The primary objective of this study was to assess the incidence of recurrent glenohumeral instability in patients over 40 years with isolated rotator cuff (RC) repair for traumatic shoulder dislocation. The secondary objectives were to identify risk factors for glenohumeral recurrence after RC repair and to describe the causes and incidences of re-intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, data of consecutive patients at a single trauma center between January 2014 and July 2019 were reviewed, and 84 patients with a mean age of 57 (range: 40-75) years and follow-up duration of 3.9 (2-6) years were included. The inclusion criteria were as follows: first traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation, reparable RC tear, primary arthroscopic RC repair, no labral or bony Bankart lesion repair, and at least 2 years of follow-up. Patients less than 40 years of age were excluded. Shoulder instability recurrences and surgical reinterventions were reviewed with medical records. Statistical analysis was performed for qualitative variables using the Chi-squared test. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: There was one patient with a redislocation episode (1.2%) at 2.5 years after surgery, who was surgically treated. Age, subscapular tears, bony Bankart injuries, humeral defects, and associated neurological injuries were not risk factors for recurrence in this study. Ten patients (11.9%) required reintervention. Nine patients (10.7%) re-tore their RCs. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent glenohumeral instability in active patients over 40 years with isolated RC repair after traumatic shoulder dislocation was infrequent, despite the incidence of significant Hill-Sachs defects, anterior glenoid defects, bipolar bone defects, size of the RC injury, and tendon re-tears. The incidence of re-interventions was 11.9%, with symptomatic RC retear as the main cause.

Assessment of the level of satisfaction of patients submitted to latarjet surgery under outfit system compared to hospital system / Avaliação do grau de satisfação do paciente submetido à cirurgia de latarjet em regime ambulatorial em comparação com o regime hospitalar

ABSTRACT Anterior shoulder instability causes functional changes that affect patients' quality of life. The Latarjet procedure is one of the most frequently performed surgeries for cases of recurrent shoulder instability. Objective: To assess the level of satisfaction of patients who underwent the Latarjet procedure in outpatient settings (day hospital) compared with inpatient settings. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to both groups and a descriptive analysis of the results was performed. Results: 51 patients were included, with a mean age of 29.9 years, 82.3% men and 17.6% women. Of the patients who underwent surgery in the day hospital, 46.1% were operated within 100 days of their first outpatient visit; among those in the inpatient group, 76.3% underwent surgery more than 200 days later. Delays occurred in 15.3% of cases in the day hospital compared with 68.4% in the inpatient group. Of the patients in the day hospital, 92.3% felt comfortable contacting the medical team in case of complications and would perform the procedure again in the same setting. Moreover, 63.2% of inpatients would have preferred to have been discharged on the same day. The final satisfaction rate for both groups was 100%. Conclusion: Outpatient surgery guarantees more patient comfort, safety, and can be performed in a timely manner and with fewer delays, which has influenced patients' decision to have surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Level of Evidence V, Cross-sectional Study.

RESUMO A instabilidade anterior do ombro acarreta alterações funcionais que impactam a qualidade de vida do paciente. A cirurgia de Latarjet é um dos procedimentos mais executados para casos de instabilidade recorrente de ombro. Objetivo: Comparar o grau de satisfação dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Latarjet no regime ambulatorial (hospital dia) com o dos operados no regime hospitalar. Métodos: Um questionário foi aplicado em ambos os grupos e uma análise descritiva dos resultados foi realizada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, com idade média de 29,9 anos, sendo 82,3% homens e 17,6% mulheres. Dos submetidos à cirurgia no hospital dia, 46,1% operaram em até 100 dias depois do primeiro atendimento ambulatorial; já entre os do grupo hospitalar, 76,3% operaram mais de 200 dias depois. O atraso na cirurgia ocorreu com 15,3% dos pacientes do hospital dia contra 68,4% do grupo hospitalar. Do hospital dia, 92,3% pacientes sentiram-se confortáveis em contatar a equipe médica em caso de intercorrências e fariam novamente o procedimento de forma ambulatorial. Além disso, 63,2% dos internados gostariam de ter recebido alta no mesmo dia. O grau de satisfação final em ambos os grupos foi de 100%. Conclusão: A cirurgia ambulatorial garante mais conforto para o paciente, mostrando-se segura e podendo ser performada em tempo hábil e com menos atrasos, o que influenciou a decisão dos pacientes em operar durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Nível de Evidência V, Estudo Transversal.

Morphological determination of glenohumeral joint and acromioclavicular joint with computed tomography / Determinación morfológica de la articulación glenohumeral y la articulación acromioclavicular con tomografía computarizada

SUMMARY: Although acute and chronic pathologies of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints are frequently encountered in the population, the anatomy and morphometry are not fully known. The aim of this study is to determine the measurements of morphometric parameters according to age groups and sex in a large series of Turkish population. Nine hundred and forty-one shoulders computed tomography (CT) images were screened and those of subjects with healthy anatomical structure were included. Humeral head diameter (HDD) was measured on CT images. Measurements were made using 3D-CT images of: width (GW) and height (GH) of the glenoid cavity; width (CW) and height (CH) of the distal clavicular joint surface; and width (AW) and height (AH) of the acromial joint surface. Data were compared, stratified by age and sex. Images of 223 patients (118 men, 105 women) were analyzed. The following mean measurements were determined: HDD, 41.77±3.77 mm; GH, 34.66±3.26 mm; GW, 25.50±2.90 mm; CW, 14.85±3.51 mm; CH, 8.49±2.27 mm; AW, 12.97±2.94 mm; AH, 7.01±1.77 mm. When startified by sex, HDD (p<0.001), GH (p<0.001), GW (p<0.001), CW (p<0.001), CH (p=0.002), AW (p<0.001) and AH (p<0.001) measurements were significantly different and mean values were greater in men. Similarly for age, significant differences were found for GH (p=0.028), CW (p<0.001), AW (p<0.001), AH (p<0.001). The parametric values we have obtained in the Turkish population we measure differ from the measurements made in different populations according to age groups and sex. Knowing these features will contribute to treatment planning, implant and prosthesis applications.

Aunque las patologías agudas y crónicas de las articulaciones glenohumeral y acromioclavicular son frecuentes en la población, la anatomía y morfometría no se conocen por completo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las medidas de los parámetros morfométricos según grupos de edad y sexo en una serie de individuos de población turca. Se examinaron 941 imágenes de tomografía computarizada (TC) de hombro y se incluyeron las de sujetos con una estructura anatómica sana. El diámetro de la cabeza humeral (HDD) se midió en imágenes de TC. Las mediciones se realizaron utilizando imágenes 3D-CT de: ancho (GW) y altura (GH) de la cavidad glenoidea; anchura (CW) y altura (CH) de la superficie articular clavicular; y anchura (AW) y altura (AH) de la superficie articular acromial. Los datos fueron comparados, estratificados por edad y sexo. Se analizaron imágenes de 223 pacientes (118 hombres, 105 mujeres). Se determinaron las siguientes medidas medias: HDD, 41,77±3,77 mm; GH, 34,66 ± 3,26 mm; GW, 25,50±2,90 mm; CW, 14,85±3,51 mm; CH, 8,49±2,27 mm; AW, 12,97±2,94 mm; AH, 7,01±1,77 mm. Cuando se inicia por sexo, HDD (p<0,001), GH (p<0,001), GW (p<0,001), CW (p<0,001), CH (p=0,002), AW (p<0,001) y AH (p <0,001) las mediciones fueron significativamente diferentes y los valores medios fueron mayores en los hombres. De igual forma para la edad se encontraron diferencias significativas para GH (p=0,028), CW (p<0,001), AW (p<0,001), AH (p<0,001). Los valores paramétricos que hemos obtenido en la población turca difieren de las medidas realizadas en diferentes poblaciones según grupos de edad y sexo. El conocimiento de estas características contribuirá a la planificación del tratamiento, aplicaciones de implantes y prótesis.

Técnica modificada de Boytchev para luxación recidivante de hombro

Introducción: La luxación anterior del hombro es una lesión ortopédica con alto riesgo de desarrollar inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico y existen varias técnicas que permiten la reconstrucción. Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados de la técnica modificada de Boytchev para el tratamiento de la inestabilidad anterior de hombro. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos, con pacientes operados con técnica modificada de Boytchev. Con ella se redirecciona el tendón conjunto del bíceps y se pasa por detrás del músculo subescapular para mejorar el soporte en la cara anterior de la articulación glenohumeral. Resultados: Se operaron 22 pacientes que tuvieron un seguimiento mínimo de 43 meses. Todos pudieron retornar a sus actividades laborales y deportivas. Ninguno presentó recidiva y la movilidad fue completa. En un caso el material de osteosíntesis se aflojó, pero se solucionó sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se trata de una técnica quirúrgica que permite restituir la tensión de los tejidos blandos anteriores del hombro y corregir de forma satisfactoria su inestabilidad; no expone la cápsula articular ni altera la longitud del tendón conjunto, lo que deriva en menor fibrosis. Es reproducible y segura, con baja tasa de complicaciones y permite el retorno a las actividades físicas sin comprometer la movilidad del hombro.

Introduction: Anterior shoulder dislocation is an orthopedic injury with high risk of developing anterior glenohumeral instability. Its treatment is surgical and there are several techniques allowing reconstruction. Objective: To display the results of the modified Boytchev technique for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. Methods: This is a retrospective study, case series type, with patients operated with modified Boytchev's technique. It redirects the conjoined biceps tendon and it is passed behind the subscapularis muscle to improve support on the anterior aspect of the glenohumeral joint. Results: Twenty two patients who had a minimum follow-up of 43 months were operated on. All were able to return to their work and sports activities. None had recurrence, mobility was complete. In one case, the osteosynthesis material loosened, but it was fixed without complications. Conclusions: This is a surgical technique that allows restoring the tension of the anterior soft tissues of the shoulder and satisfactorily correcting its instability; it does not expose the joint capsule or alter the length of the joint tendon, which results in less fibrosis. It is repeatable and safe, with a low rate of complications and allows returning to physical activities without compromising shoulder mobility.

Luxofractura posterior bilateral de hombro secundaria a episodio de convulsión: importancia del diagnóstico oportuno. A propósito de un caso / Bilateral posterior glenohumeral fracture-dislocation secondary to a seizure episode: the importance of early diagnosis. A case review

Resumen: Introducción: la luxofractura glenohumeral posterior (LFGHP) es una lesión poco frecuente. Puede ser secundaria a una crisis convulsiva, casos de electrocución, o por traumatismo directo. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío, lo que aumenta la tasa de complicaciones y secuelas. Caso clínico: paciente de sexo masculino de 52 años, trasladado a centro de alta complejidad por convulsión tónico-clónica y LFGHP derecha. En el estudio inicial con radiografías se confirma lesión de hombro derecho y se diagnostica luxación glenohumeral posterior simple de hombro izquierdo no pesquisada previamente. Se complementa estudio con tomografía computarizada (TC) de ambos hombros, observándose una LFGHP bilateral, lo que demuestra agravamiento intrahospitalario de la lesión del hombro izquierdo. Se realiza reducción abierta y osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada bilateral en un tiempo. El hombro izquierdo requirió dos reintervenciones, una por falla de osteosíntesis y otra para liberación articular. Dos años después del procedimiento el paciente evoluciona satisfactoriamente con 5% en la escala Quick DASH y un puntaje de 72 y 76 en la escala de Constant en el hombro derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. Conclusión: la LFGHP es una lesión poco frecuente que requiere un alto índice de sospecha para evitar el retraso diagnóstico y la aparición de secuelas. En casos de convulsión se debe sospechar compromiso bilateral. Con un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno se pueden obtener resultados satisfactorios y reintegración del paciente a sus actividades habituales.

Abstract: Introduction: posterior glenohumeral fracture dislocation (PGHFD) is a rare injury. It may present secondary to a seizure, electrocution or due to direct trauma. It is usually missed, and late diagnosis is common which increases the rate of complications and sequalae. Case report: 52 year old male, transferred to a reference trauma center due to a tonic-clonic seizure and a right PGHFD. Upon admission radiographs are requested and right shoulder injury is confirmed. Additionally, a simple left posterior glenohumeral dislocation (that was missed in the initial assessment of the patient) is observed. A computed tomography (CT) scan is obtained for both shoulders to plan surgery. The CT scan showed a bilateral PGHFD with severe comminution in the left shoulder, showing considerable worsening of the left shoulder since admission. Open reduction and bilateral locked plate osteosynthesis were performed in a one stage surgery. At two years follow up the patient evolved favorably with a Quick DASH score of 5% and a CONSTANT score of 72 and 76 for his right and left shoulder, respectively. Conclusion: PGHFD is an infrequent injury, which requires a high level of suspicion to avoid diagnostic delay and prevent complications and sequelae. Bilateral cases may be seen in cases of seizure. With prompt surgical treatment, satisfactory results can be achieved with a complete return to normal activities.

The Latarjet procedure in competitive athletes younger than 20 years old with a significant glenoid bone loss.

Purpose: To analyze return to sports, functional outcomes, and complications following the Latarjet procedure in competitive athletes younger than 20 years old with a significant glenoid bone loss. Methods: Between 2010 and 2017, 60 competitive athletes younger than 20 years old with a significant glenoid bone loss were operated with the Latarjet procedure. Return to sports, range of motion, and the Rowe and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System score were used to assess functional outcomes. Complications and bone consolidation were also evaluated. Results: The mean follow-up was 58 months and the mean age was 16.3 years. Overall, 93% were able to return to sports and 84% returned at the same level. The Rowe and Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System scores showed statistical improvement after operation (P < .001). The total complication rate was 22% and the revision rate was 1.6%. The recurrence rate was 3.3%. The bone block healed in 93% of the cases. Conclusions: In competitive athletes younger than 20 years old with a significant glenoid bone loss, the Latarjet procedure resulted in excellent functional outcomes, with most of the patients returning to sports and at the same level they had before injury with a low rate of recurrences. However, this procedure is associated with a significant rate of complications and should preferably be performed by experienced surgeons.

¿Efectividad de la técnica de liberación miofacial en el aumento del rango articular en restricción glenohumeral? Una comparación con la kinesioterapia tradicional / Effectiveness of the myofascial release technique in increasing joint range in glenohumeral restriction? A comparison with traditional kinesiotherapy

OBJETIVO: comparar la kinesioterapia tradicional con la técnica miofacial en pacientes con restricción articular interna glenohumeral. MÉTODO: estudio comparativo de 8 pacientes en un grupo de intervención (GI) y kinésico (GC), durante 8 semanas. Se comparó el pre y post test del ROM interno glenohumeral en ambos grupos mediante t de student. RESULTADOS: el grupo de la técnica miofascial demostró una amento significativo de ROM interno glenohumeral de 15,2º (p < 0,001), mientras que el grupo control no fue significativo (p > 0,05) sólo de de 6,4º. CONCLUSIONES:Un tratamiento de terapia con la Técnicas Liberación Miofascial en pacientes con déficit rotacional interno de hombro es más eficaz para aumentar el rango de movimiento articular de rotación interna glenohumeral que una técnica tradicional y conservadora.

OBJETIVE: to compare traditional kinesiotherapy with myofacial technique in patients with glenohumeral internal joint restriction. METHODS: comparative study of 8 patients in an intervention (IG) and kinesiotherapy (CG) group for 8 weeks. The pre- and post-test of glenohumeral internal ROM in both groups was compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: the myofascial technique group showed a significant increase in glenohumeral internal ROM of 15.2º (p < 0.001), while the control group was not significant (p > 0.05) only 6.4º. CONCLUSIONS: A therapy treatment with Myofascial Release Techniques in patients with shoulder internal rotational deficit is more effective in increasing glenohumeral internal rotational joint range of motion than a traditional, conservative technique.

Differences in the Glenohumeral Joint before and after Unilateral Breast Cancer Surgery: Motion Capture Analysis.

After mastectomy, women might lose mobility and develop kinematic changes in the shoulder. The objective of this research was to compare the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint in women, before and after unilateral breast cancer surgery. This was a longitudinal study with a pre- and post-evaluation design; in total, 15 Mexican women who had a mastectomy for breast cancer and who received a physical therapy program after surgery were evaluated. Flexion-extension and abduction-adduction movements of the glenohumeral joint were evaluated (15 days before and 60 days after mastectomy). For the kinematic analysis of the glenohumeral joint, an optoelectronic motion capture system was used to monitor 41 reflective markers located in anatomical landmarks. There was no significant difference in the range of motion of the glenohumeral joint when comparing pre- and post-mastectomy, flexion-extension (p = 0.138), and abduction-adduction (p = 0.058). Furthermore, patients who received chemotherapy (53%) before mastectomy were more affected (lower range of motion) than those who did not receive it. There were no significant differences in the kinematics of the glenohumeral joint after mastectomy in this group of patients who received a physical therapy program after surgery. Moreover, patients who received chemotherapy treatment before breast cancer surgery tended to have a lower range of motion than those who did not receive it. Therefore, it is necessary for the physical rehabilitation team to attend to these patients even before the mastectomy.

[Bilateral posterior glenohumeral fracture-dislocation secondary to a seizure episode: the importance of early diagnosis. A case review]. / Luxofractura posterior bilateral de hombro secundaria a episodio de convulsión: importancia del diagnóstico oportuno. A propósito de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: posterior glenohumeral fracture dislocation (PGHFD) is a rare injury. It may present secondary to a seizure, electrocution or due to direct trauma. It is usually missed, and late diagnosis is common which increases the rate of complications and sequalae. CASE REPORT: 52 year old male, transferred to a reference trauma center due to a tonic-clonic seizure and a right PGHFD. Upon admission radiographs are requested and right shoulder injury is confirmed. Additionally, a simple left posterior glenohumeral dislocation (that was missed in the initial assessment of the patient) is observed. A computed tomography (CT) scan is obtained for both shoulders to plan surgery. The CT scan showed a bilateral PGHFD with severe comminution in the left shoulder, showing considerable worsening of the left shoulder since admission. Open reduction and bilateral locked plate osteosynthesis were performed in a one stage surgery. At two years follow up the patient evolved favorably with a Quick DASH score of 5% and a CONSTANT score of 72 and 76 for his right and left shoulder, respectively. CONCLUSION: PGHFD is an infrequent injury, which requires a high level of suspicion to avoid diagnostic delay and prevent complications and sequelae. Bilateral cases may be seen in cases of seizure. With prompt surgical treatment, satisfactory results can be achieved with a complete return to normal activities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la luxofractura glenohumeral posterior (LFGHP) es una lesión poco frecuente. Puede ser secundaria a una crisis convulsiva, casos de electrocución, o por traumatismo directo. Su diagnóstico suele ser tardío, lo que aumenta la tasa de complicaciones y secuelas. CASO CLÍNICO: paciente de sexo masculino de 52 años, trasladado a centro de alta complejidad por convulsión tónico-clónica y LFGHP derecha. En el estudio inicial con radiografías se confirma lesión de hombro derecho y se diagnostica luxación glenohumeral posterior simple de hombro izquierdo no pesquisada previamente. Se complementa estudio con tomografía computarizada (TC) de ambos hombros, observándose una LFGHP bilateral, lo que demuestra agravamiento intrahospitalario de la lesión del hombro izquierdo. Se realiza reducción abierta y osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada bilateral en un tiempo. El hombro izquierdo requirió dos reintervenciones, una por falla de osteosíntesis y otra para liberación articular. Dos años después del procedimiento el paciente evoluciona satisfactoriamente con 5% en la escala Quick DASH y un puntaje de 72 y 76 en la escala de Constant en el hombro derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: la LFGHP es una lesión poco frecuente que requiere un alto índice de sospecha para evitar el retraso diagnóstico y la aparición de secuelas. En casos de convulsión se debe sospechar compromiso bilateral. Con un tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno se pueden obtener resultados satisfactorios y reintegración del paciente a sus actividades habituales.

Kinematics and biomechanical validity of shoulder joint laxity tests as diagnostic criteria in multidirectional instability.

BACKGROUND: Clinical laxity tests are commonly used together to identify individuals with multidirectional instability (MDI). However, their biomechanical validity in distinguishing distinct biomechanical characteristics consistent with MDI has not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: To determine if differences in glenohumeral (GH) joint laxity exist between individuals diagnosed with multidirectional instability (MDI) and asymptomatic matched controls without MDI. METHODS: Eighteen participants (9 swimmers with MDI, 9 non-swimming asymptomatic matched controls without MDI) participated in this observational study. Participants were classified as having MDI with a composite laxity score from three laxity tests (anterior/posterior drawer and sulcus tests). Single plane dynamic fluoroscopy captured joint motion with 2D-3D joint registration to derive 3D joint kinematics. Average GH translations occurring during the laxity tests were compared between groups using an independent sample's t-test. The relationship of composite laxity scores to overall translations was examined with a simple linear regression. Differences of each laxity test translation between groups were analyzed with a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Mean composite translations for swimmers were 1.7 mm greater (p = 0.04, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.1, 3.3 mm) compared to controls. A moderate association occurred (r2 = 0.40, p = 0.005) between composite laxity scores and composite translation. Greater translations for the posterior drawer (-2.4 mm, p = 0.04, 95% CI: -0.1, -4.6) and sulcus tests (-2.7 mm, p = 0.03, 95% CI: -0.3, -5.0) existed in swimmers compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in composite translation existed between symptomatic swimmers with MDI and asymptomatic control participants without MDI during GH joint laxity tests. The results provide initial biomechanically based construct validity for the clinical criteria used to identify individuals with MDI.

Inestabilidad anterior de hombro con defecto óseo no crítico: ¿Bankart-Remplissage o Latarjet? / Anterior shoulder instability with non critical bone loss: Bankart-Remplissage or Latarjet?

Resumen: Introducción: Los defectos óseos se asocian a inestabilidad de hombro recidivante. Bankart-Remplissage (B+R) y Latarjet (L) son alternativas de tratamiento. Pocos estudios comparan ambas técnicas. Objetivo: Comparar evolución funcional, complicaciones y tasa de recidiva, entre B+R y L en pacientes con inestabilidad glenohumeral anterior con defecto óseo no crítico. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de cohortes, en pacientes operados entre 2010 y 2018. Ciento siete pacientes fueron reclutados, de éstos, se obtuvo información desde su ficha clínica. Se midió tamaño de Hill-Sachs (HS) y defecto glenoideo en tomografía axial computarizada (TAC). Se envió encuesta remota evaluando funcionalidad con SSV, WOSI, EVA y qDASH. Cuarenta y ocho pacientes completaron el seguimiento remoto (26 B+R y 22 L). Media de seguimiento de 3.8 años. Resultados: Al comparar ambos grupos no hubo diferencias significativas en WOSI, EVA, qDASH ni SSV. No hubo diferencia en el número de complicaciones (B+R: 13 [18.8%], L: 5 [13.2%], p = 0.16), reoperaciones (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41) ni reluxación (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41). En pacientes que realizan deporte de contacto o colisión, L tuvo mejor SSV (92.5 vs 72.5 p = 0.048) y WOSI total (98.3 vs 67.3 p = 0.043). B+R en extremidad dominante presentó mayor tasa de complicaciones (50 vs 9.1% p = 0.038). No se encontró asociación para complicaciones y reluxación según defecto glenoideo o número de luxaciones previo a cirugía. Conclusión: Bankart-Remplissage y Latarjet tienen similar resultado funcional y tasa de reluxación en nuestros grupos estudiados. Latarjet muestra mejor resultado funcional subjetivo en deportistas de contacto y menores complicaciones en extremidad dominante.

Abstract: Introduction: Significant Hill-Sachs lesions are associated with recurrent shoulder instability. Bankart-Remplissage (B+R) and Latarjet (L) are valid treatments for these injuries. Few studies compare both techniques. Objective: To compare functional outcome, complications and recurrent instability rate between B+R and L in patients operated for anterior shoulder instability (ASI) with significant Hill-Sachs (HS) lesions and non critical glenoid bone loss (NC-GBL). Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study with patients operated between 2010 and 2018 for ASI. 107 met inclusion criteria. Demographic data, complications, recurrence rate and subsequent procedures were obtained from their medical records. CT scan imaging was used to assess humeral and glenoid bone loss. Online questionnaires were sent for assesing functional outcomes with SSV, WOSI, VAS and qDASH. 48 patients completed the online assessment (26 B+R, 22 L). The mean follow-up was 3.8 years. Results: Comparing both groups, there were no differences in WOSI, SSV, EVA and qDASH. There was no difference in complication rate (B+R: 13 [18.8%], L: 5 [13.2%], p = 0.16), revisions (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41) and recurrent instability (B+R: 4 [5.7%], L: 1 [2.6%], p = 0.41). L in subgroup who practiced collision sports had better SSV (92.5 vs 72.5 p = 0.048) and WOSI (98.3 vs 67.3 p = 0.043). B+R in dominant extremity had worst complication rate (50 vs 9.1% p = 0.038). Association was not found between complications and recurrent instabillity according to glenoid bone defect or previous dislocation episodes. Conclusion: Significant Hill-Sachs lesions with NC-GBL, both Bankart-Remplissage and Latarjet achieve satisfactory results, with similar recurrent instability and functional outcomes. Latarjet has better subjetive funtional results in collision sports and less complication in dominant extremity compared to Bankart-Remplissage.

Estimating glenoid fossa width for instability - related bone loss with CT scan in a Chilean sample / Estimación del ancho de la fosa glenoidea para la pérdida ósea relacionada con inestabilidad con tomografía computarizada en una muestra chilena

SUMMARY: Glenoid fossa bone loss has been associated with recurrence and failure after glenoid labrum repair for shoulder instability. Quantification of glenoid fossa bone loss is critical for the successful treatment of glenohumeral instability. The aim of this paper was to estimate a linear regression model based on glenoid height in CT scan adjusted for age and sex to calculate glenoid fossa width in a healthy Chilean sample. CT scans of 101 shoulders were reviewed. The mean age was 51.96 years (SD 19.16; range, 15-88 years) with 53 females and 48 male patients. Studies with signs of bone loss, instability, fracture, or arthritis were excluded. After 3D-CT reconstruction, the height and width of each glenoid fossa was measured using the Owens methodology. All landmarks for the 2 measurements were placed on the most lateral surface of the glenoid fossa margin. Measurements for all shoulders were recorded by 3 observers and repeated on a subset (n = 20) of shoulders, under blinded conditions, by the same observer, at least 2 weeks after the initial measurements. Descriptive statistics, intraclass correlation and regression coefficients were calculated with Stata BE 17® software. A p- value of 0.05 was considered significant. A linear regression model was estimated resulting in the formula "Width = 10.97 + 0.02 * Age + 0.41 * Height - 1.95 * Sex (1=Female, 0=Male)". This model presented all coefficients with p <0.05 and an adjusted R2 of 0.73. Furthermore, it fulfilled the assumption of linearity, normal distribution of errors, independence of errors, and homoscedasticity. Regarding the intraobserver correlation, ICC was 0.76 for height and 0.91 for width; the interobserver ICC was 0.93 for height and 0.86 for width. A 3D-CT specific formula was developed to predict glenoid fossa width based on height with sufficient accuracy to be clinically valuable.

RESUMEN: La pérdida de hueso de la fosa glenoidea se ha asociado con recurrencia y falla después de la reparación del labrum glenoideo por inestabilidad del hombro. La cuantificación de la pérdida ósea glenoidea es fundamental para el tratamiento exitoso de la inestabilidad glenohumeral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar un modelo de regresión lineal basado en la altura glenoidea en una tomografía computarizada ajustada por edad y sexo para calcular el ancho de la fosa glenoidea en una muestra chilena sana. Se revisaron las tomografías computarizadas de 101 hombros. La edad media fue de 51,96 años (DE 19,16; rango, 15- 88 años) con 53 mujeres y 48 hombres. Se excluyeron los estudios con signos de pérdida ósea, inestabilidad, fractura o artritis. Después de la reconstrucción 3D-CT, se midió la altura y el ancho de cada fosa glenoidea utilizando la metodología de Owens. Todos los puntos de referencia para las 2 mediciones se colocaron en la superficie más lateral del margen glenoideo. Las mediciones de todos los hombros fueron registradas por 3 observadores y repetidas en un subconjunto (n = 20) de hombros, en condiciones ciegas, por el mismo observador, al menos 2 semanas después de las mediciones iniciales. La estadística descriptiva, la correlación intraclase y los coeficientes de regresión se calcularon con el software Stata BE 17®. Se consideró significativo un valor de p de 0,05. Se estimó un modelo de regresión lineal que resultó en la fórmula "Ancho = 10,97 + 0,02 * Edad + 0,41 * Altura - 1,95 * Sexo (1 = Mujer, 0 = Hombre)". Este modelo presentó todos los coeficientes con p <0.05 y un R2 ajustado de 0.73. Además, cumplió con los supuestos de linealidad, distribución normal de errores, independencia de errores y homocedasticidad. En cuanto a la correlación intraobservador, el CCI fue de 0,76 para la altura y 0,91 para la anchura; el ICC interobservador fue de 0,93 para la altura y 0,86 para la anchura. Se desarrolló una fórmula específica de 3D-CT para predecir el ancho glenoideo en función de la altura con suficiente precisión para ser clínicamente valiosa.

Current concepts in anterior glenohumeral instability: diagnosis and treatment.

The glenohumeral joint is the most dislocated articulation, accounting for more than 50% of all joint dislocations. The reason behind shoulder instability should be investigated in detail for successful management, and the treatment plan should be individualized for all patients. Several classification systems have been proposed for glenohumeral instability. A physical exam is mandatory no matter what classification system is used. When treating patients with anterior shoulder instability, surgeons need to be aware of the critical size of the bone loss, which is commonly seen. The glenoid track concept was clinically adopted, and the measurement of the glenoid track for surgical decision-making is recommended. Detailed assessment of existing soft tissue injury to the labrum, capsule, glenohumeral ligaments, and rotator cuff is also mandatory as their presence influences the surgical outcome. Rehabilitation, arthroscopic repair techniques, open Bankart procedure, capsular plication, remplissage, Latarjet technique, iliac crest, and other bone grafts offer the surgeon different treatment options according to the type of patient and the lesions to be treated. Three-dimensional (3D) technologies can help to evaluate glenoid and humeral defects. Patient-specific guides are low-cost surgical instruments and can be used in shoulder instability surgery. 3D printing will undoubtedly become an essential tool to achieve the best results in glenohumeral instability surgery.

Reasons Why Athletes Do Not Return to Sports After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: A Comparative Study of 208 Athletes With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of information regarding the reasons why patients do not return to sports after an arthroscopic Bankart repair and whether there is a relationship between return to sports and functional outcomes. PURPOSE: To evaluate the reasons why competitive athletes who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair did not return to sports and whether there was a relationship between returning to sports and postoperative outcome scores and complications. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Of 217 competitive athletes who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair for isolated anterior glenohumeral instability between June 2014 and December 2017, a total of 208 athletes (96%) were evaluated at minimum 2-year follow-up. Return to sports, the level of sports achieved, and the time between surgery and return to competition were assessed, and patients who did not return to sports were asked to provide the reasons for cessation. The Rowe score and the Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess functional outcomes. Recurrences, reoperations, and complications were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 24 years (range, 18-30 years), and the mean follow-up was 44 months (range, 24-90 months). Of the 208 athletes, 73% were able to return to sports (65% returned to their preinjury level), and 27% did not return to sports. Of those who did not return, the most frequent reasons were fear of reinjury (44%), lack of confidence in their shoulder (12%), and concern about a new rehabilitation process in case of recurrence (10%). The Rowe and ASOSS scores showed significant postoperative improvement in all patients (P < .001), with no significant differences between the 2 study groups at the final follow-up. There were 21 recurrences (10%) and 5 complications (2.4%), and 11 patients (5.3%) underwent revision surgery, with no significant differences in these rates between the groups. CONCLUSION: Of patients who did not return to sports, 74% left for a reason independent of shoulder function, with the most frequent causes being fear of reinjury and a concern about new rehabilitation process. Neither outcome scores nor complications varied significantly between patients who returned and those who did not return to sports.

Incidence and Risk Factors of the Complications Related to the Latarjet Surgery.

Objective The Latarjet procedure is a well-accepted treatment of shoulder instability. This technique is associated with a unique set of complications with overall rates of up to 30%. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with complications after open Latarjet procedure. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 102 patients submitted to open Latarjet procedure. Complications were divided into three types: clinical; graft-related; and screw-related. All of the patients were submitted to radiography and computed tomography (CT). The risk factors analyzed were gender, age, previous surgery, epilepsy, experience of the surgeon. Results A total of 102 consecutive patients (108 cases) underwent the Latarjet procedure. The mean age was 33.7 years old (18 to 61 years old), with 88 males and 14 females. The overall complication rate was 21.2%, being 12% clinical-related, 7.4% graft-related, and 2.7% screw-related. The most frequent were anterior apprehension (eight cases) and lateral overhang of the graft in six patients. Computed tomography scan at a minimum of 6 months was performed in 79 cases (73%), and graft union occurred in 75 patients (94.9%). There were no cases of instability in the remaining four cases of nonunion. Ten patients (9.2%) required revision surgery. The risk factors associated with complications were epilepsy ( p = 0.0325), experience of the surgeon ( p = 0.0499) and patients ≥ 40 years old at the time of the surgery ( p = 0.0151). There was no correlation with gender and previous surgery. Conclusion The complication rate following the Latarjet procedure was 21.2%, with 9% requiring revision surgery. Epilepsy, age > 40 years old and experience of the surgeon were risk factors.

Comparison of specific and non-specific treatment approaches for individuals with posterior capsule tightness and shoulder impingement symptoms: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Posterior capsule tightness (PCT) is associated with shoulder pain and altered shoulder kinematics, range of motion (ROM), external rotation (ER) strength, and pain sensitization. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of two interventions on shoulder kinematics, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) scores, ROM, strength, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) in individuals with PCT and shoulder impingement symptoms. METHODS: In this prospectively registered randomized controlled trial 59 individuals were randomized to either an Experimental Intervention Group (EIG, n=31) or a Control Intervention Group (CIG, n=28). The low flexion (LF) test was used to determine the presence of PCT. Shoulder kinematics, SPADI scores, internal rotation (IR) and ER ROM, ER strength, and PPT were measured pre- and post-treatment. Those in the EIG received an intervention specific to pain and PCT and those in the CIG received a non-specific intervention, both 4 weeks in duration. RESULTS: Individuals in the EIG demonstrated more scapular upward rotation (P=.03; mean difference (MD)=3.3°; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.3°, 4.9°) and improved value on the LF test (P=.02; MD=4.6°; 95%CI=0.7°, 8.6°) than those in the CIG after treatment. Both groups presented less anterior (P<.01; MD=-0.7mm; 95%CI=-1.3mm, -0.2mm) and superior (P<.01; MD=-0.5mm; 95%CI=-0.9mm, -0.2mm) humeral translations, decreased SPADI score (P<.01; MD=-23.6; 95%CI=-28.7, -18.4), increased IR ROM (P<.01; MD=4.6°; 95%CI=1.8°, 7.8°) and PPTs for upper trapezius (P<.01; MD=60.1kPa; 95%CI=29.3kPa, 90.9kPa), infraspinatus (P=.04; MD=47.3kPa; 95%CI=2.1kPa, 92.5kPa), supraspinatus (P<.01; MD=63.7kPa; 95%CI=29.6kPa, 97.9kPa), and deltoid (P<.01; MD=40.9kPa; 95%CI=12.3kPa, 69.4kPa) after treatment. CONCLUSION: The experimental intervention was more effective at improving PCT as measured through changes in the LF test. No benefit of the specific approach over the non-specific intervention was noted for the remaining variables.