Case Report: Effect of providing penalty kicking tendencies on goalkeeper's motor behaviour and performance: a case study with an on-field intervention on youth football.

The penalty kick is a crucial action in a football match that may determine the final outcome. It features a direct interaction between the shooter and goalkeeper where both search for relevant information as a means to achieve their respective performance goals. A case study, composed of an on-field intervention, was designed to analyze the influence of providing in advance penalty kicking tendencies of the shooters on a youth goalkeeping movement onset and saving performance. Data collection took place over 8 training sessions where a U10 young low-skilled, male goalkeeper and shooters were subjected to a penalty-kick shootout task. In each session, the goalkeeper faced a set of 10 penalty kicks recorded by a high-speed HD camera which allowed to calculate the moment that the shooter hit the ball and the goalkeeper movement onset in the direction of ball trajectory. Results showed that the goalkeeper delayed response initiation in the retention phase, when compared to the baseline and training phases, by moving closer to the foot-to-ball contact time by the penalty shooter. From this study, it can be highlighted that goalkeeping saving actions were adapted to the provision of a priori information about shooter kicking tendencies, to sustain a higher performance of the young goalkeeper during the penalty duelling.

Perceptual training with implicit and explicit learning improves the prediction of ball direction in soccer penalty kicks.

Perceptual training enhances the ability to anticipate crucial information for decision-making, for example, a soccer goalkeeper predicting penalty kick direction. However, it remains unclear whether perceptual practice alone (implicit method) is sufficient for optimal decision-making improvement, or whether emphasising pertinent details during practice (explicit method) could yield better results. This study compared implicit and explicit methods of learning ball direction prediction during soccer penalties, involving both goalkeepers and non-soccer players (novices). Participants engaged in a single training session, either through the explicit method (watching videos highlighting relevant information) or implicit method (watching regular videos). Specialised software was used to display penalty kick videos, mimicking the goalkeeper's viewpoint up to 200 ms before ball contact, and measuring reaction time and response choice. Both implicit and explicit training led to consistent performance gains for goalkeepers and novices alike, notably enhancing ball direction prediction accuracy. Reaction time was unaffected by training. This suggests that both explicit and implicit training methods exhibit similar effectiveness, applicable to soccer goalkeepers and novices.

Comparison of force variables and dynamic strength index between age groups in elite young Brazilian football goalkeepers.

Introduction: The application of muscle force is a determinant of football success as it is inherent to the motor control and sport. The aims of this study are: (1) to describe force variables Isometric Maximal Force (IMF), Concentric Peak Force (CPPF), and Dynamic Strength Index (DSI) in football goalkeepers from different age groups; (2) to compare these variables' behavior between those groups. Methods: The sample was formed by 19 youth players (15.97 ± 1.55 years old) from a first-division Brazilian football team. The CPPF and IMF variables were obtained through the Countermovement jump and isometric squat tests, respectively. For data collection, a force plate (Cefise, Brazil) was used with an acquisition frequency of 600 Hz and mono-axial. The DSI was calculated using the ratio between CPPF and IMF. For data analysis, the sample was separated into clusters by age. After the grouping, a descriptive analysis of the data and a comparison between the groups with p < 0.05. Results: The sample was grouped into three groups (GA, GB, and GC) and one of the individuals did not enter the group, totaling 18 individuals in the analyzed sample. The comparison between the ages of the groups showed a significant difference and small and moderate effect size (ES), validating the cluster strategy. The CPPF and IMF variables showed increased values according to chronological age. CPPF showed a significant difference between GA-GB, (ES = very large) GA-GC (ES = very large), and GB-GC (ES = moderate). The IMF variable had significant differences between GA-GB (ES = moderate) and GA-GC (ES = very large). However, DSI showed significant differences only between GA GB (ES = small) and GB-GC (ES = very large). Conclusions: The CPPF and IMF variables had constant increases and distinct values with an increase according to age, and this did not occur for DSI. The difference between CPPF and IMF compared to DSI bring to light the variability in dynamics and proportionality between muscular force in the concentric phase and maximal force in the isometric regime during the developmental process over chronological age in soccer goalkeepers.

Effect of goalkeepers' offensive participation on team performance in the women Spanish La Liga: a multinomial logistic regression analysis.

This study aimed to examine the effect of goalkeeper distribution on offensive team performance, during the 2018/2019 and 2019-2020 seasons of the Women Spanish La Liga. A total of 10,868 distributions, during 376 matches were analyzed by systematic observation. Two UEFA PRO coaches designed an ad hoc observation instrument "GOALDFOOT" and one observer coded the data after a training process. An intra-observer reliability kappa index of 0.94 was established. Results show how the offensive effectiveness of the goalkeepers was similar to outfield players, with 0.4% of possessions ending in a goal, 2.2% ending in an attempt on goal, with 79.4% ending unsuccessfully. The goalkeeper lost possession from their distribution 32.5% of the time. Multivariate analysis identified several predictors of goalkeepers' distributions. The results show that teams classified in the middle zone of the final classification of the regular league had 1.2 times more probability of being successful compared with the lowest ranked teams (p < 0.05). Goalkeeper's distribution beginning during Open play after a transition, represented an increase success rate of almost 3 times compared to being performed from a free kick (p < 0.05). Passes from outfield players to a goalkeeper made from distant zones to the own goal, decreased the probability of success (p < 0.001). The pitch location of the distribution outcome near to the opponent goal offered the best probability of success. In conclusion, the most effective offensive sequences occur with dynamic transitions initiated with short passes. This information can provide coaches and players with insights to improve the offensive performance of goalkeepers.

MRI findings of closed hand injuries in adolescent goalkeepers: a case-based review.

Soccer-related injuries in youth goalkeepers are underrepresented in epidemiological studies, despite goalkeepers experiencing distinct types of upper limb injuries and training loads compared to outfield players. Digit injuries are particularly prevalent, with up to five times more upper extremity injuries reported in this position. Such injuries can lead to interphalangeal joint instability and an increased risk of reinjury. Mechanisms of injury include falls, axial loading of digits, and rotational force due to grasping activities. The proximal interphalangeal joint is the most frequently injured in sports, followed by the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Achieving precise diagnosis can be challenging due to the complex soft-tissue anatomy of the hand. Radiologists play a crucial role in accurate diagnosis through imaging studies, enabling timely treatment. This article focuses on closed traumatic finger and thumb injuries in adolescent goalkeepers, describing injury mechanisms and outlining relevant MRI features to facilitate proper clinical approaches for diagnosis based on imaging findings.

Decision-Making Time and Neuromuscular Coordination in Youth and Senior Soccer Goalkeepers.

The aim of this study was to compare soccer goalkeepers' decision-making times following a shot on goal and to determine goalkeepers' movement pattern structures using EMG in a typical game situation (two-on-one). Two groups of goalkeepers (n = 60) took part in the study: Group A, the senior group (22.00 ± 2.35 years of age), and Group B, the youth group (15.38 ± 1.32 years of age). The goalkeepers' decision-making times were measured by using EMG from the moment the attacker struck the ball until the completion of the saving action by the goalkeeper. Subsequently, the goalkeepers' movement pattern structure was determined (for both Groups A and B), and the values of muscle bioelectrical tension during a typical defensive situation in training conditions were revealed. The findings clearly indicate a significantly (p = 0.001) shorter decision-making time in experienced goalkeepers (250-260 ms) than in novices (300-320 ms). In addition, the movement pattern structure confirmed the hypotheses on the economization of effort and the visual-muscular coordination of the postural muscles (calf muscles) that affect soccer goalkeepers. The study also demonstrated a lower bioelectric tension of the gastrocnemius muscle (GAS.MED. RT-p = 0.008; GAS.LAT. RT-p = 0.030) in the expert goalkeepers.

Ossification of the posterior capitellum: description of a new pathology and its radiological appearance.

BACKGROUND: Boxer elbow and handball goalkeeper elbow are causes of impingement characterized by osteophytes formation at the olecranon and coronoid tip as well as their corresponding fossae. Herein, we present another distinct pathology in these patients: the formation of an exostosis at the posterolateral aspect of the elbow. METHODS: Between April 2016 and May 2020, 12 athletes with boxer elbow and handball goalkeeper elbow (mean age of 22 years) suffering from elbow pain were enrolled in the present study. Plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computer tomography (CT) scans were used to evaluate the bone conformation of the posterolateral aspect of the elbow. Assessment and staging of the ossification was performed by two independent fellowship-trained elbow surgeons. RESULTS: Bone marrow edema of the posterior aspect of the elbow at the origin of the anconeus muscle was initially detected in MRI scans. With the progression of the condition, imaging revealed an ossification posterior to the capitellum with bony bridges. In the advanced stage of the disease, the exostoses was unstable as the ossification had no adherence to the posterior capitellum during surgical excision. Plain radiographs are limited in their ability to detect the condition, whereas MRI and CT scans allow to identify a signal enhancement at the posterolateral aspect of the elbow. CONCLUSION: In patients without history of elbow trauma, bony irregularities of the posterior aspect of the capitellum may indicate ossification of the posterolateral aspect of the elbow, most likely caused by repetitive hyperextensions.

The soccer goalkeeper profile: bibliographic review.

OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this article was to review the existing scientific literature on the soccer goalkeeper. METHOD: This article has reviewed the scientific literature related to the soccer goalkeeper as long as they offered specific information about this position on the field, including a total of 56 scientific articles. RESULTS: The knowledge already recollected by authors to be able to apply it on training has been divided in the following chapters: anthropometric profile, conditional and performance profile (sprint, jump, agility, strength, aerobic capacity, mobility, and specific game technique), external load profile, and injury pathological profile. CONCLUSION: The most noteworthy conclusions obtained are: 1) the higher the level of the team, the higher and heavier the goalkeepers; 2) in early ages (9-13 years) the training of goalkeepers is not well posed, since compared to the players are worse both in physical capacities and technique; 3) the aerobic capacity at long distances does not influence the performance of the goalkeeper; 4) the sprint, the jump, the agility, and the mobility are factors that determine the performance of the goalkeeper; 5) the goalkeepers are less likely to be injured than the field players, but there are certain typical injuries in the position that must be protected by a proper way of strengthening and technique.

Longitudinal relationships between mental toughness, resilience, cognitive appraisals and perceived performance in competitive soccer goalkeepers.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the influence of the mental toughness (MT) trait on resilience, cognitive appraisals and perceived performance states and (2) to explore dynamic relationships between these states among soccer goalkeepers during a competitive season. Thirty-six soccer goalkeepers from regional to professional levels first voluntarily completed a questionnaire measuring their mental toughness. Subsequently, a single-item approach was used to assess resilience, cognitive appraisals (threat, loss, challenge and benefit) and subjective performance every 2 weeks for 4 months. Results of multilevel analyses showed that mental toughness significantly and positively predicted resilience, which significantly and positively predicted benefit appraisal and negatively predicted threat appraisal. Moreover, subjective performance was significantly and positively predicted by benefit appraisal. Our results also revealed the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between mental toughness and appraisals (threat and benefit) as well as the mediating role of benefit appraisal in the relationship between resilience and subjective performance. Practical applications are proposed to optimize the daily experiences of goalkeepers, such as creating a supportive climate.

Reliability and Validity of a Novel Reactive Agility Test with Soccer Goalkeeper-Specific Movements.

The purpose of this study was to develop a reactive agility test with soccer goalkeeper (GK)-specific movements (G-RAT) and to examine the reliability and validity of college-aged GKs. We designed a five-branch star-shaped course with diving and ball-catching movements under reactive conditions. In the setup, a start−goal line was set on the top of a branch and 3.5 m away from the center of the star-shaped setting. Content validity was assessed by six experts, and the item-content validity index (I-CVI) was calculated. Thirty-three male GKs performed the test trial twice. One test trial of G-RAT consists of three shuttles from the start−goal line to diving and ball-catching. For the reactive condition, GKs were instructed on which ball directions should dive when their body trunk reached 1.5 m away from the start−goal line. GKs were classified into regular (R) or non-regular (NR) groups. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to assess the reliability and predictive power as convergent validity. The I-CVI was 0.83, which was greater than the acceptable level of 0.78. The ICC value was 0.94 (p < 0.01; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 0.88−0.97). The GKs completed the test 14.3 ± 0.7 and 15.3 ± 1.0 s in the R and NR group (p < 0.01; Cohen's d = 0.89), respectively. The area under the curves of G-RAT was 0.80 (95%CI, 0.64−0.96). These results show that a GK-specific agility test under reactive conditions would have sufficient reliability and both content and convergent validity in college-aged GKs.

On-Field Biomechanical Assessment of High and Low Dive in Competitive 16-Year-Old Goalkeepers through Wearable Sensors and Principal Component Analysis.

Diving saves are the main duty of football goalkeepers. Few biomechanical investigations of dive techniques have been conducted, none in a sport-specific environment. The present study investigated the characteristics of goalkeepers' dive in preferred (PS) and non-preferred (nPS) side through an innovative wearables-plus-principal-component analysis (PCA) approach. Nineteen competitive academy goalkeepers (16.5 ± 3.0 years) performed a series of high and low dives on their PS and nPS. Dives were performed in a regular football goal on the pitch. Full-body kinematics were collected through 17 wearable inertial sensors (MTw Awinda, Xsens). PCA was conducted to reduce data dimensionality (input matrix 310,878 datapoints). PCA scores were extracted for each kinematic variable and compared between PS and nPS if their explained variability was >5%. In high dive, participants exhibited greater hip internal rotation and less trunk lateral tilt (p < 0.047, ES > 0.39) in PS than nPS. In low dives, players exhibited greater ipsilateral hip abduction dominance and lower trunk rotation (p < 0.037, ES > 0.40) in PS than nPS. When diving on their nPS, goalkeepers adopted sub-optimal patterns with less trunk coordination and limited explosiveness. An ecological testing through wearables and PCA might help coaches to inspect relevant diving characteristics and improve training effectiveness.

T-pattern analysis of offensive and defensive actions of youth football goalkeepers.

Nowadays, football goalkeepers (GKs) play an important role in the team's organization, namely, considering the offensive and defensive processes. The purpose of our investigation focuses on the notational and T-pattern analysis of the offensive and defensive actions of elite young football GKs. The participating GKs (n = 3, mean age of 16.6 years) presented 8 years of experience in the specific position, were internationally selected for the national team of Portugal, and competed in the national U-17 championship of Portugal. Thirty football matches were observed. The observational sample consisted of defensive actions (n = 225) and offensive actions (n = 296). Two observational instruments were used to codify the actions: the observation system of defensive technical-tactical actions of GKs and the observation system of offensive technical-tactical actions of GKs. Both instruments underwent a validation process, and inter- and intra-observer reliability was tested. The codification of the actions was performed with the LINCE program, and later the data were exported to Microsoft Excel and THEME 5.0. The notational data were analyzed in SPSS, and T-pattern detection analysis was performed in THEME 5.0. The predominant actions of young observed GKs were fundamentally goal defense and participation in the team's offensive process construction through actions performed with the foot and hand. The analysis of T-patterns allowed to identify T-pattern actions in the defensive actions of goal defense and exit of the goal, as well as related to the defensive set pieces. In the offensive process, the analysis of T-patterns reinforced the participation of the GK in the team's first phase of construction and in the execution of goal kicks and actions that start as a result of the actions of the opponent. The GK's defensive actions are mostly focused on the objective of goal defense and offensive actions with the hands and feet are important for their participation in positional attack construction. Our study contributes to a better knowledge of the GK's actions in the competition and is relevant to be considered by the specific position coaches in the training process organization.

Prevalence of disabled throwing shoulder and its shoulder function among youth football goalkeepers.

Aim: Although the football goalkeepers are overhead athletes, no studies have reported the prevalence of disabled throwing shoulder (DTS) and the shoulder function. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DTS among youth football goalkeepers and to determine the relationship among their shoulder functions. Methods: Youth football goalkeepers, who participated in a pre-participation medical examination were included in the study. The questionnaire was handed out before the examination to determine the players' age, dominant hand, and shoulder pain history. If the player had a history of shoulder pain during ball throwing motion in the past, they were defined as goalkeepers with DTS. Physical examination of scapular positioning, scapular retraction and rotator cuff muscle strength, and ultrasonographic evaluation were performed. Results: Six goalkeepers (16%) had a history of DTS among the 38 male youth football goalkeepers. The presence of scapular malpositioning, limitation of scapular retraction, and decrease in rotator cuff strength was significantly higher in goalkeepers with DTS than in those without DTS (p = 0.03, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Three goalkeepers with DTS revealed ultrasonographic findings. Conclusion: The prevalence of DTS among youth football goalkeepers was 16%. All these players had scapular malpositioning and limitation of scapular retraction. Scapular malpositioning and limitation of scapular retraction may be related to the DTS in youth football goalkeepers. Level of evidence: Level IV.

Diferencias biomecánicas del gesto técnico del vuelo en arqueros profesionales y amateur / Diferenças biomecânicas do gesto técnico de voo em arqueiros profissionais e amadores / Biomechanical differences of the technical gesture of the flight in professional and amateur archers

RESUMEN La técnica del vuelo en arqueros es una de las acciones defensivas fundamentales, su perfeccionamiento depende de metodologías especializadas basadas en estudios de atletas de alto nivel, las cuales sirven de base teórica para fortalecer el proceso de dirección del entrenamiento deportivo. En tal sentido, el objetivo de la investigación consistió en analizar biomecánicamente el gesto técnico del vuelo en arqueros de fútbol de nivel profesional y amateur. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva-explicativa de orden correlacional. Bajo un muestreo intencional no probabilístico, se estudian 30 deportistas (género masculino; 16-18 años) clasificados en dos grupos independientes (grupo 1: profesionales: 15 sujetos; grupo 2: amateur: 15 sujetos), se comparan biomecánicamente cinco variables (AS: ángulo del tren superior; AI: ángulo del tren inferior; VM: velocidad máxima; AM: aceleración máxima; TV: tiempo de vuelo). La variable "AS" no presentó diferencias significativas (crupo 1: 141.4°; Grupo 2: 150.3°; p=0.747), ni la variable "AI" (grupo 1: 141.62°; grupo 2: 150.3°; p=0.161), ni la variable "VM" (grupo 1: 4.62m/s; grupo 2: 4.96m/s; p=0.601), ni la variable "AM" (grupo 1: 2.54m/s2; grupo 2: 3.26m/s2; p=0.202), ni la variable "TV" (grupo 1: 1.86s; Grupo 2: 1.56s; p=0.535), aunque hay variaciones en los rangos promedios. No existen variaciones significativas dentro de la ejecución del gesto técnico del vuelo de los arqueros de fútbol estudiados. No obstante, se recomienda ampliar el estudio a una muestra mayor, comparando resultados con categorías de menor rango etario.

RESUMO A técnica de voo em arqueiros é uma das ações defensivas fundamentais, o seu aperfeiçoamento depende de metodologias especializadas baseadas em estudos de atletas de alto nível, que servem de base teórica para reforçar o processo de gestão do treino desportivo. Neste sentido, o objectivo da investigação consistiu numa análise biomecânica do gesto técnico de voo em guarda-redes profissionais e amadores de futebol. A investigação é do tipo descritivo-explicativo de ordem correlativa. Sob uma amostragem não-probabilística, 30 atletas (sexo masculino; 16-18 anos de idade) classificados em dois grupos independentes (grupo 1: profissionais: 15 sujeitos; grupo 2: amador: 15 sujeitos) foram estudados. Cinco variáveis foram comparadas biomecanicamente (AS: ângulo superior do corpo; AI: ângulo inferior do corpo; VM: velocidade máxima; AM: aceleração máxima; TV: tempo de voo). A variável "AS" não apresentou diferenças significativas (grupo 1: 141,4°; grupo 2: 150,3°; p=0,747), nem a variável "AI" (grupo 1: 141,62°; grupo 2: 150,3°; p=0,161), nem a variável "VM" (grupo 1: 4. 62m/s; grupo 2: 4,96m/s; p=0,601), nem a variável "AM" (grupo 1: 2,54m/s2; grupo 2: 3,26m/s2; p=0,202), nem a variável "TV" (grupo 1: 1,86s; grupo 2: 1,56s; p=0,535), embora haja variações nos intervalos médios. Não há variações significativas na execução do gesto técnico de voo dos guarda-redes de futebol estudados. No entanto, recomenda-se alargar o estudo a uma amostra maior, comparando os resultados com categorias de faixa etária inferior.

ABSTRACT The archery flight technique is one of the fundamental defensive actions, its improvement depends on specialized methodologies based on studies of high-level athletes, which serve as a theoretical basis to strengthen the process of sports training management. In this sense, the objective of the research was to biomechanically analyze the technical gesture of flight in professional and amateur soccer goalkeepers. The research is of descriptive-explanatory type of correlational order. Under a non-probabilistic intentional sampling, 30 athletes (male; 16-18 years old) classified into two independent groups (Group 1: Professionals: 15 subjects; Group 2: Amateur: 15 subjects) are studied, 5 variables are biomechanically compared (AS: upper body angle; AI: lower body angle; VM: maximum speed; AM: maximum acceleration; TV: flight time ). The variable "AS" did not present significant differences (Group 1: 141.4°; Group 2: 150.3°; p=0.747 ), nor the variable "AI" (Group 1: 141.62°; Group 2: 150.3°; p=0.161 ), nor the variable "VM" (Group 1: 4.62m/s ; Group 2: 4.96m/s; p=0.601 ), nor the variable "AM" (Group 1: 2.54m/s 2 ; Group 2: 3.26m /s 2 ; p=0.202 ), nor the variable "TV" (Group 1: 1.86s ; Group 2: 1.56s; p=0.535 ), although there are variations in the average ranges. There are no significant variations within the execution of the technical gesture of the flight of the soccer goalkeepers studied. However, it is recommended to extend the study to a larger sample, comparing results with categories of lower age range.

The "Empty-Goal" Rule Change from the Perspective of International-Level Team Handball Goalkeepers.

The 2016 "empty-goal" rule change in team handball allowed for swift goalkeeper-player substitutions, which opened the door to a variety of tactical solutions that could not be implemented prior to the change. This change is one of many rule changes that have taken place in ball games in general and in handball in particular that were aimed to improve the competition and make gameplay more interesting. Previous literature shows that more often than not, such rule changes have led to unforeseen and undesired effects on players' and teams' behavior and performance. The aim of the current study was to consider the empty-goal rule from the goalkeeper's perspective, as their offense-defense game routine was drastically transformed following the introduction of this new rule. Results of a survey among 95 professional goalkeepers, 80 of whom participated in international matches, revealed that the keepers' level of confidence in empty-goal situations is moderate to high, that empty goal is rarely practiced more than once a week, and that less experienced goalkeepers are more positive regarding this rule change. Additionally, we found that the amount of empty-goal practice is positively related to the approval of the empty-goal rule among goalkeepers.

Ice Hockey Goaltender Physiology Profile and Physical Testing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This review aims to 1) be the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature examining the physiology and assessment of goaltenders, and 2) present a physiological profile of ice-hockey goaltenders. It will 1) highlight physiological differences between goaltenders and players at other positions, 2) determine strengths and weaknesses of ice hockey goaltenders, and 3) offer possible guidelines for strength and conditioning coaches. Six electronic databases were systematically searched in October 2019 using the PRISMA model. A total of twelve scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Professional male (PM) goaltenders had the following profile for age (A) 26.8 ± 2.5 years, body weight (BW) 85.64 ± 3.79 kg, height (H) 184.38 ± 2.79 cm, body fat % (BF%) 11.9 ± 2.22, VO2max 49.9 ± 4.45 ml/kg/min, anaerobic power (AP) 12.78 ± 1.63 W/kg, and combined hand grip strength (GS) 120.7 ± 15 kg. Amateur male (AM) goaltenders presented the following: A: 18.2 ± 0.75, BW: 83.85 ± 4.51, H: 184.96 ± 2.06, BF%: 10.51 ± 1.61, VO2max: 55.73 ± 4.57, AP: 10.9 ± 1.2 and GS: 109.08 ± 14.06. Amateur female (AF) goaltenders presented the following: A: 21.04 ± 1.84, BW: 63.4 ± 5.14, H: 164.86 ± 5.73, BF%: 22.12 ± 2.27 and VO2max: 42.84 ± 3.59. Overall, PM goaltenders are heavier, have a higher BF%, and exhibit greater GS and abdominal muscular endurance than AM, while AM goaltenders are heavier, taller, leaner, and can generate greater lower-body muscular power than AF goaltenders. In the current literature, there were a small number of studies on women players and a lack of distinction between player position in reported results. Specific physiological assessments during NHL Combines should be developed for goaltenders in accordance with their specific positional demands.

Expert and Novice Goalkeepers' Perceptions of Changes During Open Play Soccer.

In the present study we investigated expert and novice football (i.e., soccer) goalkeepers' three stages of perceiving changes in open play situations-detection, localization, and identification-with and without time constraints. We adopted the continual cycling flicker paradigm to investigate goalkeepers' perceptions when provided with sufficient time (Experiment 1), and we utilized the limited display one-shot change detection paradigm to study their perceptions under time constraints (Experiment 2). Images of goalkeepers' first-person views of open play soccer scenes were used as stimuli. Semantic or non-semantic changes in these scenes were produced by modifying one element in each image. Separate groups of expert and novice goalkeepers were required to detect, localize, and identify the scene changes. We found that expert goalkeepers detected scene changes more quickly than novices under both time allowances. Furthermore, compared to novices, experts localized the changes more accurately under time constraints and identified the changes more quickly when given sufficient time. Additionally, semantic changes were detected more quickly and localized and identified more accurately than non-semantic changes when there was sufficient time. Under time constraints expert goalkeepers' greater efficiency was likely due to pre-attentive processing; with sufficient time, they were able to focus attention to extracting detailed information for identification.

Relación entre la presencia del portero y las variables pedagógicas que definen las tareas en el fútbol. Un estudio de caso / Relationship Between the Presence of the Goalkeeper and the Pedagogic Variables that Define the Football Tasks. A Case Study

Resumen La presente investigación tiene el objetivo de analizar las variables pedagógicas que se incluyen en las tareas de entrenamiento diseñadas por el entrenador de fútbol-base, categoría Benjamín (edad comprendida entre 9 y 10 años), respecto a la presencia o no del portero. Con tal fin, se analizaron un total de 46 tareas de entrenamiento desarrolladas durante 2 meses de la etapa formativa. Se utilizó́ la herramienta SIATE para la categorización y análisis de las siguientes variables pedagógicas de dichas tareas: presencia de portero (POR), situación de juego (SJ), fase de juego (FJ), tipo de contenido (CONT-G), medio de iniciación deportiva (MIE), nivel de oposición (NO) y línea de juego (LJ). Los resultados muestran que el entrenador diseña tareas de entrenamiento de 8 x 8, mixta y competitivas con presencia de portero, y tareas de entrenamiento 1 x 0, así como ejercicio de aplicación compleja para el calentamiento sin presencia de portero. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas entre la variable presencia de portero y el modo de actuar del entrenador.

Abstract This research aims to analyze the pedagogical variables included in the training tasks designed by the soccer-base coach, Benjamin category (age between 9 and 10 years), regarding the presence or not of the goalkeeper. To do this, a total of 46 training tasks framed during 2 months of the training stage were analyzed. For the categorization of tasks, the SIATE tool was used, to analyze the pedagogical variables: presence of goalkeeper (PG), game situation (GS), game phase (GP), content type (CONT-T), sports initiation medium (SIM), opposition level (OL) and line of play (LJ). The results show that the coach designs 8 x 8, mixed and competitive training tasks with the presence of a goalkeeper, and 1 x 0 training tasks, complex application exercise for warm-up without the presence of a goalkeeper. Also, there are significant differences between the variable presence of goalkeeper and the coach's way of acting.

Resumo A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as variáveis ​​pedagógicas que integram as tarefas de treinamento elaboradas pelo técnico de futebol juvenil da categoria Benjamin (idade entre 9 e 10 anos), no que se refere à presença ou não do goleiro. Para isso, foram analisadas 46 tarefas de treinamento desenvolvidas durante 2 meses da etapa de treinamento. A ferramenta SIATE foi utilizada para a categorização e análise das seguintes variáveis ​​pedagógicas dessas tarefas: presença do goleiro (POR), situação do jogo (SJ), fase do jogo (FJ), tipo de conteúdo (CONT-G), meio esporte de iniciação (MIE), nível de oposição (NO) e linha de jogo (LJ). Os resultados mostram que o técnico projeta tarefas de treinamento 8 x 8, mistas e competitivas com a presença de goleiro, e tarefas de treinamento 1 x 0, além de um complexo exercício de aplicação para aquecimento sem a presença de goleiro. Conclui-se que existem diferenças significativas entre a variável presença do goleiro e a forma de atuação do técnico.

Hand, Wrist, and Forearm Injuries in Male Professional Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 558 Team-Seasons From 2001-2002 to 2018-2019.

BACKGROUND: The literature on upper extremity injuries in professional soccer players is scarce, and further insight into the onset and cause of these injuries as well as potential differences between goalkeepers and outfield players is important. PURPOSE: To investigate the epidemiology of hand, wrist, and forearm injuries in male professional soccer players between 2001 and 2019. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: Between the 2001-2002 and 2018-2019 seasons, 120 European male soccer teams were followed prospectively for a varying number of seasons (558 team-seasons in total). Time-loss injuries and player-exposures to training sessions and matches were recorded on an individual basis in 6754 unique players. Injury incidence was reported as the number of injuries per 1000 player-hours, and between-group differences were analyzed using Z statistics and rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs. Between-group differences in layoff time were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 25,462 injuries were recorded, with 238 (0.9%) of these affecting the hand (71.4%; n = 170), wrist (16.8%; n = 40), and forearm (11.8%; n = 28), producing an incidence of 0.065 injuries per 1000 hours. A majority of the injuries were traumatic with an acute onset (98.7%; n = 235). Fractures were the most common injuries recorded (58.8%; n = 140), often involving the metacarpal bones (25.2%; n = 60) and phalanges (10.1%; n = 24). The injury incidence was significantly higher for goalkeepers (115 injuries; 0.265 per 1000 hours) compared with outfield players (123 injuries; 0.038 per 1000 hours) (RR, 7.0 [95% CI, 5.4-9.0]). Goalkeepers also had a significantly longer mean layoff time than outfield players (23 ± 27 vs 15 ± 27 days; P = .016). CONCLUSION: Injuries to the hand, wrist, and forearm constituted less than 1% of all time-loss injuries in male professional soccer players. Fractures were most common and constituted more than half of all injuries. Goalkeepers had a 7-fold higher incidence and an over 1-week longer mean layoff time compared with outfield players.