Green-synthesized CuO and ZnO nanoparticles derived from Calotropis gigantea (Apple of Sodom): enhancing plant growth, efficient dye removal, and potent antibacterial applications.

Nanoparticles, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant attention in various scientific disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, biology, and environmental engineering. In recent years, the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as NiO, Fe2O3, ZnO, SnO2, and CuO via green routes, has gained attraction due to their diverse applications in fields ranging from catalysis and electronics to medicine and environmental remediation. This study focuses on the green synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Calotropis gigantea (Apple of Sodom) leaf extract as a reducing agent and stabilizer, with zinc nitrate (ZnNO3.6H2O) and copper nitrate (CuNO3.3H2O) as precursors. The hexagonal phase of ZnO and monoclinic plan structure of CuO with high crystallinity was confirmed by XRD and elemental composition by EDX analysis. With the help of an SEM image, particle size measured for CuO and ZnO using ImageJ software was found to be 56.08 nm and 46.49 nm, respectively. This study investigates the efficacy of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment, particularly focusing on methylene blue dye decolorization using the statistical processing of response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken method. Additionally, it explores the impact of synthesized nanoparticles on seed growth enhancement, using Vigna radiata (green gram) seeds immersed in various doses of nanoparticles (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mg/30 mL). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is evaluated. The results confirm the effectiveness of the materials for methylene blue dye removal, achieving 80.53% with CuO and 78.25% with ZnO. Significant seed growth was observed with a low nanoparticle dosage of 1.5 mg/30 mL, resulting in the highest seedling vigour index and germination percentage. This reduces the need for fertilizers and lessens environmental impact.

Effects of Boric Acid on Oxidative Stress Parameters, Growth Performance and Blood Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss).

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a starting weight of 397.28 ± 3.21 g were fed different ratios (G1-0.00%, G2-0.010%, G3-0.025%, and G4-0.050%) of boric acid-supplemented feed for 140 days. The effects of dietary boric acid on oxidative stress parameters, growth performance, haematology and some biochemical parameters were investigated after the feeding period. The addition of boric acid to trout feed positively affected growth performance; the final weights of the groups were 928.15 ± 5.73 g, 955.87 ± 8.67 g, 994.24994,75 ± 7.46 g, and 976.80976,80 ± 6.26 g for the control group and the three experimental groups, respectively. The lowest feed conversation ratio (FCR) was 1.19 (G3) whereas the highest was 1.42 (G1). The lowest protein efficiency ratio was 1.63 (G1), while the highest was 1.95 (G3). In this study, it was observed that boric acid added to the feed changed muscle and blood oxidative stress parameters in rainbow trout, increased the growth performance of rainbow trout, and affected blood and biochemistry values.

Instigation of neurosporaxanthin from Rhodococcus ruber O16N isolated from Gulf of Khambhat.

Compounds of natural origin are in burgeoning demand driven by heightened awareness of their health benefits. We present the maiden study on the production of neurosporaxanthin, a carotenoid, from marine Rhodococcus ruber O16N. Analysing various physical parameters including carbon source, agitation speed, temperature, salt and pH, we found that agitation adversely affects biomass and carotenoid production. Isolate O16N grew well, when medium was supplemented with mannitol or sorbitol, CaCl2, at pH 6 and best carotenoid production was observed when sorbitol or fructose and CaCl2 was supplemented in media at pH 7 at 37 °C in static condition with the maximum carotenoid yield of 1097 mg/L, whopping 18-fold more as compared to nutrient medium. Furthermore, thorough characterisation identified the produced carotenoid as neurosporoxanthin. These findings highlight the potential of marine Rhodococcus ruber O16N as a valuable source for neurosporaxanthin production and emphasise the importance of optimising physical parameters for maximising carotenoid yield.

Estimating the growth parameters, exploitation rate, biomass and maximum sustainable yield of long whisker catfish Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) in the coastal waters from southwestern Bangladesh.

The research provides a comprehensive analysis of Mystus gulio including growth pattern, growth parameters, recruitment patterns, mortality rates, biomass, exploitation rate (E), and the estimation of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) within the southwestern coastal waters of Bangladesh. From January to December 2017, fishers provided around 1200 specimens. FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool and Excel-add-in-solver were used to assess stock status through length-frequency data. Indeed, the research findings indicated that the population of M. gulio displayed negative allometric for both individuals (b = 2.53 for male, b = 2.50 for female), as demonstrated by the calculated allometric coefficient value. Nonetheless, the population's dynamic characteristics revealed an asymptotic length (L∞) of 19.34 cm, 23.28 cm and growth coefficient (K) 0.94 year-1 and 0.81 year-1 for male and female M. gulio. The growth performance indexes (Ø') of 2.55 and 2.64 for male and female and maximum lifespan (tmax) 3.20 years and 3.70 years respectively. This study revealed that the slightly variations in the natural mortality rate (M) for both specimens at 1.55 year-1 and 1.59 year-1. The fishing mortality rate (F) 2.75 year-1 and 1.98 year-1and total mortality rate (Z) 4.30 year-1 and 3.57 year-1 for male and females, respectively. The maximum permissible exploitation rate (Emax = 0.421) was lower than the actual exploitation rate (E = 0.63). The MSY was calculated at 67.968 metric tons. Without a doubt, overfishing stands out as the most critical threat to the wild stock. Therefore, it is clear that the existing fishing approach was not efficiently managed the standing stock in a sustainable manner. The findings would be useful for established proper fishing regulations in coastal waters and the surrounding ecosystems.

Assessment of textile effluent treatment by immobilized Trametes pubescens MB 89 for plant growth promotion.

Industrialization and the ever-increasing world population have diminished high-quality water resources for sustainable agriculture. It is imperative to effectively treat industrial effluent to render the treated water available for crop cultivation. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of textile effluent treated with Trametes pubescens MB 89 in supporting maize cultivation. The fungal treatment reduced the amounts of Co, Pb and As in the textile effluent. The biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids were within the permissible limits in the treated effluent. The data indicated that the irrigation of maize with fungal-treated textile effluent improved the growth parameters of the plant including root, shoot length, leaf area and chlorophyll content. Moreover, better antioxidant activity, total phenol content and protein content in roots, stems and leaves of maize plants were obtained. Photosynthetic parameters (potential quantum yield, electron transport rate and fluorescence yield of non-photochemical losses other than heat) were also improved in the plants irrigated with treated effluent as compared to the control groups. In conclusion, the treatment of textile effluent with the immobilized T. pubescens presents a sustainable solution to minimize chemical pollution and effectively utilize water resources.

The Host Range of Fusarium proliferatum in Western Canada.

Fusarium proliferatum is associated with the root rot of many plant species, but knowledge of its impact on western Canadian field crops is limited. This study assessed the host range of this fungus and its effect on plant emergence, plant height, and shoot and root dry weights in repeated greenhouse experiments with wheat, barley, faba beans, peas, lentils, canola, lupine, and soybeans. Infection was confirmed via PCR, and principal component analysis determined the utility of different parameters in assessing host responses. All crops were at least partly susceptible, developing mild to severe disease at the seedling and adult stages, and showing significant reductions in growth. In general, the barley and wheat demonstrated higher tolerances to infection, followed by the faba bean and the pea. The soybean, canola, lupine, and lentil were most susceptible. The canola and the soybean were particularly vulnerable to F. proliferatum at the pre-emergence stage, while infection greatly reduced the lentil's biomass. Reductions in the barley's emergence and other growth parameters, however, occurred only under a high inoculum concentration. Variability in root rot severity among cultivars of the same crop indicated some diversity in host reactions within species. Nonetheless, the absence of fully-resistant crops may pose challenges in managing F. proliferatum in western Canadian cropping systems.

Post-synthetic modification of nano-chitosan using gibberellic acid: Foliar application on sorghum under salt stress conditions and estimation of biochemical parameters.

The challenge of desert farming with a high salt level has become an ecological task due to salt stress negatively affecting plant growth and reproduction. The current study deals with the cultivation of sorghum under salt stress conditions to counteract the effect of chitosan and gibberellic acid (GA3). Here, the effects of chitosan, GA3 and nano-composite (GA3@chitosan) on biochemical contents, growth and seed yield of sorghum under salinity stress conditions were studied. The results showed that spraying with GA3@chitosan increased sorghum grain yield by 2.07, 1.81 and 1.64 fold higher than salinity stressed plants, chitosan treatment and GA3 treatment, respectively. Additionally, compared to the control of the same variety, the GA3@chitosan spraying treatment improved the concentration of microelements in the grains of the Shandweel-1 and Dorado by 24.51% and 18.39%, respectively for each variety. Furthermore, spraying GA3@chitosan on sorghum varieties increased the accumulation of the macroelements N, P, and K by 34.03%, 47.61%, and 8.67% higher than salt-stressed plants, respectively. On the other hand, the proline and glycinebetaine content in sorghum leaves sprayed with nano-composite were drop by 51.04% and 11.98% less than stressed plants, respectively. The results showed that, in Ras Sudr, the Shandweel-1 variety produced more grain per feddan than the Dorado variety. These findings suggest that GA3@chitosan improves the chemical and biochemical components leading to a decrease in the negative effect of salt stress on the plant which reflects in the high-yield production of cultivated sorghum plants in salt conditions.

Are the nutritional status and growth parameters of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis akin to their healthy peers? A single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: Proper nutrition is a significant contributor to growth achievement in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). In this study, the aim was to analyze the growth parameters and nutritional status of children with JIA and then compare them with their healthy peers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 54 patients with JIA and the same number of healthy peers. Growth parameter z-scores and nutrient distributions were analyzed and compared with a control group and among disease subgroups. RESULTS: While the average height in the control group was significantly greater than in the patient group, there was similarity in terms of body weight and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001, P = 0.33, P = 0.14, respectively). Body weight and BMI z-scores of patients with high disease activity at the most recent visit were significantly lower (P = 0.03, P = 0.01, respectively). Both groups had similar energy and protein requirement-meeting percentages (P = 0.62, P = 0.51). JIA atients had higher carbohydrate intake (P = 0.04), and fat intake was higher in controls (P = 0.02). Energy obtained from junk food was higher in patients with entesitis-related arthritis (ERA) compared to oligoarticular JIA and polyarticular JIA (P = 0.03). Micronutrient intake in the ERA group was significantly lower for vitamin E, C, and folate (P = 0.02, P = 0.03, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In our cohort, patients had a lower height score. As they have a diet characterized by adequate energy/protein, carbohydrate, and high fat intake, this may be a reflection of disease activity. Although some of the micronutrient intakes were less than normal in both groups, significant deficiencies were identified in the ERA group.

Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei to increase growth performance and immune system of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) due to Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Background and Aim: Catfish has a high economic value and is popular among consumers. To ensure well-stocked catfish stocks, good fisheries management must also be ensured. The high demand for catfish must be supplemented by preventive measures against pathogenic bacterial infections using probiotics with high potential for Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus subtilis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic supplementation consisting of a combination of L. casei and B. subtilis probiotics on the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Materials and Methods: This study used a completely randomized study with eight treatments and three replications. The manipulated factor was the probiotic concentration [0% (A), 0.5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D)] in groups of catfish infected and uninfected with A. hydrophila. Combination of B. subtilis, and L. casei that were used in a 1:1 ratio of 108 colony forming unit/mL. The study lasted for 42 days. On the 35th day, A. hydrophila was infected by intramuscular injection into fish. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used to analyze data on growth, immune system, and water quality. Results: Providing probiotics in feed can increase the nutritional value of feed based on proximate test results. There were significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR) parameters in the group of catfish infected with A. hydrophila (p > 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), and percentage weight gain. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) levels were significantly different between treatments C and D. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α parameters were significantly different between treatments A and C, whereas the phagocytic activity of treatment A was significantly different from that of treatment D. There was a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the growth parameters of SGR, ADG, and FCR in the group of fish that were not infected with A. hydrophila, with the best treatment being a probiotic concentration of 15%, but there was no significant difference in the SR parameters. IL-1ß and TNF-α levels significantly differed between E and E0 (15% probiotics) but were not significantly different in terms of phagocytosis parameters. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that using a combination of probiotics L. casei and B. subtilis can improve the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with A. hydrophila.

Microbial consortium with multifunctional attributes for the plant growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).

In the past few decades, the pressure of higher food production to satisfy the demand of ever rising population has inevitably increased the use synthetic agrochemicals which have deterioration effects. Biostimulants containing beneficial microbes (single inoculants and microbial consortium) were found as an ideal substitute of synthetic chemical fertilizers. In recent years, microbial consortium is known as a better bioinoculant in comparison to single inoculant bioformulation because of multifarious plant growth-promoting advantages. Looking at the advantageous effect of consortium, in present investigation, different bacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil and plant samples collected from the Himalayan mountains on the green slopes of the Shivaliks, Himachal Pradesh. The isolated bacteria were screened for nitrogen (N) fixation, phosphorus (P) solubilization and potassium (K) solubilization plant growth promoting attributes, and efficient strains were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLASTn analysis. The bacteria showing a positive effect in NPK uptake were developed as bacterial consortium for the growth promotion of eggplant crop. A total of 188 rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria were sorted out, among which 13 were exhibiting nitrogenase activity, whereas 43 and 31 were exhibiting P and K solubilization traits, respectively. The selected three efficient and potential bacterial strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Enterobacter ludwigii EU-BEN-22 (N-fixer; 35.68 ± 00.9 nmol C2H4 per mg protein per h), Micrococcus indicus EU-BRP-6 (P-solubilizer; 201 ± 0.004 mg/L), and Pseudomonas gessardii EU-BRK-55 (K-solubilizer; 51.3 ± 1.7 mg/mL), and they were used to develop a bacterial consortium. The bacterial consortium evaluation on eggplant resulted in the improvement of growth (root/shoot length and biomass) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugar, and phenolic content) of the plants with respect to single culture inoculation, chemical fertilizer, and untreated control. A bacterial consortium having potential to promote plant growth could be used as bioinoculant for horticulture crops growing in hilly regions.

Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil and Dietary Intervention Improved Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters in Children with Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 in Jordan: A Clinical Trial.

Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are a group of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, most of which are inherited in autosomal recessive patterns. GSDs are of two types: those that have to do with liver and hypoglycaemia (hepatic GSDs) and those that are linked to neuromuscular presentation. This study aims to assess the impact of dietary intervention, including medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, on anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis and metabolic parameters among Jordanian children and is expected to be the first in the country. A sample of 38 children with glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD-1) (median age = 6.4 years) were on a diet that included uncooked cornstarch therapy and a fructose-, sucrose- and lactose-restricted diet. Patients started to take MCT oil along with the prescribed diet after the first body composition test. Patients' nutritional status was re-evaluated three months later. The study results show that the percentage of patients who suffered from hypoglycaemia at the beginning of the study decreased significantly from 94.7% to 7.9% (p < 0.0001). The serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid and lactate decreased significantly after three months of intervention (100-71.1%, 73.7-21.1%, 97.4-52.6% and 94.7-18.4%, respectively). In contrast, there was no statistical difference in neutrophil count. Regarding clinical parameters, liver span was significantly reduced from (16.01 ± 2.65 cm) to (14.85 ± 2.26 cm) (p < 0.0001). There were significant improvements in growth parameters, including height-for-age and BMI-for-age for children aged ≥2 years (p = 0.034 and p = 0.074, respectively). Significant improvements in skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral content were also noticed at the end of the trial (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, medium-chain triglyceride therapy is found to improve biochemical and growth parameters in children with GSD-1 in Jordan.

Optimal temperature and thermal tolerance of postlarvae of the freshwater prawn Cryphiops (Cryphiops) caementarius acclimated to different temperatures.

In this study, the optimum temperature and thermal tolerance of postlarvae of the commercially important freshwater prawn Cryphiops (Cryphiops) caementarius were determined after acclimation to six different rearing temperatures (19 °C, 22 °C, 24 °C, 26 °C, 28 °C, and 30 °C) during a 45 day-culture period. Best growth parameter values were obtained within the temperature range of 24 °C to 28 °C, where the optimum temperature for growth was found to be at 26 °C (weight gain 81.70%; specific growth rate 1.33 %/day) but had not significant effect (p > 0.05) on survival (64%-71%) of postlarvae. Increasing the acclimation temperature significantly (p < 0.05) increased both the critical thermal maximum (CTMax: from 33.82 °C to 38.48 °C) and minimum (CTMin: from 9.27 °C to 14.58 °C). The thermal tolerance interval increased (p < 0.05) from 24.55 °C to 25.48 °C in postlarvae acclimated at 28 °C but decreased (p < 0.05) to 23.90 °C in those acclimated at 30 °C. The acclimation response rate was lower for CTMax and higher for CTMin. The current (12.48 °C) and future (9.48 °C) thermal safety margins were like those reported for other tropical crustaceans. A thermal tolerance polygon over the range of 19-30 °C resulted in a calculated area of 242.25 °C2. The presented results can be used for aquaculture activities and also to help to protect this species against expected climate warming impacts.

Exploring Trachyspermum ammi and Foeniculum vulgare in Hydroponic System and Compare its Chemical Constituents with Soil-Based Method: A Prospective in Agriculture.

BACKGROUND: The forthcoming problems will be of food, and soil due to environmental alteration, growing populations, pollution, and exhaustion of natural resources among other factors. Hydroponic farming has the capacity to alleviate the intimidation of these con-cerned issues in the agricultural system. Hydroponics is recommended as an alternative way to enhance product yield compared to conventional agriculture. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the different growth parameters and constituents of soil-grown and hydroponically grown Trachyspermum ammi and Foeniculum vulgare for the first time, which could be a patentable in future. METHODS: In this study, extraction was carried out by maceration method using methanol as a solvent whereas, growth parameters were performed by the leaves number, plant height, and leaf area. Chlorophyll content was also performed in both sources. Further, a comparison of chemical constituents from different sources was analyzed by GC-MS. RESULTS: The bioactive components in hydroponically grown T. ammi were found more as compared to soil-grown T. ammi. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various compounds in the methanolic extract of plant materials. CONCLUSION: Hence, hydroponics could be an alternative in agriculture and this system is now accepted globally. This method provides diverse perspectives for farmers to harvest high-yield, better quality, and enhanced bioactive compounds.

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and growth parameters.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has long been known that airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can negatively affect pregnancy and birth outcomes, such as birth weight, fetal development, and placental growth factors. However, similar studies yield divergent results. Our goal was to estimate the amount of monohydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) metabolites in the urine of pregnant women/mothers and their newborns in relation to birth outcomes, such as placenta weight, Apgar 5', and the growth parameters of children up to the age of two. METHODS: Two cohorts of children born in 2013 and 2014 during the summer and winter seasons in the Czech Republic in the cities Karviná (N = 144) and Ceské Budejovice (N = 198), which differ significantly in the level of air pollution, were studied. PAH exposure was assessed by the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in the air and the concentration of 11 OH-PAH metabolites in the urine of newborns and mothers. Growth parameters and birth outcomes were obtained from medical questionnaires after birth and from pediatric questionnaires during the following 24 months of the child's life. RESULTS: Concentrations of B[a]P were significantly higher in Karviná (p < 0.001). OH-PAH metabolites were significantly higher in the mothers' as well as in the newborns' urine in Karviná and during the winter season. Neonatal length was shorter in newborns in Karviná (p < 0.001), but this difference evened out during the next 3 to 24 months. Compared to Ceské Budejovice, newborns in Karviná showed significantly lower weight gain between birth and three months after delivery. The OH-PAH metabolites in mothers' or newborns' urine did not affect birth weight. The presence of seven OH-PAH (top 25% of values of concentrations higher than the median) metabolites in the newborns' urine is associated with decreased length of newborn. Nine OH-PAH metabolites decreased placenta weight, which was the most significant, while seven OH-PAH metabolites decreased Apgar 5'. CONCLUSION: We have shown a possible connection between higher concentration of OH-PAH metabolites in newborns' urine and decreased length, head circumference, placenta weight, and Apgar 5', but not birth weight.

The Synergistic Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Compost Tea to Enhance Bacterial Community and Improve Crop Productivity under Saline-Sodic Condition.

Soil salinity has a negative impact on the biochemical properties of soil and on plant growth, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus versiform) and foliar spray from compost tea as alleviating treatments, this study aimed to investigate the effects of alleviating salt stress on the growth and development of maize and wheat grown on a saline-sodic soil during the period of 2022/2023. Six treatments were used in the completely randomized factorial design experiment. The treatments included Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF0, AMF1) and varied concentrations of compost tea (CT0, CT50, and CT100). AMF colonization, the bacterial community and endosphere in the rhizosphere, respiration rate, growth parameters, and the productivity were all evaluated. The application of AMF and CT, either separately or in combination, effectively mitigated the detrimental effects caused by soil salinity. The combination of AMF and CT proved to be highly efficient in improving the infection rate of AMF, the bacterial community in the rhizosphere and endosphere, growth parameters, and grain yield of maize and wheat. Therefore, it can be proposed that the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi with compost tea in saline soils is an important strategy for enhancing salt tolerance in maize and wheat plants through improving microbial activity, the infection rate of AMF, and overall maize and wheat productivity.

Biological and growth parameters of Plotosus lineatus in the Mediterranean Sea.

This study examined the age distribution and growth characteristics of the striped eel catfish (Plotosus lineatus), which is an invasive alien species in the eastern Mediterranean. A total of 1,011 samples were collected from Iskenderun Bay (Turkey), with lengths ranging from 5.1 to 16.8 cm, predominantly comprising females (1:1.92). Age 3 represented the majority in the population (52.03%). The value of the scaling exponent "b" of the length-weight relationship was less than "3" for both sexes (females: 2.28; males: 2.26; combined: 2.27). The results for the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were observed for the combined sexes as, L∞ = 24.9934 cm, k = 0.1718 year-1, and t0 = -1.7707 years. The striped eel catfish populations in Iskenderun Bay exhibited negative allometric growth patterns and were predominantly composed of adult individuals. This study presents the dataset on the length-weight correlations, age-growth characteristics, and von Bertalanffy growth parameters of Plotosus lineatus in the Mediterranean Sea, thereby significantly contributing to comprehending the stock dynamics. It is anticipated that this study will make a significant contribution to the management of P. lineatus stocks, given its invasive nature.

Diet with optimal glutathione supplement improves growth, nonspecific immunity, intestinal microbiota, and antioxidant ability in Micropterus salmoides.

In this study, Micropterus salmoides were fed with dietary glutathione (GSH, 0, 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg) for 56 days to investigate its effects on growth performance, serum nonspecific immunity, liver antioxidant capacity, tissue morphology, and intestinal microbiota. The results showed that the survival rate, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate and condition factor increased, whereas the feed conversion ratio, hepato-somatic index, and viscerosomatic index decreased in the GSH groups. Compared with the control group, the serum total protein content significantly increased, whereas the triglyceride and total cholesterol significantly decreased in the 300-mg/kg dietary GSH group. The activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase were significantly higher in GSH-supplemented groups, peaking at 300-mg/kg GSH. GSH supplementation significantly increased total antioxidant capacity and decreased malondialdehyde content, with the most pronounced effects at 300-mg/kg GSH. Further antioxidant indicators showed that a dietary supplement of 300-mg/kg GSH significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, endogenous glutathione, glutathione reductase, and catalase. At 300-mg/kg GSH, the liver exhibited improved characteristics with alleviated vacuolation and hepatocyte nuclear shift, and intestine showed enhanced structure with increased villus height and intestinal wall thickness. Additionally, a 300-mg/kg GSH supplementation improved the diversity of intestinal microbiota, increased the abundance of probiotics such as Bacillus, and inhibited the development of pathogenic bacteria such as Plesiomonas. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of GSH addition on improving growth performance, nonspecific immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of M. salmoides is best in the 300-mg/kg addition group. Based on second-degree polynomial regression analysis of weight gain, the optimum requirement of dietary GSH in M. salmoides is a 336.84-mg/kg diet.

Influence of Additional White, Red and Far-Red Light on Growth, Secondary Metabolites and Expression of Hormone Signaling Genes in Scots Pine under Sunlight.

The influence of short-term additional white (WL), red (RL) and far-red (FRL) light and combined RL+FRL on the physiological morphological and molecular characteristics of two-year-old Scots pine plants grown in a greenhouse under sunlight was studied. Additional RL and RL+FRL increased the number of xylem cells, transpiration and the expression of a group of genes responsible for the biosynthesis and signaling of auxins (AUX/IAA, ARF3/4, and ARF16) and brassinosteroids (BR-α-RED and BRZ2), while the expression of genes related to the signaling pathway related to jasmonic acid was reduced. Additionally, WL, RL and RL+FRL increased the content of proanthocyanidins and catechins in young needles; however, an increase in the expression of the chalcone synthase gene (CHS) was found under RL, especially under RL+FRL, which possibly indicates a greater influence of light intensity than observed in the spectrum. Additional WL increased photosynthetic activity, presumably by increasing the proportion and intensity of blue light; at the same time, the highest transpiration index was found under RL. The results obtained indicate that the combined effect of additional RL+FRL can accelerate the development of pine plants by increasing the number of xylem cells and increasing the number of aboveground parts but not the photosynthetic activity or the accumulation of secondary metabolites.

Age estimates derived from hard parts of swordfish Xiphias gladius from the north-western Mediterranean Sea.

Accurate age estimates for fish are critical for properly understanding stock dynamics and health; this is particularly true for larger billfishes. Here we determined the most accurate aging estimation methods for swordfish (Xiphias gladius). We compared age estimates obtained from fin-ray sections, otolith sections, whole otoliths, and vertebrae collected from 87 swordfish off the east coast of Corsica. Age estimates from otolith sections were most consistently estimated across different readers (lowest average percentage error), followed by fin-ray sections, third vertebrae, and whole otoliths. When the age estimates from the otolith sections were compared with the other three age sclerochronological methods, we found the average percentage error to be lowest between the otolith section and fin-ray methods. However, age estimates from fin rays proved most useful for estimating swordfish younger than 6 years, as the fin ray-based age diverged from that of the otolith sections as the swordfish aged. Combining fin ray and otolith section techniques, we estimated the growth parameters of 1-12-year-old females (L∞ = 259.412, k = 0.113, t0 = -2.499) and 1-7-year-old males (L∞ = 175.543, k = 0.202, t0 = -2.239). We found that females grew significantly faster than males after 3 years and remained larger thereafter. Our calculated growth rates for this region of the north-western Mediterranean Sea were lower than those of the Atlantic, Pacific, and eastern Mediterranean Sea swordfish populations, and similar to growth rates recorded for the western Mediterranean Sea populations. Our study provides critical knowledge on biological-related parameters to serve as a guide for preserving the swordfish population in the Mediterranean Sea.

Distribution and accumulation of Cadmium in different trophic levels affecting Serangium japonicum, the predatory beetle of whitefly Bemisia tabaci, biologically, physiologically and genetically: An experimental study.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is of great concern in agroecosystems due to its toxicity to plants, herbivores, carnivores, and human beings. The current study evaluated the allocation and bioaccumulation of Cd from soil to cotton plants, cotton plants to herbivore pests, and herbivorous pests to a natural enemy predator. When soil was spiked with 100 mg/kg Cd, results demonstrated that cotton roots accumulated more Cd than the stems and leaves. The bioaccumulation of Cd was less in 4th instar larvae, pupa, and adults of Serangium japonicum than in Bemisia tabaci adults. The bioaccumulation in S. japonicum elongated the immature development period and reduced adult longevity, oviposition days, fertility, and total pre-oviposition duration. The net reproduction of S. japonicum was also reduced, as was female mature weight and feeding potential; as a result, Cd exposure could reduce the future population size compared to uncontaminated populations. There was decreased activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and POD) and energy-conserving lipids (glycogen, triglyceride, and total cholesterol) in Cd-contaminated S. japonicum compared to controls. The detoxifying enzyme activity of GST and P450 increased while AChE activity did not change. The qRT-PCR research showed that SOD1, CAT, POD, glycogen, and triglyceride gene expression was higher than in controls, whereas detoxification gene expression did not change. Our results indicate that Cd exposure has a physiological trade-off between its adverse effects on life history traits and elevated detoxification and antioxidation of S. japonicum, which could result from gene expression alteration. Further studies are needed to assess whether Cd exposure causes irreversible DNA damage in S. japonicum.