Encapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with casein-gellan gum emulsions to enhance its storage, pasteurization, and gastrointestinal survival.

Probiotics serve a very important role in human health. However, probiotics have poor stability during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal digestion. The gellan gum (GG) is less susceptible to enzymatic degradation and resistant to thermal and acidic environments. This study investigated the effect of casein (CS)-GG emulsions to encapsulate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 6002 (L. plantarum CICC 6002) on its storage stability, thermal stability, and gastrointestinal digestion. L. plantarum CICC 6002 was suspended in palm oil and emulsions were prepared using CS or CS-GG complexes. We found the CS-GG emulsions improved the viability of L. plantarum CICC 6002 after storage, pasteurization, and digestion compared to the CS emulsions. In addition, we investigated the influence of the gellan gum concentration on emulsion stability, and the optimal stability was observed in the emulsion prepared by CS-0.8% GG complex. This study provided a new strategy for the protection of probiotics based on CS-GG delivery system.

Oxidized ionic polysaccharide hydrogels: Review on derived scaffolds characteristics and tissue engineering applications.

Polysaccharide-based hydrogels have gained prominence due to their non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and structural adaptability for constructing tissue engineering scaffolds. Polysaccharide crosslinking is necessary for hydrogel stability in vivo. The periodate oxidation enables the modification of native polysaccharide characteristics for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. It produces dialdehydes, which are used to crosslink biocompatible amine-containing macromolecules such as chitosan, gelatin, adipic acid dihydrazide, silk fibroin, and peptides via imine/hydrazone linkages. Crosslinked oxidized ionic polysaccharide hydrogels have been studied for wound healing, cardiac and liver tissue engineering, bone, cartilage, corneal tissue regeneration, abdominal wall repair, nucleus pulposus regeneration, and osteoarthritis. Several modified hydrogel systems have been synthesized using antibiotics and inorganic substances to improve porosity, mechanical and viscoelastic properties, desired swelling propensity, and antibacterial efficacy. Thus, the injectable hydrogels provide a host-tissue-mimetic environment with high cell adhesion and viability, making them appropriate for scarless wound healing and tissue engineering applications. This review describes the oxidation procedure for alginate, hyaluronic acid, gellan gum, pectin, xanthan gum and chitosan, as well as the characteristics of the resulting materials. Furthermore, a critical review of scientific advances in wound healing and tissue engineering applications has been provided.

Tragacanth gum hydrogels with cellulose nanocrystals: A study on optimizing properties and printability.

This study investigates a novel all-polysaccharide hydrogel composed of tragacanth gum (TG) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), eliminating the need for toxic crosslinkers. Designed for potential tissue engineering applications, these hydrogels were fabricated using 3D printing and freeze-drying techniques to create scaffolds with interconnected macropores, facilitating nutrient transport. SEM images revealed that the hydrogels contained macropores with a diameter of 100-115 µm. Notably, increasing the CNC content within the TG matrix (30-50 %) resulted in a decrease in porosity from 83 % to 76 %, attributed to enhanced polymer-nanocrystal interactions that produced denser networks. Despite the reduced porosity, the hydrogels demonstrated high swelling ratios (890-1090 %), due to the high water binding capacity of the hydrogel. Mechanical testing showed that higher CNC concentrations significantly improved compressive strength (27.7-49.5 kPa) and toughness (362-707 kJ/m3), highlighting the enhanced mechanical properties of the hydrogels. Thermal analysis confirmed stability up to 400 °C and verified ionic crosslinking with CaCl2. Additionally, hemolysis tests indicated minimal hemolytic activity, affirming the biocompatibility of the TG/CNC hydrogels. These findings highlight the potential of these hydrogels as advanced materials for 3D-printed scaffolds and injectable hydrogels, offering customizable porosity, superior mechanical strength, thermal stability, and biocompatibility.

3D Printing Process Research and Performance Tests on Sodium Alginate-Xanthan Gum-Hydroxyapatite Hybridcartilage Regenerative Scaffolds.

Cartilage injury is a common occurrence in the modern world. Compared with traditional treatment methods, bio-3D printing technology features better utility in the field of cartilage repair and regeneration, but still faces great challenges. For example, there is currently no means to generate blood vessels inside the scaffolds, and there remains the question of how to improve the biocompatibility of the generated scaffolds, all of which limit the application of bio-3D printing technology in this area. The main objective of this article was to prepare sodium alginate-xanthan gum-hydroxyapatite (SA-XG-HA) porous cartilage scaffolds that can naturally degrade in the human body and be used to promote cartilage damage repair by 3D printing technology. First, the viscosities of SA and XG were analyzed, and their optimal ratio was determined. Second, a mathematical model of the hybrid slurry was established based on the power-law fluid model, in which the printing pressure, needle movement speed, and fiber spacing were established as important parameters affecting the printing performance of the composite. Third, by performing a finite element simulation of the printing process and combining it with the actual printing process, suitable printing parameters were determined (air pressure of 1 bar, moving speed of 9 mm/s, line spacing of 1.6 mm, and adjacent layers of 0-90°). Fourth, composite scaffolds were prepared and tested for their compressive properties, degradation properties, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. The results showed that the novel composite scaffolds prepared in this study possessed good mechanical and biological properties. Young's modulus of the composite scaffolds reached 130 KPa and was able to maintain a low degradation rate in simulated body fluid solution for >1 month. The activity of the C5.18 chondrocytes in the scaffold leach solution exceeded 120%. The cells were also able to proliferate densely on the scaffold surface.

Recent opportunities and application of gellan gum based drug delivery system for intranasal route.

OBJECTIVES: In the recent years, in-situ hydrogel based on gellan gum has been investigated for delivery of various drug molecules particularly to treat neurological disorders via intranasal route. The major objective of the present manuscript is to review the recent research studies exploring gellan gum as ionic triggered in-situ gel for intranasal administration to enhance absorption of drugs and to increase their therapeutic efficacy. METHODS: This review include literature from 1982 to 2023 and were collected from various scientific electronic databases like Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar to review source, chemistry, ionotropic gelation mechanism, and recent research studies for gellan gum based in-situ hydrogel for intransasl administration.Keywords such as gellan gum, in-situ hydrogel, intranasal administration and brain targeting were used to search literature. The present review included the research studies which explored gellan gum based in-situ gel for intranasal drug delivery. RESULTS: The findings have shown enhanced biavailability of various drugs upon intranasal administration using gellan-gum based in-situ hydrogel.Moreover, the review indicated that intranasal administration of in-situ hydrogel facilitate to overcome blood brain barrier effectively. Hence, significantly higher drug concentration was found to be achieved in brain tissues upon intranasal administration than that of other routes like oral and intravenous. CONCLUSION: The present work conducted a comprehensive review for gellan gum based in-situ hydrogel particularly for intransal administration to overcome BBB. The study concluded that gellan gum based in-situ hydrogel could be potential promising delivery system for intranasal administration to improve bioavailability and efficacy of drugs specifically to treat neurological disorders.

Evaluation of polymer combinations in vaginal mucoadhesive tablets for the extended release of acyclovir.

Genital herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), affects nearly 500 million people, mostly women. Since the main route of transmission is sexual contact, the development of an acyclovir extended-release vaginal microbicide would be a suitable tool for the prevention of virus transmission. In this work, we evaluated the potential of three polymers with different characteristics (chitosan, xanthan gum and ethyl cellulose) for obtaining acyclovir extended-release vaginal tablets. By combining the polymers, certain useful synergies were observed to modify their mucoadhesive capacity and control drug release. In the swelling studies, it observed that a polyelectrolyte complex with more moderate swelling and sustained gelation was formed between chitosan and xanthan gum exclusively in acidic medium (simulated vaginal fluid). This complex allowed prolonging the mucoadhesion of the tablets in ex vivo studies performed with vaginal mucosa, which would translate into better retention in the vagina after administration. In addition, the combination of chitosan and xanthan gum allowed obtaining a controlled release of acyclovir for 5 days, regardless of the pH of the medium, which would guarantee that drug release continues even in the presence of seminal fluid.

Host-guest strategy improves rheological properties, conformational stability and oil displacement efficiency of xanthan gum.

The low cost and environmental advantages of Xanthan gum make its production and application scale exceed that of other polysaccharides. However, the temperature resistance of Xanthan gum limits its application. In this study, polysaccharide supramolecular Xanthan gum network (XG-ß-CD/AD) based on ß-cyclodextrin and adamantane was prepared for enhanced oil recovery. The structure of Xanthan gum was characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The rheological properties of the modified polysaccharide network in aqueous solution were systematically studied. The results showed that physical cross-linking of host-guest interacion enhanced the thickening ability of the polymer. Shear rheology, extensional rheology and dynamic modulus test proved that XG-ß-CD/AD had excellent rheological properties. The micromorphology, dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism clarified the molecular conformation, the host-guest interaction can improve conformational transition temperature (Tm) and inorganic salt tolerance of Xanthan gum. Under harsh environment (90 °C, 30000 mg/L brine), the oil recovery of XG-ß-CD/AD is 6 %-11 % higher than that of XG at the same conditions, showing a better ability to improve the recovery rate. This study provides a research idea for the selection, development and application of biomacromolecular materials.

Gelation of gellan induced by trivalent cations and coexisting trivalent with monovalent cations studied by rheological and DSC measurements.

The effect of trivalent cation Fe3+ on the gelation process of a sodium salt form of gellan (DG, deacylated gellan gum) was investigated by rheology and DSC studies. On addition of a fairly low concentration of Fe3+ (1 mM), both the complex modulus (G*) of a 1.0 % DG solution in gel state and the sol-gel transition temperature (Tgel) slightly decreased. At higher Fe3+ concentrations (2 and 3 mM), however, a slight increase in the G* and Tgel was observed. In the coexisting monovalent cation (K+) solutions, addition of Fe3+ always improved the G* in gel state and the Tgel in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, for all Fe3+ DG solutions, the ordered structure formation temperature (Torder) was always lower than Tgel and increased with increasing Fe3+ concentration. This finding indicates that the network formation in the DG solutions should occur in advance of the ordered structure formation of the DG chains and that the presence of Fe3+ unfavorably affected the conformational transition of DG. In coexisting cation solution, the presence of K+ ion made a favorable contribution to the binding of Fe3+ to the disordered DG chains and to the subsequent ordered structure formation of the DG chains.

Investigation of physicochemical and antibacterial properties of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) microencapsulated essential oil using fluidized bed method.

The present study delves into the encapsulation of dill essential oil utilizing the fluidized bed coating methodology. The investigation focused on the impact of essential oil concentration and the application of maltodextrin and arabic gum as the primary and secondary coating agents. The dominant compounds in the dill essential oil were identified as limonene (32.32%), carvone (35.43%), and cis-dihydrocarvone (5.43%). The antimicrobial potency of the dill essential oil was evaluated, demonstrating notable inhibition against Streptococcus mutans with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 5.4 mm to 16 mm for concentrations between 250 µg/mL and 2000 µg/mL. For Streptococcus sobrinus, the inhibition zones measured from 6.6 mm to 18 mm across the same concentration gradient. An increase in maltodextrin concentration was associated with a decrease in moisture content, bulk density, and tapped density, while it improved microencapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. In contrast, a higher concentration of arabic gum increased moisture content, loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency, but reduced bulk density and tapped density. Elevating the essential oil concentration increased all physicochemical properties of the microcapsules, except for tapped density. The optimal conditions for microencapsulation involve using a 2000 ppm concentration of dill essential oil with 75% maltodextrin and 0.1% arabic gum as carrier agents. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the microcapsule particles were nearly spherical with a smooth, intact surface. The release rate of phenolic compounds in a simulated saliva environment reached its maximum at 98.32% after 20 min, showcasing an efficient release profile.

Synergistic effects of xanthan gum and ß-cyclodextrin on properties and stability of vegetable oil-based whipped cream.

The synergistic effects between xanthan gum (XG) and ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) on the properties and stability of vegetable oil-based whipped cream stabilized by kidney bean protein aggregates was investigated. The visual appearance, SEM, TEM, CLSM, FT-IR and LF-NMR results showed that when the ratio of XG to ß-CD in the XG-ß-CD complex was appropriate, the hydrogen bonding effect between ß-CD and XG was significant enhanced, the three-dimensional network structure has the highest density, the emulsion droplets were the smallest and evenly distributed. The unique tapered microstructure of ß-CD acted as a bridge between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, effectively preventing the aggregation of oil droplets and establishing a flexible support system between oil droplets; while the flexible molecular structure of XG could support Pickering emulsion system. The XG-ß-CD complex had a synergistic effect with protein aggregates, making it ideal for use in whipped cream products. This study explored the stability mechanism of ß-CD in the Pickering emulsion-based whipped cream system, providing valuable insights into producing whole plant-based whipped cream by texturizing highly unsaturated oils. This effectively solves the problem of inadequate intake of unsaturated oil for individuals who consume excessive amounts of animal-derived fats.

Effect of maltodextrin and Persian gum as wall materials and tannic acid as copigment on some properties of encapsulated sour cherry anthocyanin microcapsules.

Due to the instability of anthocyanins, their application as natural colorants is limited. To improve their stability, anthocyanins extracted from sour cherry were copigmented with tannic acid at varying molar ratios. The optimal anthocyanin:copigment molar ratio was determined to be 1:0.25. Subsequently, both non-copigmented and copigmented anthocyanins (using the optimal tannic acid molarity) were spray-dried with either maltodextrin alone (T1 and T2) or a combination of maltodextrin and Persian gum (T3 and T4). The anthocyanin retention in T2 and T4 was approximately 53 % and 38 %, respectively, which were higher than in the non-copigmented samples. All powders demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (>90.37 %). Stability tests on the anthocyanins conducted over 28 days indicated that light exposure had no effect on the reduction of anthocyanin content when maltodextrin was used. Thus, the copigmentation of anthocyanins with tannic acid, combined with encapsulation in maltodextrin, presents a promising method for producing a stable natural colorant.

Modified guanidine gel fracturing fluid system and performance optimization for ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature oil and gas reservoirs.

The development of deep high-temperature oil and gas reservoirs gives rise to a rise in reservoir temperature along with the depth of the oil reservoir, thereby imposing higher requirements on the heat resistance of fracturing fluid. Guar gum fracturing fluid has difficulty tolerating temperatures exceeding 160 °C, thereby demanding the development of corresponding cross-linking agents, temperature stabilizers, and other additives to enhance the thermal stability of the fracturing system. Considering the distinctive characteristics of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, such as extreme burial depth (exceeding 6000 m), ultra-high temperature (higher than 160 °C), and high fracturing pressure, an experimental modification of a guar gum fracturing fluid system was carried out, specifically tailored for ultra-high temperatures. The experiment identified and selected individual agents for ultra-high temperature fracturing fluids, including crosslinking agents, thermal stabilizers, flowback aids, and clay inhibitors. Through rigorous experimentation, these key agents for an ultra-high temperature fracturing fluid system have been successfully developed, including the optimal thickener GBA1-2, crosslinking agent BA1-1, anti-swelling agent FB-1, and gel breaker TS-1. The evaluation of diverse additive dosages has facilitated the development of an optimal guar fracturing fluid system, which exhibits outstanding high-temperature resistance while minimizing damage and friction. The outcomes of our experiments indicate that even after subjecting our ultra-high temperature fracturing fluid to 2 h of shearing at 170 s-1 at 180 °C, its viscosity remained above 200 mPa s-a distinct proof of its superior performance in withstanding high temperatures. This achievement represents a substantial progress in providing a suitable fracturing fluid system for the transformation and stimulation of ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature reservoirs, and also lays a solid foundation for further exploration and application in related fields in the future.

New insight into synergistic interaction between the backbone or side chain of xanthan gum and the backbone of Gleditsia sinensis polysaccharide.

In this study, the synergistic effect and weak gel mechanism of XG and Gleditsia sinensis polysaccharide (GSP) in different ratios were studied through the rheological properties, microstructure and molecular simulation based on density functional theory (DFT). The results of rheological properties showed that the mixtures formed a weak gel at the concentration of 0.5 % (w/v), with the synergistic impact peaking at a XG/GSP ratio of 3:7. Weak gels produced by XG and GSP had the intersection of G' and G" within the temperature sweep range, and the largest change in the G' slope at a XG/GSP ratio of 3:7. By calculating the interaction energy, it was found that the backbone of XG was more likely to interact with the backbone of GSP. Furthermore, the XG mainchain intersected with the backbone of GSP in a cross shape ("X" shape). As a result, this paper proposed a possible mechanism for the formation of the XG/GSP weak gel, with XG as the main chain and GSP as the grid point, and the main interaction type being hydrogen bonding, with the van der Waals force also involved. The results provide new insight for designing and producing physical gels with specific interactions in food industry.

Comparison of the effect of chewing gum with routine method on ileus after burns: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Chewing gum is a healthy, cheap, and familiar solution for patients with premature irritation of the stomach and intestines. This study compared the effect of chewing gum and the routine method on ileus after burns. METHODS: This study is a randomized clinical trial conducted in Valiasr Hospital in Arak, Markazi Province, in the center of Iran, from December 2021 to February 2023. After the diagnosis of intestinal ileus in 83 patients hospitalized in the burn department by a general surgeon, with the available sampling method, these patients were evaluated based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. As a result, 66 patients were selected and divided into groups A (33 patients in the intervention group: routine care + gum chewing) and B (33 patients in the control group: routine care) by random allocation method. For the intervention group, from entering the ward until the beginning of oral feeding, gum (without sugar) was chewed four times a day for 15 min, while control groups received the routine diet of the department. Both groups' condition of the bowel sounds, time of passing gas, and stool were recorded. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 16. The chi-squared, Fisher's exact, Independent t-test, and Mann-Whitney U tests were utilized. RESULTS: The results showed that the median bowel sound return time, time of the first gas discharge, earliest defecation time, and time to start the diet were significantly shorter in the intervention group than in the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed the effect of chewing gum without sugar in shortening the symptoms of intestinal ileus after burns. However, it was not effective in reducing the hospitalization period of patients. According to these results, it is recommended to add chewing gum to the routine care of people hospitalized due to burns. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20180715040478N1, 2021-07-27.

Effects of fermentation conditions on molecular weight, production, and physicochemical properties of gellan gum.

Gellan gum has been widely used in many industries due to its excellent physical properties. In this study, the effects of different fermentation conditions on molecular weight and production of gellan gum were analyzed, and the optimized fermentation conditions for a high molecular weight gellan gum (H-GG: 6.42 × 105 Da) were obtained, which increased the molecular weight and yield of gellan gum by 201.4 % and 44.9 % respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that H-GG has similar characteristic absorption and semi-crystalline structures with the initial gellan gum (I-GG), and it was composed of glucose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid showing no obvious changes in the molecular structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation revealed that the filaments of H-GG were slender, longer, and looser with larger pores. Importantly, gel properties analysis showed that the gel strength, viscoelasticity, and water-holding capacity of H-GG were better than those of I-GG, and the rheological results revealed that the H-GG is a pseudoplastic fluid with higher apparent viscosity and stable viscoelasticity at 20-70 °C. Therefore, the molecular weight and yield of gellan gum are significantly affected by fermentation conditions, and the obtained H-GG demonstrates improved gel and rheological properties.

Partially hydrolyzed guar gum suppresses binge alcohol-induced liver fat accumulation via gut environment modulation in mice.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), including alcoholic fatty liver, is a serious problem in many countries, and its economic costs to society are enormous. There is evidence indicating the relations between gut environments and liver disease, and thus, improvement of gut environment is expected to be an effective approach for ALD prevention. In this study, we explored the preventive effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on ALD focusing on the gut-liver axis. Two weeks of PHGG pre-feeding suppressed the liver fat accumulation in the experimental binge alcohol model mouse. In cecal microbiome, PHGG pre-feeding increased beneficial Bifidobacterium with its metabolite acetate concentration and suppressed the alcohol-induced increase in the potential pathobiont Streptococcus. PHGG pre-feeding increased colonic gene expression of angiogenin genes, which act as antimicrobial peptides and decreased expression of genes for mast cell protease, which suggests a potential involvement in leaky gut. Correlation network analysis based on evaluated parameters revealed four relations worth noticing. (i) The abundance of Bifidobacterium positively correlated with cecal acetate. (ii) Cecal acetate negatively correlated with Streptococcus via colonic angiogenin expression. (iii) Streptococcus positively correlated with liver fat area. (iv) Cecal acetate had direct negative correlation with liver fat area. Considering these relations comprehensively, acetate produced by Bifidobacterium may be a key mediator in ALD prevention; it inhibited growth of potential pathobiont Streptococcus and also directly regulated liver lipid metabolism reaching through portal vein. This study demonstrated that regularly intake of PHGG may be effective in reducing the risk of alcoholic fatty liver via gut-liver axis.

Dual-layer probiotic encapsulation using metal phenolic network with gellan gum-tamarind gum coating for colitis treatment.

Probiotic oral therapy has been recognised as an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the efficacy of probiotics is often diminished due to their limited resistance to harsh gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, the importance of designing innovative strategies for oral probiotic delivery for the effective treatment of IBD is increasingly recognised. In this study, we present a novel encapsulation strategy of Lactobacillus plantarum (L.P) using the dual-layer system consisting of a tannic acid­calcium network and polysaccharide coating (gellan gum-tamarind gum) named L.P-C/T-G/T. This double-layer encapsulation system not only does not affect the normal proliferation of probiotics and provide protection, but also endows probiotics with more functions. More specifically, the acid resistance ability of the encapsulated probiotics is increased by 10 times, the free radical scavenging rate is enhanced by 5 times, and the intestinal retention time can be prolonged by 6-12 h. In the DSS-induced murine colitis model, it significantly alleviated colon shortening, inhibited ROS overexpression, and promoted the repair and regeneration of the mucus layer. This dual-layer encapsulation approach for a single probiotic demonstrates a significant advancement in probiotic delivery technology, offering hope for a comprehensive approach to the treatment of colitis and potentially other gastrointestinal disorders.

Effect of Different Ratios of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Gum Odina for the Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable Composite Films.

This research investigates the production of biodegradable films using a combination of gum odina (GO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with varied ratio. The study focuses on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of PVA-GO composite films, emphasizing how versatile and biodegradable they may be for a range of packaging applications. Solvent-cast PVA-GO films with different ratios are subjected to a methodical analytical process to determine several parameters like mechanical qualities, thermal stability, biodegradability in soil, contact angle, transparency, water vapor permeability, moisture content, thickness, density, water solubility, microstructure, and FTIR analysis. The outcomes demonstrate that GO improves UV barrier qualities and water vapor permeability. Additionally, the films showed notable biodegradability, acceptable thermal stability, and mechanical qualities. In short, PVA-GO films can provide an eco-friendly packing substitute with adaptable qualities fit for a range of uses. Therefore, this research may further contribute promising information in the field of biodegradable packaging materials in the future.

Fed-batch fermentation strategy for efficient welan gum production by Sphingomonas sp. FM01.

BACKGROUND: As a novel type of extracellular polysaccharide produced by Sphingomonas sp., welan gum has been widely applied in various fields because of its excellent properties. The study has improved the fermentation process. RESULTS: The initial sucrose concentration, temperature and stirring speed were set to 20 g L-1, 33 °C and 400 rpm, respectively, and 13.3 g L-1 sucrose was added at 24, 40 and 56 h. The temperature and stirring speed were then set at 28 °C and 600 rpm from 24 to 48 h and 28 °C and 600 rpm from 48 to 72 h, respectively. As a result, welan gum production, dry cell weight, sucrose conversion rate and viscosity were correspondingly increased to 38.60 g L-1, 5.47 g L-1, 0.64 g g-1 and 3779 mPa·s, respectively. In addition, the mechanism by which fermentation strategy promotes welan gum synthesis was investigated by transcriptome analysis. CONCLUSION: Improving respiration and ATP supply, reducing unnecessary protein synthesis, and alleviating competition between cell growth and welan gum synthesis contribute to promoting the fermentation performance of Sphingomonas sp., thus providing a practical strategy for efficient welan gum production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development and investigation of a polysaccharide ternary nanocomposite based on basil seed gum/graphene oxide/anthocyanin for intelligent food packaging.

A new pH-sensitive intelligent packaging system was developed composed of extracted and purified basil seed gum (BG) containing aqueous malva sylvestris extract (MS) and varying amounts of synthesized graphene oxide (GO). In the following, the characteristics of prepared films including spectroscopic, physio-mechanical, thermogravimetry, fracture-surface morphology, anthocyanin release, and pH and TVB-N sensitivity, were investigated. Our results revealed that the addition of 0.5 wt % MS into the BG matrix induced pH sensitivity to the film and resulted in a visible color change from pH 2.0 to 14.0; however, it reduced the thermal and physio-mechanical properties. In this regard, the effective presence of the optimum concentration of GO (0.25 wt%) in enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of the BG-MS films was shown. Moreover, inspecting the release kinetics demonstrated a controllable release for BG-MS-GO film compared to the BG-MS film in 48 h. Furthermore, the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content and pH value were shown to be highly correlated with the color changes of the freshness indicator film during the storage of salmon fillets at 25 °C for 36 h. Therefore, it was shown that BG-MS-GO film can be used as a highly effective freshness/spoilage indicator of proteinic products.