An eternal hunt for glaucoma.

In the first issue of Graefe's Archive from 1854, Albrecht von Graefe wrote about glaucoma. Glaucoma comes from the Greek word "glaukos," gleaming, which was first used by Homer around 800 BCE. Since then, glaukos and glaucoma have taken on many different meanings. The terms blindness, cataract and glaucoma were used interchangeably and twisted together in incomprehensible contexts. Over 2500 years of glaucoma theories were upset by the discovery of the ophthalmoscope in 1851. The first reports of increased intraocular pressure appeared in the mid-seventeenth century, but it took over 200 years for this elevated pressure to be accepted by the ophthalmological community. The discovery of glaucoma simplex in 1861 was an important step forward. What did doctors know about glaucoma before 1850 and why did it take so long to classify glaucoma in its various categories? And why is it that we still do not know what the cause is for primary open angle glaucoma? I will try to answer some of these questions after a historical overview.

[Sir William Osler: facets of personality].

William Osler is one of the most honored and influential physicians in the English medicine late 19th early 20th century, who has made a great contribution on development of medical science and it's teaching. The scope of his multifaceted personality goes far beyond the characteristics of an outstanding doctor and scientist. The historical essay presents various aspects of the Osler's personality, highlighting his uniqueness as a doctor, teacher and philosopher.

From chemistry to genomics: A concise history of the porphyrias.

We describe developments in understanding of the porphyrias associated with each step in the haem biosynthesis pathway and the role of individuals whose contributions led to major advances over the past 150 years. The first case of erythropoietic porphyria was reported in 1870, and the first with acute porphyria in 1889. Photosensitisation by porphyrin was confirmed by Meyer-Betz, who self-injected haematoporphyrin. Günther classified porphyrias into haematoporphyria acuta, acuta toxica, congenita and chronica. This was revised by Waldenström into porphyria congenita, acuta and cutanea tarda, with the latter describing those with late-onset skin lesions. Waldenström was the first to recognise porphobilinogen's association with acute porphyria, although its structure was not solved until 1953. Hans Fischer was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930 for solving the structure of porphyrins and the synthesis of haemin. After 1945, research by several groups elucidated the pathway of haem biosynthesis and its negative feedback regulation by haem. By 1961, following the work of Watson, Schmid, Rimington, Goldberg, Dean, Magnus and others, aided by the availability of modern techniques of porphyrin separation, six of the porphyrias were identified and classified as erythropoietic or hepatic. The seventh, 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase deficiency porphyria, was described by Doss in 1979. The discovery of increased hepatic 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity in acute porphyria led to development of haematin as a treatment for acute attacks. By 2000, all the haem biosynthesis genes were cloned, sequenced and assigned to chromosomes and disease-specific mutations identified in all inherited porphyrias. These advances have allowed definitive family studies and development of new treatments.

The History of Controlling and Treating Infectious Diseases in Ancient China.

Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind. In the course of historical development, they persistently threaten human health and safety. Even today, despite the developments in medical science, we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases. Whether in ancient or modern times, the source of infection, route of transmission, and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases. All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases. China is one of the cradles of world civilization. The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases. In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease, it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease. The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights, especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.

Historical Perspectives: Malignancy in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.

While both Crohn' disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are known to predispose patients to certain intestinal malignancies, the exact mechanism of carcinogenesis remains unknown and optimal screening guidelines have not been established. This article will explore the history of our understanding of intestinal malignancy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To contextualize the medical community's difficulty in linking each condition to cancer, the first section will review the discovery of CD and UC. Next, we discuss early attempts to define IBD's relationship with small bowel adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer. The article concludes with a review of each disease's surgical history and the ways in which certain procedures produced poor oncologic outcomes.

The Laryngologist Who Saved the Brooklyn Bridge.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of a single laryngologist, Andrew Heermance Smith, in elucidating the mechanisms of Caisson Disease and controlling it effects on bridge workers. DATA SOURCES: Scientific and lay publications, letters and records of the Roebling family, obituaries and internet sources. REVIEW METHODS: Historical review. RESULTS: AH Smith combined physiological observations and experiments in the Brooklyn Bridge caissons with a review of the existing engineering and medical literature to describe the Caisson Disease and to devise strategies to ameliorate its effects. CONCLUSION: Despite an incorrect conclusion about the pathophysiology of decompression sickness, Smith's stringent standards and timely interventions allow completion of the masonry towers of the Brooklyn Bridge. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 2024.

[Rheumatoid factor: study history and concept evolution].

Rheumatoid factor became the first laboratory marker of rheumatoid arthritis and one of the first serological markers used to recognize the major autoimmune diseases. Details of the discovery with special regard to contribution of E. Waaler and H. Rose are presented in this historical review. Same assays used to exam the rheumatoid factor, its frequency and modern view on diagnostic significance in different diseases are described in this article.

Learning during sleep in humans - A historical review.

Sleep helps to consolidate previously acquired memories. Whether new information such as languages and other useful skills can also be learned during sleep has been debated for over a century, however, the sporadic studies' different objectives and varied methodologies make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the history of sleep learning research conducted in humans, from its empirical beginnings in the 1940s to the present day. Synthesizing the findings from 51 research papers, we show that several studies support the notion that simpler forms of learning, such as habituation and conditioning, are possible during sleep. In contrast, the findings for more complex, applied learning (e.g., learning a new language during sleep) are more divergent. While there is often an indication of processing and learning during sleep when looking at neural markers, behavioral evidence for the transfer of new knowledge to wake remains inconclusive. We close by critically examining the limitations and assumptions that have contributed to the discrepancies in the literature and highlight promising new directions in the field.

Revisiting the History of Odontoma, with Special Reference to Its Original Illustration.

BACKGROUND: Practically every facet of the most common odontogenic tumor, odontoma, has been covered by an extensive volume of literature. However, uncertainty about its precise history has persisted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The historical evolution of odontoma was traced with reference to the original illustrations that accompanied European and American reports published at the beginning of the 19th century and also at the turn of the century. RESULTS: The prevailing views regarding the first description of odontoma by Oudet of Paris in 1809 and the original designation "odontome" by Broca of Paris in 1867 are not entirely accurate. Before Broca's suggested term, "exostose dentaire" (dental exostosis) and "tumeur dentaire" (dental tumor) proposed by Oudet and Forget of Paris, respectively, were popular terms adopted in France, while in Briatin the terms "warty tooth" and "supernumerary teeth" proposed by Salter and Tomes of London, respectively, were widely coined. The original illustrations of complex odontoma were published by Wedl of Vienna in 1851, and in 1862 Tomes published the first drawing of compound odontoma denticles. Before the advent of diagnostic radiography in the early 1900s, spontaneous exposure or eruption of odontoma followed by secondary infection was very common. In 1887-1888, Bland Sutton of London criticized Broca's monumental research and formulated the first modern classification which, in essence, remains valid today. At that time, large osteomas of the maxilla were inappropriately classified as odontomas by many pathologists because of Bland Sutton's influential view. Interestingly, the first radiographic evidence of odontoma was published by the American oral surgeon Gilmer in 1899. CONCLUSION: In view of their fundamental achievements, the names of Wedl, Salter, Broca and Bland Sutton have been closely associated with the true history of odontoma.

El químico farmacéutico Juan José Olivero, referente de la ciencia y la industria farmacéutica uruguaya / The pharmaceutical chemist Juan José Olivero, reference of uruguayan science and the pharmaceutical industry

El químico farmacéutico (doctor) Juan José Olivero Muñoz (Buenos Aires, 1921-Montevideo, 1993) fue uno de los destacados profesionales de la docencia e industria farmacéutica uruguaya. Ejerció como técnico en los laboratorios Athena; EMAR (Eduardo Márques Castro S. A.) y Dispert. Especialista en antibióticos, desarrolló asimismo distintos productos. Estudió la cloromicetina, publicando en Anales de la Asociación de Química y Farmacia del Uruguay y Chemical Abstracts. Fue autor de trabajos sobre hidrotropización en tecnología farmacéutica; valoración química del elixir de clorhidrato de difenhidramina y solvotropización de hormonas esteroides. Escribió varios capítulos de la enciclopedia Farmacotecnia teórica y práctica, texto de referencia. Presidió la Asociación de Química y Farmacia del Uruguay y fue docente de la Facultad de Química en varias asignaturas, principalmente Farmacotecnia, siendo catedrático y consejero de dicha facultad. Desde 1966 y hasta su fallecimiento, fue académico de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia (España), honor al que pocos químicos accedieron por nuestro país. Fue reconocido luego de su fallecimiento, como uno de los prohombres de la profesión en Uruguay.(AU)

Pharmaceutical chemist (doctor) Juan José Olivero Muñoz (Buenos Aires, 1921-Montevideo, 1993) was one of the outstanding professionals in the uruguayan pharmaceutical teaching and industry. He worked as a technician in the laboratories Athena; EMAR (Eduardo Márques Castro S. A.) and Dispert. A specialist in antibiotics, he also developed different products. He studied chloromycetin, publishing in Annals of the Uruguayan Chemistry anf Pharmacy Association and Chemical Abstracts. He was author of papers on hydrotropization in pharmaceutical technology; chemical titration of diphenhydramine hydrochloride elixir and solvotropization of steroid hormones. He wrote several chapters of the encyclopedia Theoretical and practical Pharmacotechnics, a reference text. He was president of the Uruguayan Chemistry and Pharmacy Association and was a professor and advisor of the Faculty of Chemistry in several subjects, mainly Pharmacotechnics. From 1966 until his death, he was a member of the Royal National Academy of Pharmacy (Spain), an honor to which few chemists had access in our country. After his death, he was recognized as one of the leading figures of the profession in Uruguay.(AU)

Recorrido histórico por la farmacopea de los estados unidos mexicanos. Un orgullo de la profesión farmacéutica mexicana / Historical review through the mexican united states pharmacopeia. A pride for the mexican pharmaceutical profession

Con su actual estructura la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (FEUM), ha elaborado 35 publicaciones, comenzando por las publicaciones rectoras que son la 5ª. edición en 1988, la 6ª. en 1994, la 7ª en el 2000, la 8ª en el 2004, en el 2008 la 9ª, en el 2011 la 10ª, la 11ª en 2014 y la 12ª en 2018, en 2022 se lanzó la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos 13ª edición y el suplemento 13.1. en 2023. La Farmacopea Mexicana es una de las más completas del mundo, integrada por la publicación rectora que se dedica a los medicamentos alopáticos, biológicos y biotecnológicos, una publicación especializada en productos naturales, la “Farmacopea Herbolaria” que en 2021 generó la versión 3.0, la “Farmacopea Homeopática”, que en 2023 generó la versión 4.0 y el “Suplemento para Establecimientos dedicados a la venta y suministro de Medicamentos y demás Insumos para la Salud”. Su 1ª edición es de 1998 y explica las actividades del Profesional Farmacéutico en estos Establecimientos. En 2018 se publicó la 6ª edición. Una última publicación, relevante y única en el mundo, es el “Suplemento para Dispositivos Médicos”. Un Suplemento especializado que cuenta ya con alrededor de las mil quinientas páginas y que en 2023, se publicó la versión 5.0. Complementa a las publicaciones, la generación de alrededor de 100 sustancias de referencia que se utilizan para la verificación del cumplimiento de las monografías Farmacopeicas. En este artículo se presenta el recorrido histórico, de la época prehispánica, posterior a la conquista, posterior a la independencia y de la época actual, así como las modificaciones legales que han permitido alcanzar estos objetivos , bajo el trabajo y supervisión de los profesionales farmacéuticos mexicanos. (AU)

With its current structure, the Pharmacopeia of the United Mexican States (FEUM) has produced 35 publications, beginning with the leading publications, which are the 5th. Edition in 1988, the 6th. In 1994, the 7th in 2000, the 8th in 2004, the 9th in 2008, the 10th in 2011, the 11th in 2014, the 12th in 2018 and in 2022 the 13th edition and in 2023 was launched the supplement 13.1. The Mexican Pharmacopeia is one of the most complete in the world, made up the main publication dedicated to allopathic, biological and biotechnological medicines, additionally an publication specialized in natural products, the “Herbal Pharmacopeia” that in 2021 published the 3th Edition, the “Homeopathic Pharmacopeia”, which in 2023 published the 4th Edition, and the “Supplement for Establishments dedicated to the sale and supply of Medicines and other Health Supplies”. Its 1st Edition is from 1998 and explains the activities of the Pharmaceutical Professional in these Establishments. In 2018 the 6th Edition was published. One last publication, relevant and unique in the world, is the “Supplement for medical Devices”. A specialized publication that already has around 1500 pages. In 2023 was published the version 5th. Additionally to the different publication, the generation of around 100 reference substances are used to verify the compliance with Pharmacopoeia monographs. This article presents the historical review, from the pre-Hispanic era, after the conquest, after independence and the current years, as well as the legal modifications that have allowed these results to be achieved, under the scientific work and financial supervision of the Mexican pharmaceutical profession. (AU)

[Gout: from Hippocrates till the modern time].

Gout (podagra) is one of the most ancient articular diseases. Its accurate mechanisms and causes were delineated only during the last century. Major historical investigatory steps are described in relation to causality and pathogenesis of the disease from Hippocrates ages till the modern time. The newest genetic and epidemiologic aspects of the disease are presented in this article.

A Historical Review of Collaborative Learning and Cooperative Learning.

Collaborative learning and cooperative learning are two separate approaches developed independently by two groups of scholars around the same period of time in the 1960 and 1970 s. Due to their different origins and intertwined paths of development, they have their own distinct features while sharing many similarities. The relationship between collaborative learning and cooperative learning can be confusing. Therefore, this paper provides a brief historical review of collaborative learning and cooperative learning to identify the origins of each, where they diverge from each other, and where they are aligned. This paper examines the definitions of the two terms and compares their characteristics. This is followed by a discussion of their historical development in the last fifty years: early development between the 1960 and 1970 s; maturation in the 1980 and 1990 s; convergence in the mid-1990s; and the emergence of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) in the late 1980s. Finally, this paper summarizes the four paradigms of mainstream research on collaborative and cooperative learning, namely, the "effect" paradigm, the "conditions" paradigm, the "interaction" paradigm, and the "design" paradigm.

Health poverty alleviation in China from the perspective of historical institutionalism: policy changes and driving factors.

Health poverty alleviation is an effective tool for improving the living quality and developmental conditions of impoverished populations. Since 1978, China has been actively implementing health poverty alleviation projects, resulting in a more robust rural healthcare service network and increased convenience for the local population to access medical treatment. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that China still faces a complex situation with the simultaneous existence of multiple disease threats and the interweaving of various health influencing factors. Ongoing risks of emerging infectious diseases persist, and some previously controlled or eliminated infectious diseases are at risk of resurgence. The incidence of chronic diseases is on the rise and exhibits a trend toward affecting younger populations. Therefore, examining the successful experiences of China's health poverty alleviation over the past 40 years becomes a critically important issue. The study focuses on China's health poverty alleviation policies, employing historical institutionalism as a theoretical perspective to analyze the historical changes and evolutionary logic of health poverty alleviation policies. A historical institutionalist analytical framework for health poverty alleviation policies is constructed. The research findings reveal that China's health poverty alleviation policy has undergone three distinct periods since 1978: the initial phase (1978-2000), the exploratory phase (2000-2012), and the stable development phase (2013-present). At the macro level, the political, economic, and social contexts of different periods have influenced the evolution of health poverty alleviation policies. On the meso level, coordination effects and adaptive expectations have had an impact on China's health poverty alleviation policy. At the micro level, various actors, including the central government, local governments at different levels, social forces, and impoverished communities, interact during the evolution of health poverty alleviation policies. This paper summarizes the theoretical aspects of China's health poverty alleviation policy experience. The research conclusions, viewed through the lens of historical institutionalism, offer practical insights into the evolution of government policies. This provides directional guidance for enhancing health poverty alleviation projects.

A historical review of performance appraisal of public hospitals in China from the perspective of historical institutionalism.

The government performance appraisal of public hospitals serves as an effective management tool to promote high-quality development. It is also an important means of realizing the "Healthy China" initiative. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, changes in performance appraisal have been divided into the following four periods: the early stage of performance appraisal (1949-1977), the exploration period (1978-2008), the development period (2009-2018), and the integration period (2019-present). This clarifies the regional practice of public hospital performance and identifies the institutional factors of the evolution. It also demonstrates that administrative forces, market-driving forces, and mission-driving forces combine to bring about change in the public hospital performance appraisal system. However, problems such as insufficient application of performance appraisal and coordination between health administrative departments and medical insurance departments still loom large.

History of nasopharyngeal study: A 5,000-year odyssey into our evolving understanding of a small but vital region.

The nasopharynx has been understudied relative to neighboring anatomical regions. It is a highly complex, integrated space whose function, development, and evolution remains unclear after nearly 5,000 years of study. Historically, most work on the nasopharynx was done with a focus on adjacent structures. It has most often been mentioned in relation to the middle ear (via the Eustachian tube) in ancient texts and has only later been given a designation as one of three portions of a tripartite pharynx among adult humans. As human dissection became practiced more widely in Renaissance Europe, understanding of the nasopharyngeal boundaries improved. With further advancements in the study of nasopharyngeal development, evolution, and anatomical variation from the 19th century up until the present, this region has been shown to be functionally vital and still complicated to define.

Streptozotocin, 1982-2022: Forty Years from the FDA's Approval to Treat Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

In May 1982, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of streptozotocin to treat pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs). Thus, this year marks 40 years since that landmark date. This review of streptozotocin to treat panNETs is intended to commemorate this anniversary. A historical perspective of the chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action of streptozotocin is followed by data from prospective and retrospective clinical studies. The last section of the review addresses the latest aspects and takes note of the prospects that lie ahead on the future horizon of the use of streptozotocin to treat panNETs, including ongoing clinical trials.

Evolution of Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) and Its New Emerging Modalities in Prostate Cancer: An Update for Practicing Urologists, Clinicians and Medical Providers.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the main management strategy for prostate cancer for more than eight decades, nowadays achieved commonly by administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. ADT markedly suppresses androgen hormones with the long-term risks of adverse events such as muscle weakness, impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism, impotence, osteoporosis, and secondary fractures. Extensive research has provided significantly better insight into the dynamics of ADT including identification of the benefits of sequential and combination therapies. This has led to the development of new pharmaceutical ADT modalities. This review provides a general overview of the evolution of ADT in the context of the new emerging pharmaceutical ADT modalities so that clinicians and medical providers have a better understanding of personalizing the available ADT options with their different risk-benefit profiles.

Historical Note: The Evolution of Cortical Bone Trajectory and Associated Techniques.

Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) for posterior fixation with pedicle screws is considered a relatively new alternative trajectory that travels in the medio-lateral direction in the transverse plane and in the caudo-cephalad path in the sagittal plane. Various biomechanical studies have already validated its superior pullout strength and mechanical stability over the traditional trajectory of convergent pedicle screws. Due to the relatively medial starting point of this trajectory, the CBT also poses the clinical advantage of requiring a smaller surgical field of exposure, thus minimizing tissue and muscle injury while reducing operative time and intraoperative blood loss. The evolution of CBT through time has closely been linked to the unwavering philosophy of prioritizing patient outcomes, advancements in neuronavigational technology, and the mounting biomechanical, morphometric, and clinical evidence. In this historical review, we provide a unique perspective on how CBT surgical technique has developed through time, highlighting key milestones and attempting to explain its explosive rise in popularity.

When Is an Interview an Inter View? The Historical and Recent Development of Methodologies Used to Investigate Children's Astronomy Knowledge.

This paper provides a historical review of the interview research that has been used by science educators to investigate children's basic astronomy knowledge. A wide range of strategies have been developed over the last 120 years or so as successive teams of researchers have endeavoured to overcome the methodological difficulties that have arisen. Hence, it looks critically at the techniques that have been developed to tackle the problems associated with interviews, questionnaires and tests used to research cognitive development and knowledge acquisition. We examine those methodologies which seem to yield surer indications of how young people (at different ages) understand everyday astronomical phenomena-the field often referred to as children's cosmologies. Theoretical ideas from cognitive psychology, educational instruction and neuroscience are examined in depth and utilised to critique matters such as the importance of subject mastery and pedagogical content knowledge on the part of interviewers; the merits of multi-media techniques; the roles of open-ended vs. structured methods of interviewing; and the need always to recognise the dynamism of memory in interviewees. With illustrations and protocol excerpts drawn from recent studies, the paper points to what researchers might usefully tackle in the years ahead and the pitfalls to be avoided.