Darwin and the biological rhythms.

While the formalization of chronobiology as a scientific discipline occurred in the mid-20th century, the exploration of rhythmic phenomena has a longer history, notably exemplified by De Mairan's observations of Mimosa pudica in darkness in 1729. In this historical narrative, Charles Darwin is known for his investigations into the "sleep movements" of plants. Nevertheless, the complete scope of Darwin's exploration of biological rhythms remains incompletely understood. Through a detailed examination of Darwin's writings, meticulous observations, experiments, and conceptualizations, we unveil a depth of engagement that surpasses his widely acknowledged work on plants, revealing a more extensive interest in and insight into biological rhythms than traditionally recognized.

From Mysore to Cambridge and back: The education of a groundnut breeder.

Studies that show how empire influenced the development of plant genetics add to the established history of genetics and 20th-century agricultural science. One approach to broadening this history is to consider the contributions of students studying abroad and their greater careers back home. Research agendas differed between and within institutions, much as they do today. This article explores the postgraduate education of an Indian groundnut breeder. It highlights the structural challenges faced by researchers at agricultural departments who sought promotion through education and examines the consequences for plant breeding and for farmers. Summary: Through the biography of V.K. Badami, this article contributes to debates about genetics and plant breeding in the history of science. Badami, an accomplished breeder in the Mysore Department of Agriculture, took a leave to study genetics at the University of Cambridge. His professors nearly failed him, yet Badami's groundnut breeding experiments proved influential for Indian farmers as well as advances in crop science. This history adds to the thesis that academic genetics varied in support of professional plant breeding by comparing institutional expections between Mysore and Cambridge.The argument is developed by reading Badami's student records along with his groundnut breeding experiments in South India.The study connects the disciplinary history of genetics to plant breeding for the British empire.Badami's experience at Cambridge is indicative of the power relationship between academic genetics and imperial plant breeding in the early 20th century. In this case, his commitments as an Indian agricultural officer conflicted with the discipline's devotion to quantitative analysis.

Gentlemen, husbandmen, and industrious wives: The role of gender in imagining Indian agriculture.

The Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India (AHSI), founded in 1820, remains the most important producer of English-language knowledge regarding the cultivation of plants in colonial India. Members included missionaries, colonial officials, tea and indigo planters, merchants and bankers, as well as the Bengali bhadralok elites of Calcutta and some Indian princes. The writings it produced were highly gendered. Often they focus on how "improving" the political economy and agricultural productivity would create masculine identities, such as gentlemen landowners and industrious peasant husbandman. Yet I also argue that women's agricultural work was fundamental in imagining this path towards "improvement." Using descriptions of Indian farming and labor practices from the Society's meeting minutes and published transactions, as well as additional writings by its members and missionary founders, I show how many European members of the Society viewed women working outside of domestic pursuits as a sign of Indian inferiority. At the same time, many argued for the benefits of women's work, which they viewed as fundamental in making Indian households more productive. Women and their labor were a lynchpin in creating the idea of the effeminate Indian man as well as the solution for improving him. It was this intersection of race with gender which helped to define agriculture as a discipline much closer to practical knowledge than abstract science. While some European women were able to participate in the Society's production of scientific knowledge because of agriculture's practical nature, Indian knowledge (whether from men or women) tended to be openly dismissed as tradition or habit rather than truly practical. The overlap of gender with race consequently helped to create a hierarchy between practical knowledge and tradition.

Science popularisation as diffusion of knowledge?

This article offers an in-depth analysis of the diffusion model of science popularisation. It reviews criticisms against the model and shows that they do not warrant its rejection. It argues that the diffusion model has elements, hitherto neglected, which can facilitate a better understanding of popularisation. Viewing popularisation as the diffusion of knowledge is beneficial because it enables us to: (1) pinpoint the origins of popularisation and trace its historical continuity; (2) explain why science requires continuous popularisation; (3) understand why the values that popularisers promote are not arbitrary; and (4) define more precisely the role of popularisers.

A century of statistical Ecology.

As data and computing power have surged in recent decades, statistical modeling has become an important tool for understanding ecological patterns and processes. Statistical modeling in ecology faces two major challenges. First, ecological data may not conform to traditional methods, and second, professional ecologists often do not receive extensive statistical training. In response to these challenges, the journal Ecology has published many innovative statistical ecology papers that introduced novel modeling methods and provided accessible guides to statistical best practices. In this paper, we reflect on Ecology's history and its role in the emergence of the subdiscipline of statistical ecology, which we define as the study of ecological systems using mathematical equations, probability, and empirical data. We showcase 36 influential statistical ecology papers that have been published in Ecology over the last century and, in so doing, comment on the evolution of the field. As data and computing power continue to increase, we anticipate continued growth in statistical ecology to tackle complex analyses and an expanding role for Ecology to publish innovative and influential papers, advancing the discipline and guiding practicing ecologists.

Behaviorally Conditioned Immune Responses: "To Learn New Things, Read Old Books and Papers".

BACKGROUND: More than a century ago, experimental work and clinical observations revealed the functional communication between the brain and the peripheral immune system. This is documented on the one hand by studies first demonstrating the effects of catecholamines on the circulation of leukocytes in experimental animals and humans, and on the other hand via the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovic Pavlov and his coworkers, reporting observations that associative learning can modify peripheral immune functions. This work later fell into oblivion since little was known about the endocrine and immune system's function and even less about the underlying mechanisms of how learning, a central nervous system activity, could affect peripheral immune responses. SUMMARY: In this article, we embark on a fascinating exploration of the historical trajectory of behaviorally conditioned immune responses. KEY MESSAGE: We will pay homage to the visionary scientists who laid the groundwork for this field of research, tracing its evolution from early theories of how associative learning can affect immunity to the modern-day insights that behavioral conditioning of pharmacological responses can be exploited to improve the efficacy of medical interventions for patients.

Mechanisms in sociology-a critical intervention.

The notion of the mechanism is one of the most popular and widely used concepts in science and sociology is no exception. This paper problematizes the widespread and often uncritical use of the term "mechanism" in contemporary sociology. Drawing on the mechanistic worldview associated with leading figures of the scientific revolution, the paper emphasizes the impact of mechanistic thinking on the societal rationalization process identified by Max Weber and the Frankfurt School. The analysis suggests that mechanisms, when applied to sociological theories, may uncritically reproduce a cultural fetish of the rational society with potentially dehumanizing consequences. The author advocates for a critical reflection on the cultural and historical context of mechanisms, urging sociologists to view them not merely as analytical tools but as active contributors to the creation and shaping of social worlds erected on a belief in instrumental reason.

Before Mnemosyne: Wilhelmine Cultural History Exhibitions and the Genesis of Warburg's Picture Atlas.

Aby Warburg's Bilderatlas Mnemosyne, left unfinished in 1929, has attracted significant interest in recent decades. This essay offers a new interpretation of Warburg's "picture atlas," not in relation to modernist collage and photomontage, but as an heir to scientific pedagogical exhibitions of the late Wilhelmine period. It deals in particular with two "public enlightenment" shows curated by the Leipzig medical historian Karl Sudhoff, whose work Warburg admired and employed: the first on with the history of hygiene in Dresden in 1911, the second in Leipzig, three years later, on the development of scientific images. Like Warburg, Sudhoff appreciated artworks and artifacts as sources for the history of science and medicine. His exhibitions consisted of assemblages of photographic reproductions-some of which were provided by Warburg himself-and uncannily anticipate Mnemosyne in both form and content. By examining the exchange of materials and display methods between the two scholars, the article explores how their respective visual projects reflected deeper disagreements over the public role of science, the epistemic power of images, and the persistence of the irrational in the human psyche.

[On the 120th anniversary of A. A. Otelin - scientist, morphologist, pedagogue and organizer].

The article presents scientific biography of A. A. Otelin - outstanding morphologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, representative of scientific school of Academician V. P. Vorobyov. The contribution of A. A. Otelin into becoming of morphological chairs in medical institutes of Kharkov, Lvov, Vinnitsa, Kishinev, Kursk and Kemerovo and in formation of scientific morphological schools in the regions of the RSFSR and the Republics of the USSR is demonstrated. The particular attention is paid to results of scientific studies of A. A. Otelin in the 1970s carried out jointly with scientists of the Institute of Brain of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences concerning investigation of morphology of sensitive receptors - Vater-Pacini corpuscules.

Editorial: Re-enchanting the vocation of science.

This editorial introduces the collection, "Specialists with Spirit: Re-Enchanting the Vocation of Science," co-edited by Dorien Daling and Hanneke Hoekstra. The collection offers a tribute to the eminent historian of science, Klaas van Berkel, commemorating his retirement from the University of Groningen. The papers compel us to consider the ongoing tensions between knowledge production and the social, political, and economic constraints faced by scholars, a theme that Max Weber famously addressed in his 1917 lecture, Wissenschaft als Beruf, which the collection's contributors revisit as they consider a range of historical and contemporary questions concerning science and its study by historians.

Specialists with spirit: Re-enchanting the vocation of science.

This article is both a comment on the collection of papers, "Specialists with Spirit: Re-Enchanting the Vocation of Science," offered as a tribute to Klaas van Berkel, and an attempt to add historical depth to present-day sensibilities about the academic discipline called the history of science: Is it a special sort of inquiry? Is science as its subject matter a special sort of culture? Max Weber's 1917 Science as a Vocation lecture, and its continuing appropriations, is a focal point for addressing these questions.

Ferryman between two cultures: The calling of a historian of science.

In well-established disciplines like history it is not common to find professionals who admit that they are driven by a "calling" or who say they have a "mission" to fulfill. In emerging disciplines, however, the situation is different: in order to gain recognition these new disciplines need highly driven practitioners, who's calling enables them to overcome opposition or neglect from the side of the established disciplines. A clear example of such a practitioner with a mission in an emerging field of knowledge is the Dutch historian of science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis (1892-1965). His career as a mathematics teacher, historical scholar, and public intellectual was marked by the desire to re-integrate science and mathematics in culture in general. Dijksterhuis regarded the history of science as a major instrument to bring about this ideal. His magnum opus, The Mechanization of the World Picture (first published in 1950 in Dutch; translated into English in 1961), was the culmination of a lifetime of writing in the service of a cultural vision that can still inspire our own generation.

Who are the "Heroes of CRISPR"? Public science communication on Wikipedia and the challenge of micro-notability.

Wikipedia's influence in shaping public perceptions of science underscores the significance of scientists being recognized on the platform, as it can impact their careers. Although Wikipedia offers guidelines for determining when a scientist qualifies for their own article, it currently lacks guidance regarding whether a scientist should be acknowledged in articles related to the innovation processes to which they have contributed. To explore how Wikipedia addresses this issue of scientific "micro-notability," we introduce a digital method called Name Edit Analysis, enabling us to quantitatively and qualitatively trace mentions of scientists within Wikipedia's articles. We study two CRISPR-related Wikipedia articles and find dynamic negotiations of micro-notability as well as a surprising tension between Wikipedia's principle of safeguarding against self-promotion and the scholarly norm of "due credit." To reconcile this tension, we propose that Wikipedians and scientists collaborate to establish specific micro-notability guidelines that acknowledge scientific contributions while preventing excessive self-promotion.

Re-evaluating John Snow's 1856 south London study.

John Snow, the London doctor who studied cholera in the 1840s and 1850s, argued in Snow (1856) that water exerted an "overwhelming influence" on mortality in a region of south London during the 1854 outbreak. In a paper re-assessing Snow's analysis, Koch and Denike (2006) claim that "Snow made not merely minor arithmetic errors but more importantly critical, conceptual mistakes that adversely affected his results." The claim of errors and mistakes is incorrect and due to a misreading or misunderstanding of Snow's data and analysis. Koch and Denike apply an inappropriate statistical test to Snow's original data (and do so incorrectly). More importantly, due to the misreading of the historical record they alter the underlying primary-source data, rendering their results invalid. Analysis of the data following Snow's approach but with modern statistical tools strongly supports Snow's claim for the primacy of water in accounting for variation in cholera mortality.

The shingled girl: Catherine Janet Hill and her contributions to embryology.

Catherine J. Hill is best remembered for her dedication to cataloguing the comprehensive embryological collection of her father J. P. Hill. Yet, her own research, during the interwar years, is little known. She made a significant contribution to interpreting the autonomic innervation of the gut, work that was presented to The Royal Society and earned her a PhD. Working in her father's laboratory, she then set about solving the sequence of secretions from the tubal epithelium and uterine glands that contributed the two layers of egg albumen and three shell layers of the monotreme egg. She was also the first to understand twinning in the marmoset and how two embryos came to share a single extraembryonic coelom, work that often is credited to J. P. Hill. Here. I explain how that happened and explore the context in which she and other female scientists worked at the time.

Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers and the ascidian hypothesis.

In 1830, Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire confronted each other in a famous debate on the unity of the animal kingdom, which permeated the zoology of the 19th century. From that time, a growing number of naturalists attempted to understand the large-scale relationships among animals. And among all the questions, that of the origin of vertebrates was one of the most controversial. Analytical methods based on comparative anatomy, embryology and paleontology were developed to identify convincing homologies that would reveal a logical sequence of events for the evolution of an invertebrate into the first vertebrate. Within this context, several theories have clashed on the question of the identity of the ancestor of vertebrates. Among the proposals, a group of rather discrete organisms, the ascidians, played a central role. Because he had discovered an ascidian with a particularly atypical larval development, the Molgula, Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers, a rigorous and meticulous naturalist, became involved in the ascidian hypothesis. While the visionary mind of Lacaze-Duthiers led him to establish a particularly innovative methodology and the first marine biology station in Europe, at Roscoff, the tailless tadpole of the Molgula prevented him from recognizing the ancestor of vertebrates. This old 19th century story echoes the ever-present questions driving the field of Eco-Evo-Devo.

The first interactive science museum in Peru: the origin and creation of TECNO-ITINTEC, 1975-1979 / El primer museo interactivo de ciencias del Perú: origen y creación de TECNO-ITINTEC, 1975-1979

Abstract This paper examines the development of the TECNO-ITINTEC museum, the first interactive science museum in Peru, which opened in 1979. The museum functioned under the Institute of Industrial Technology Research and Technical Standards (ITINTEC), a public institution established during the government of Velazco Alvarado. In 1975, Jorge Heraud became the president of ITINTEC's Board of Directors and proposed a science museum to inspire future generations of scientists. José Castro Mendívil joined as the exhibition's director and designer. Their motivation to open a museum coincided with the government's ideals for modernization and nationalization. This article analyzes various sources including newspapers, laws that regulated the institute, reports, and interviews with people involved in the museum to understand how science and politics intersected in TECNO-ITINTEC

Resumen Este artículo examina la creación del museo TECNO-ITINTEC, el primer museo interactivo de ciencias del Perú, inaugurado en 1979. El museo funcionó bajo el Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica Industrial y de Normas Técnicas (ITINTEC), una institución pública creada durante el gobierno de Velazco Alvarado. En 1975, Jorge Heraud se convirtió en presidente de la Junta Directiva de ITINTEC y propuso un museo de ciencias para inspirar a las futuras generaciones de científicos. José Castro Mendívil se incorporó como director y creador de la exposición. Sus motivaciones para abrir el museo coincidieron con los ideales del gobierno militar de modernización y nacionalización. Este artículo analiza diversas fuentes incluyendo periódicos, leyes que regulaban el instituto, informes y entrevistas a personas involucradas en el museo para comprender cómo la ciencia y la política se cruzaban en TECNO-ITINTEC.

Los cuidados enfermeros de San Juan de Dios según el Modelo de las necesidades humanas de Henderson / Cuidados de enfermagem de São João de Deus segundo o modelo de necessidades humanas de Henderson / Nursing care of Saint John of God according to Henderson's model of human needs

Consulting manuals of the History of Nursing, it can be appreciated how it is from Nightingale when considering the birth of modern or professional Nursing. However, this belief could be a black legend, because before the 19th century there was already awareness of Nursing as a profession, being this initiated by Juan de Dios, the one from Granada, in the Spanish 16th century. For this reason, in this article we have set the objective of describing the care of Juan de Dios following the model of human needs described by Henderson, together with care in agony and post-mortem. To do this, we use the historiographical methodology following the current of the history of mentalities, so that we can go from the past to the present, and vice versa. In the documentary analysis we have been able to observe how what we find today systematized in a theoretical way was already carried out at the beginning of the nursing reform of the Spanish 16th century, being a valid model for current Nursing, since it is found in its being, knowing , and doing, the concepts of the current nursing metaparadigm, although not explicitly, since its intention, more than theoretical, was care, although behind it there was a corpus of doctrine independent of other socio-health disciplines.(AU)

Consultando manuales de Historia de la Enfermería, se puede apreciar cómo es a partir de Nightingale cuando se considera el nacimiento de la Enfermería moderna o profesional. Sin embargo, esta creencia podría ser leyenda negra, pues antes del S. XIX ya existía conciencia de Enfermería como profesión, siendo esta iniciada por Juan de Dios, el de Granada, en el S. XVI español. Por ello, en el presente artículo hemos marcado como objetivo el describir los cuidados de Juan de Dios siguiendo el modelo de necesidades humanas descritas por Henderson, junto con los cuidados en la agonía y post-mortem. Para ello, utilizamos la metodología historiográfica siguiendo la corriente de la historia de las mentalidades, de manera que podamos ir del pasado al presente, y viceversa. En el análisis documental hemos podido observar cómo lo que hoy encontramos sistematizado de manera teórica, ya se realizaba en el inicio de la reforma enfermera del S. XVI español, siendo un modelo válido para la Enfermería actual, pues se encuentra en su ser, saber, y hacer, los conceptos del metaparadigma enfermero actuales aunque no de manera explícita, puesto que su intención, más que teórica, era asistencial, aunque detrás de ella hubo un corpus doctrinal independiente a otras disciplinassocio-sanitarias.(AU)

Ao consultar os manuais da História da Enfermagem, podese apreciar como é a partir de Nightingale quando se considera o nascimento da Enfermagem moderna ou profissional. No entanto, esta crença pode ser uma lenda negra, pois antes do século XIX já existia a consciência da Enfermagem como profissão, sendo esta iniciada por Juan de Dios, o de Granada, no século XVI espanhol. Por isso, neste artigo estabelecemos o objetivo de descrever o cuidado de Juan de Dios seguindo o modelo de necessidades humanas descrito por Henderson, juntamente com o cuidado em agonia e post-mortem. Para isso, utilizamos a metodologia historiográfica seguindo a corrente da história das mentalidades, para que possamos ir do passado ao presente e vice-versa. Na análise documental pudemos observar como o que encontramos hoje sistematizado de forma teórica já foi realizado no início da reforma da enfermagem espanhola do século XVI, sendo um modelo válido para a Enfermagem atual, uma vez que se encontra em seu ser, saber e fazer, os conceitos do atual metaparadigma da enfermagem, ainda que não explicitamente, pois sua intenção, mais do que teórica, era o cuidado, embora por trás dele houvesse um corpus de doutrina independente de outras disciplinas sócio-sanitárias.(AU)

A community-driven approach to enhancing the quality and interpretability of microscopy images.

Scientific publications in the life sciences regularly include image data to display and communicate revelations about cellular structure and function. In 2016, a set of guiding principles known as the 'FAIR Data Principles' were put forward to ensure that research data are findable, accessible, interoperable and reproducible. However, challenges still persist regarding the quality, accessibility and interpretability of image data, and how to effectively communicate microscopy data in figures. This Perspective article details a community-driven initiative that aims to promote the accurate and understandable depiction of light microscopy data in publications. The initiative underscores the crucial role of global and diverse scientific communities in advancing the standards in the field of biological images. Additionally, the perspective delves into the historical context of scientific images, in the hope that this look into our past can help ongoing community efforts move forward.