Novel sulfonyl hydrazide based ß-carboline derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation.

A series of novel sulfonyl hydrazide based ß-carboline derivatives (SX1-SX32) were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized on NMR and HRMS. Their α-glucosidase inhibitory screening results found that compounds (SX1-SX32) presented potential α-glucosidase inhibitory: IC50 values being 2.12 ± 0.33-19.37 ± 1.49 µM. Compound SX29 with a para-phenyl (IC50: 2.12 ± 0.33 µM) presented the strongest activity and was confirmed as a noncompetitive inhibitor. Fluorescence spectra, CD spectra and molecular docking were conducted to describe the inhibition mechanism of SX29 against α-glucosidase. Cells cytotoxicity indicated SX29 (0-32 µM) had no cytotoxicity on 293T cells. In particular, in vivo experiments revealed that oral administration of SX29 could regulate hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance of diabetic mice. These achieved findings indicated that sulfonyl hydrazide based ß-carboline derivatives bore promising potential for discovering new α-glucosidase inhibitors with hypoglycemic activity.

Preparation and characterization of bovine serum albumin/chitosan composite nanoparticles for delivery of Antarctic krill peptide.

BACKGROUND: Antarctic krill peptide (AKP) has gained considerable interest because of its multiple biological functions. However, its application may be limited by its poor stability and susceptibility to degradation. Encapsulation of AKP using a nanoparticle delivery system is an effective way to overcome these problems. In the present study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chitosan (CS) were used as delivery vehicles to encapsulate AKP. RESULTS: The results revealed that the particle size (83.3 ± 4.4-222.4 ± 32.7 nm) and zeta-potential (35.1 ± 0.7-45.0 ± 2.7 mV) of nanoparticles (NPs) increased with the increasing content of BSA, but the polydispersity index decreased (1.000 ± 0.002 to 0.306 ± 0.011). Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were the main forces to form BSA/CS-AKP NPs. X-ray diffraction revealed that AKP was encapsulated by BSA/CS. Scanning electron microscopy images exhibited that the NPs were spherical in shape, uniform in size and tightly bound. BSA/CS-AKP NPs exhibited excellent stability in the pH range (2-5) and after 15 days of storage, and could hinder the release of AKP in simulated gastric environment and promote the release of AKP in simulated intestinal environment. After simulated digestion, the hypoglycemic activity of encapsulated AKP was better than that of unencapsulated AKP. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that the BSA/CS showed great potential for protecting and delivering AKP. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Process Optimization and Characterization of Polysaccharides with Potential Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity from Cissus repens.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Cissus repens polysaccharides (CRPs) was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The maximum CRPs yield (16.18%) was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: extraction time 72 min, extraction temperature 74 ℃, extraction power 240 W. Then three-phase partitioning (TPP) method combined with gradient alcohol precipitation was used to obtained CRP20, CRP40, CRP60 and CRP80 from CRPs, and CRP80 has a higher purity than others. The primary chemical and structural characteristics of CRP80 were investigated by UV, FT-IR, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC). CRP80 is mainly composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose and mannose, with a molecular weights of approximately 2.95 kDa. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and hypoglyceamic activity of CRP80 in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that CRP80 had strong scavenging activities on ABTS, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, as well as high scavenging activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our research provided an efficient method for the extraction of polysaccharides from C. repens and CRP80 has potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agent for the functional food and medicinal industries.

Simultaneous extraction of oil, protein and polysaccharide from Idesia polycarpa Maxim cake meal using ultrasound combined with three phase partitioning.

This study explored the potential of ultrasonic-assisted three-phase partitioning (UTPP) to simultaneously extract lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides from Idesia polycarpa Maxim (IPM) cake meal, a significant byproduct of oil extraction. The impact of variables such as inorganic salt type, solid-liquid ratio, salt concentration, pH, ultrasonic time, temperature, and volume of dimethyl carbonate was examined. Based on the single-factor tests and response surface methodology (RSM), optimal conditions were identified as 30 % ammonium citrate, a 1:26 solid-liquid ratio, pH 3, 31 min of ultrasonic time, 30 °C temperature, and 15 mL of dimethyl carbonate. These conditions achieved extraction rates of 8.10 % for lipids, 5.03 % for proteins, and 10.03 % for polysaccharides, with recovery rates of 91.62 %, 83.08 %, and 93.95 % respectively. Chemical analysis showed the lipid fraction rich in linoleic acid, and the protein fraction high in glutamic acid, aspartate, and serine. The polysaccharide fraction, mainly RG-I pectin with a molecular weight of 226.58 kDa, exhibited strong thermal stability and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and glycation, suggesting potential for functional food and dietary supplement applications. This highlights UTPP as a sustainable method for effectively utilizing valuable compounds from IPM cake meal, outperforming traditional extraction techniques.

A Neutral Polysaccharide from Medicago sativa L.: Structural Properties and Hypoglycemic Activity in vitro and in vivo.

Medicago sativa polysaccharides (MSPs) are beneficial compounds extracted from Medicago sativa L. that exhibit multiple medicinal activities. However, little is known about their hypoglycemic effects. In this study, MSP-II-a, a neutral polysaccharide with an Mw of 4.3 × 104 Da, was isolated and purified from M. sativa L. Monosaccharide composition analysis determined that MSP-II-a was composed of arabinose, glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and xylose in a molar ratio of 2.1:4.0:1.1:0.4:1.4:1.1. Structural characterization of MSP-II was performed using a combination of methylation analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that MSP-II-a was mainly comprised of 1,4-p-Glc, 1,3,4-Rha, and 1,3-p-Gal glycosidic linkages, revealing a mesh-like texture with irregular blade shapes. In vitro assays demonstrated that MSP-II-a, at concentrations of 200 and 400 µg/mL, promoted glucose uptake in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In vivo studies have shown that MSP-II-a significantly alleviates insulin resistance by reducing fasting blood glucose levels and increasing hepatic glycogen synthesis in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic mice. These findings revealed that MSP-II-a is a promising source of bioactive polysaccharides with potential hypoglycemic activity.

Preparation of a hydrolyzed yeast ß-glucan chromium(III) complex and evaluation of its hypoglycemic activity and sub-acute toxicity.

Yeast ß-glucan (BYG) possesses extremely low solubility that has limited its applications. In this study, we hydrolyzed BYG using snail enzyme to obtain hydrolyzed yeast ß-glucan (HBYG) with desirable water solubility and hypoglycemic activity. On the basis of HBYG, HBYG­chromium(III) complex (HBYG-Cr) was synthesized. The molecular weight of the complex was 4.41 × 104 Da, and the content of trivalent chromium was 8.95 %. The hydroxyl groups of HBYG participated in the coordination and formed the chromium complex. The space conformations of HBYG exhibited remarkable changes after complex formation. HBYG-Cr existed mainly in an amorphous state and presented good dispersibility, and the surface was uneven. The hypoglycemic activity of HBYG-Cr was studied in db/db and C57 mice. The results showed that HBYG-Cr had good hypoglycemic activity. Histopathological studies demonstrated that the liver, kidney, pancreas, and skeletal muscle in the treatment group were significantly improved compared with those in the diabetic model group. The sub-acute toxicity of HBYG-Cr was studied in KM mice and the results indicated that the complex did not cause adverse reactions or toxic side effects. This study broadened the application of yeast ß-glucan and provided an important reference for the development of hypoglycemic functional foods and drugs.

Effects of Chemical Modification on the Structure and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides Extracted from Inonotus Obliquus by Microwave.

A novel polysaccharide, Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP), was extracted using a microwave extraction method and subsequently subjected to modifications through sulfation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. Its physical and chemical properties were analyzed using various chemical techniques, including high-pressure liquid chromatography, ultraviolet light, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Congo red test, and scanning electron microscopy. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical assays, as well as by measuring the reducing power. Additionally, hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through α-glucosidase and α-amylase assays. The results indicated that the chemical modifications effectively altered the physical and chemical properties, as well as the biological activities of IOP. Compared to the unmodified IOP, the derivatives exhibited reduced sugar content, uronic acid content, and molecular weight, while demonstrating varying levels of antioxidant and hypoglycemic capabilities. Notably, the carboxymethylated IOP (IOP-C) displayed lower molecular weight, higher ABTS free radical scavenging rate, greater reducing ability, and increased α-amylase inhibition rate. Therefore, IOP-C shows promise as a potential edible antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

Metabolomic analysis of the Puerarin hypoglycemic activity via AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, and its increasing prevalence is a global concern. Early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets are essential for DM prevention and treatment. Pueraria, derived from kudzu root, is used clinically for various symptoms, and its active compound, Puerarin, shows promise in improving insulin resistance and reducing inflammation. PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of metformin and Puerarin at different doses in an STZ-induced DM mouse model. The intricate metabolites within the serum of STZ-induced diabetic mice were subjected to thorough investigation, thus elucidating the intricate mechanism through which Puerarin demonstrates notable efficacy in the treatment of diabetes. METHODS: An STZ-induced DM mouse model is established. Mice are treated with metformin and puerarin at varying doses. Physiological, biochemical, and histomorphological assessments are performed. Metabolomics analysis is carried out on serum samples from control, DM, metformin, and medium-dose Puerarin groups. Western blot and qRT-PCR technologies are used to validate the mechanisms. RESULTS: The DM mouse model replicates abnormal blood glucose, insulin levels, physiological, biochemical irregularities, as well as liver and pancreas damage. Treatment with metformin and Puerarin restores these abnormalities, reduces organ injury, and modulates AMPK, PPARγ, mTOR, and NF-κB protein and mRNA expression. Puerarin activates the AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathways, regulating insulin signaling, glucolipid metabolism, and mitigating inflammatory damage. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that Puerarin has the potential to treat diabetes by modulating key signaling pathways. The focus was on the finding that Puerarin has been shown to improve insulin signaling, glucolipid metabolism and attenuate inflammatory damage through the modulation of the AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB pathways. The discovery of Puerarin's favorable protective effect and extremely complex mechanism highlights its prospect in the treatment of diabetes and provides theoretical support for its comprehensive development and utilization.

A ginsenoside G-Rg3 PEGylated long-circulating liposome for hyperglycemia and insulin resistance therapy in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mice.

Ginsenoside (GS), one of the main active components in ginseng, can enhance insulin sensitivity, improve the function of islet ß cells, and reduce cell apoptosis in the treatment of diabetes. However, the drawbacks of high lipid solubility, poor water solubility, and low oral availability in Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) seriously limit further application of GS. In this work, a G-Rg3 PEGylated long-circulating liposome (PEG-L-Rg3) is designed and developed to improve symptoms in type 2 diabetic mice. The as-prepared PEG-L-Rg3 with a spherical structure shows a particle size of âˆ¼ 140.5 ± 1.4 nm, the zeta potential of -0.10 ± 0.05 mV, and a high encapsulation rate of 99.8 %. Notably, in vivo experimental results demonstrate that PEG-L-Rg3 exhibits efficient ability to improve body weight and food intake in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Moreover, PEG-L-Rg3 also enhances fasting insulin (FINS) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI). In addition, the glucose tolerance of mice is significantly improved after the treatment of PEG-L-Rg3, indicating that PEG-L-Rg3 can be a potential drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, which provides a new way for the treatment of type 2 diabetes using ginsenosides.

Acylated anthocyanins from Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo: Structural characteristics, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo (D. officinale) has been widely used as Chinese medicine and functional food. In present study, the structural characteristics of anthocyanins in D. officinale were investigated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Totally, 14 anthocyanins were detected and identified, and 13 of them were first reported in D. officinale. Results showed that the vast majority of anthocyanins had multi-glycosylated cyanidin core, with variable acylation pattern mainly comprising phenolic acids. The composition and content of anthocyanins in D. officinale stems with different cultivation modes and years have been compared. The anthocyanins showed potent antioxidant activity in terms of radicals scavenging capacity and reducing power, as well as superior α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results provided a complete profile of anthocyanins in D. officinale and laid a foundation for further utilizing them as functional foods.

Pinctada martensii Hydrolysate Modulates the Brain Neuropeptidome and Proteome in Diabetic (db/db) Mice via the Gut-Brain Axis.

Pinctada martensii hydrolysate (PMH) has been proved to have the effect of ameliorating disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice, but the mechanism of its hyperglycemia effect is still unclear. Bacterial communities in fecal samples from a normal control group, a diabetic control group, and a PMH-treated diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) group were analyzed by 16S gene sequencing. Nano LC-MS/MS was used to analyze mice neuropeptides and proteomes. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that PMH modulated the structure and composition of the gut microbiota and improved the structure and composition of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level and Desulfovibrionaceae and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae at the family level. Furthermore, the expressions of functional proteins of the central nervous system, immune response-related protein, and proteins related to fatty acid oxidation in the brain disrupted by an abnormal diet were recovered by PMH. PMH regulates the brain neuropeptidome and proteome and further regulates blood glucose in diabetic mice through the gut-brain axis. PMH may be used as a prebiotic agent to attenuate T2DM, and target-specific microbial species may have unique therapeutic promise for metabolic diseases.

Four new sesquiterpenoids from the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco.) Benth. and their hypoglycemic activity.

Four previously undescribed sesquiterpenoids (1-4), including two natural guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids (1-2), a rearranged guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid (3), and a norsesquiterpenoid (4), were isolated from the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco.) Benth. Their chemical structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis, including UV, IR, NMR, HRESIMS, and CD spectroscopy. Compound 1 exhibited a good hypoglycemic activity with glucose uptake of 124.3% and 131.2% in myotubes, respectively, at the concentrations of 20 and 40 µM and showed no cytotoxicity. These findings provide a material basis for further research on P. cablin.

Natural products with potential hypoglycemic activity in T2DM: 2019-2023.

As currently the most common metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has shown a continuous increase in the number of patients in recent decades. Most anti-T2DM drugs tend to cause some side effects. Given the pathogenesis of T2DM, natural products have emerged as an important source of anti-T2DM drugs. This article reviews natural products with potential hypoglycemic activity from 2019 to 2023. A total of 200 previously natural products were discovered on SciFinder, PubMed and Web of Science. These products were categorized based on their structural frameworks and their biological activities were summarized. Although the mechanisms of action of most compounds are unclear, these compounds could still serve as candidates for the development of lead compounds. Therefore, further structure and activity research of natural products will significantly contribute to the development of potential anti-T2DM drugs.

Preparation of a Novel Oat ß-Glucan-Chromium(III) Complex and Its Hypoglycemic Effect and Mechanism.

This study synthesized a novel oat ß-glucan (OBG)-Cr(III) complex (OBG-Cr(III)) and explored its structure, inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and hypoglycemic activities and mechanism in vitro using an insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cell model. The Cr(III) content in the complex was found to be 10.87%. The molecular weight of OBG-Cr(III) was determined to be 7.736 × 104 Da with chromium ions binding to the hydroxyl groups of OBG. This binding resulted in the increased asymmetry and altered spatial conformation of the complex along with significant changes in morphology and crystallinity. Our findings demonstrated that OBG-Cr(III) exhibited inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, OBG-Cr(III) enhanced the insulin sensitivity of IR-HepG2 cells, promoting glucose uptake and metabolism more efficiently than OBG alone. The underlying mechanism of its hypoglycemic effect involved the modulation of the c-Cbl/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway, as revealed by Western blot analysis. This research not only broadened the applications of OBG but also positioned OBG-Cr(III) as a promising Cr(III) supplement with enhanced hypoglycemic benefits.

Microencapsulation of Tecoma stans Extracts: Bioactive Properties Preservation and Physical Characterization Analysis.

Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants have applications in the development of functional foods. However, since they are unstable, encapsulation is used as a conservation alternative. This work aimed to assess the bioactive properties (antioxidant and hypoglycemic) of different extracts, including the infusion, as well as their spray-dried microencapsulates from Tecoma stans leaves. A factorial design was proposed to determine the best extraction conditions, based on ABTS and DPPH inhibition. Maltodextrin (MD), arabic gum (AG), and a 1:1 blend (MD:AG) were used as encapsulating agents. Moreover, characterization through physicochemical properties, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the best two powders based on the bioactive properties were analyzed. The results showed that the combination of stirring, water, and 5 min provided the highest inhibition to ABTS and DPPH (35.64 ± 1.25 mg Trolox/g d.s. and 2.77 ± 0.01 g Trolox/g d.s., respectively). Spray drying decreased the antioxidant activity of the extract while preserving it in the infusion. The encapsulated infusion with MD:AG had the highest hypoglycemic activity as it presented the lowest glycemic index (GI = 47). According to the results, the microencapsulates could potentially be added in foods to enhance nutritional quality and prevent/treat ailments.

Potential anti-hyperglycemic activity of black tea theaflavins through inhibiting α-amylase.

Hyperglycemia can cause early damage to human bady and develop into diabates that will severely threaten human healthy. The effectively clinical treatment of hyperglycemiais is by inhibiting the activity of α-amylase. Black tea has been reported to show inhibitory effect on α-amylase and can be used for hyperglycemia treatment. However, the mechanism underlying is unclear. In this study, in vivo experiment showed that black tea theaflavins extract (BTE) effectively alleviated hyperglycemia. In vitro experiment showed that the effects may be caused by the interation between theaflavins and α-amylase. While TF1 and TF3 were mixed type inhibitors of α-amylase, TF2A and TF2B were competitive inhibitors of α-amylase. Molecular docking analysis showed that theaflavins monomers interacted with the hydrophobic region of α-amylase. Further study verified that monomer-α-amylase complex was spontaneously formed depending on hydrophobic interactions. Taken together, theaflavins showed potential anti-hyperglycemia effect via inhibiting α-amylase activity. Our results suggested that theaflavins might be utilized as a new type of α-amylase inhibitor to prevent and cure hyperglycemia.

Hyperatins A-D, highly oxidized polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum perforatum L. with hypoglycemic potential in liver cells.

Hyperatins A-D (1-4), four previously undescribed polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, were isolated from Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort). Compound 1 possessed a unique octahydroindeno[1,7a-b]oxirene ring system with a rare 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane fragment. Compounds 2-4 had an uncommon decahydrospiro[furan-3,7'-indeno[7,1-bc]furan] ring system. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses and X-ray crystallography. Plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1-4 were also proposed. Compounds 1 and 2 exerted promising hypoglycemic activity by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 expression in liver cells.

Two new sesquiterpenoid glycoside compounds from the calyces of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino.

Two new sesquiterpenoid glycosides, 8α (H)-eudesmane-1,3,11 (13)-triene-2-one -12-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1) and dmetelisproside B (2), together with ten known compounds (3-12) were isolated from calyces of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (PAF). Their structures were unambiguously elucidated through HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR, and NMR spectral data. Compounds 1, 10, and 12 exhibited DPPH scavenging ability with IC50 values of 33.69 ± 6.65, 6.29 ± 0.06, and 25.66 ± 3.06 µM, respectively. Additionally, 10 and 12 demonstrated weak α-glucosidase inhibition activity with IC50 values of 250.9 ± 6.60 and 347.6 ± 2.48 µM, respectively.

Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, inhibitory activity, binding interaction and hypoglycemic activity.

In order to find effective α-glucosidase inhibitors, a series of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (C1 âˆ¼ 36) were synthesized and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compared to positive control acarbose (IC50 = 654.35 ± 65.81 µM), all compounds (C1 âˆ¼ 36) showed stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.06 âˆ¼ 9.31 ± 0.96 µM. Among them, C23 with the best anti-α-glucosidase activity was a reversible mixed-type inhibitor. Fluorescence quenching suggested the binding process of C23 with α-glucosidase in a static process. Fluorescence quenching, CD spectra, and 3D fluorescence spectra results also implied that the binding of C23 with α-glucosidase caused the conformational change of α-glucosidase to inhibit the activity. Molecular docking displayed the binding interaction of C23 with α-glucosidase. Compound C23 (8 âˆ¼ 64 µM) showed no cytotoxicity against LO2 and 293 cells. Moreover, oral administration of C23 (50 mg/kg) could reduce blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance in mice.

Response Surface Optimization of Polysaccharides from Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora [Mart.] O.Berg) Fruits: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Structure Properties, and Antioxidant/Hypoglycemic Activities.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method proves to be more effective compared to traditional extraction methods. In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal process parameters for extracting polysaccharides (U-MCP) from jaboticaba fruit using UAE. The optimum extraction conditions were ultrasonic time 70 min, extraction temperature 60 °C, and power 350 W. Under these conditions, the sugar content of U-MCP was 52.8 %. The molecular weights of the ultrasound-assisted extracted U-MCP ranged from 9.52×102 to 3.27×103  Da, and consisted of five monosaccharides including mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycaemic assay revealed that U-MCP has prominent anti-oxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydroxyl radicals and 2,2'-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic Acid Ammonium Salt) (ABTS) radicals scavenging activities) and hypoglycemic activities (α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities).