BMI and Explicit-Implicit Cues on Food Choice: the Fake Food Buffet in the United Kingdom and Indonesia.

We examined whether people with high BMI sampled from two different countries were more susceptible to behavioural change via an implicit, rather than explicit, intervention. We measured BMI and used three types of cue interventions (implicit vs explicit healthy lifestyle cue vs neutral cue) to examine their impact on our participants' food choice using the Fake Food Buffet. Healthiness of the meal chosen was measured by the percentage of healthy food items in the meal. Portion size of their chosen meal was operationalised by the total number of food items chosen and its total calorie content was also estimated. Participants were recruited from the United Kingdom (N = 264) and Indonesia (N = 264). Our results indicated that while explicit food cues were overall more effective, implicit cues were a more effective strategy to change food choice behaviours among individuals with high BMI. Participants with high BMI were more likely to regulate the healthiness of their meal and less likely to regulate its portion size or calorie content. The efficacy of our healthy eating interventions was cross-culturally generalizable. Our study supports previous research that implicit cues of a healthy lifestyle might be a more effective behavioural change strategy for individuals with high BMI.

Evidence That Pervasive Body Gaze Behavior in Heterosexual Men Is a Social Marker for Implicit, Physiological, and Explicit Sexual Assault Propensities.

Deliberate and effortful attempts to gaze at the bodies of women is emerging as a valuable marker of sexual objectification in men. Some preliminary evidence suggests that pervasive body gaze behavior may also accompany insidious attitudes which can facilitate sexual assault. The present study aimed to further explore this potential by examining pervasive body gaze associations with explicit, implicit, and physiological sexual assault propensity measures. We presented 110 heterosexual male participants with images of fully and partially dressed women with and without injuries while measuring their skin conductance responses. We also captured implicit and explicit sexual assault measures in addition to self-reported pervasive body gaze behavior. Pervasive body gaze behavior was significantly correlated with rape myth acceptance attitudes, prior perpetration of sexual assault, a stronger implicit association between erotica and aggression, and lower physiological reactivity during exposure to partially dressed injured women. These findings suggest that body gaze towards women could be a behavioral marker for inclinations to victim blame, preferences for rough sexual conduct, and a physiological desensitization towards female victims. This study further validates a five item self-reported body gaze measure as a valuable tool for detecting deviant sexual objectification attitudes and affective states. As such, measurement and observation of body gaze behavior could be useful for developing risk assessments, estimating intervention efficacy, and enhancing public awareness.

Genuine differential voltammetry.

A novel form of differential voltammetry is proposed, developed through the implicit anodic and cathodic current components of the experimentally accessible conventional net current measured in a voltammetric experiment. By employing basic mathematical modelling of an electrode reaction of a dissolved redox couple at a conventional, macroscopic electrode within the framework of the Butler-Volmer electrode kinetic model, the implicit anodic and cathodic current components of the net conventional current are clearly defined and can be estimated. Consequently, a novel form of differential current, calculated as the difference between anodic and cathodic implicit current components associated with a single potential of the voltammetric experiment, can be established. This differential current demonstrates remarkable characteristics in terms of electrode kinetics and analytical performance, particularly in cases involving fast, seemingly electrochemically reversible electrode processes. It holds promise to be analytically superior to the best-known differential voltammetric techniques so far (e.g., square-wave voltammetry), as well as provides a means for estimating the rate constants of very fast, apparently reversible electrode processes at macroscopic electrodes under mild experimental conditions (i.e., studied at slow potential scan rates). The practical implication of the novel methodology is significant: a simple linear sweep voltammogram of a quasi-reversible electrode reaction with unknown electrode kinetic parameters can be readily transformed into the novel type of differential voltammogram through a convolution procedure of the conventional net current, paving a new way for studying electrode processes by voltammetry.

The impact of negative urgency on implicit mobile phone addiction tendency among college freshmen in the context of social exclusion.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of negative urgency on implicit mobile phone addiction tendency among college freshmen, and to observe whether social exclusion situations affect the relationship between negative urgency and implicit mobile phone addiction tendency. Methods: The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale was used to screen 575 freshmen from a certain university. The experiment utilized a GO/NO-GO paradigm. Experiment 1 employed a 2 (negative urgency group: high negative urgency group, low negative urgency group) × 2 (word type: phone related words, phone non-related words) two-factor mixed experimental design. Experiment 2 employed a 2 (negative urgency group: high negative urgency group, low negative urgency group) × 2 (social exclusion type: priming group, non-priming group) × 2 (word type: phone related words, phone non-related words) three-factor mixed experimental design. Results: Experiment 1 results showed a significant main effect of negative urgency group and a significant interaction effect between negative urgency group and word type. Experiment 2 results demonstrated a significant main effect of negative urgency group and a significant main effect of social exclusion type. There was a significant interaction effect between word type and social exclusion type, as well as between word type and negative urgency group. The three-way interaction effect among negative urgency group, word type, and social exclusion type was significant. Conclusion: College freshmen with high negative urgency exhibit a higher tendency toward implicit mobile phone addiction. In social exclusion situations, college freshmen show a higher tendency toward implicit smartphone addiction. Social exclusion situations and negative urgency jointly influence the implicit mobile phone addiction tendency of college freshmen.

Structural Racism in Newborn Drug Testing: Perspectives of Health Care and Child Protective Services Professionals.

PURPOSE: Black birthing parents and their newborns disproportionately experience newborn drug testing for prenatal substance exposure by health care professionals (HCPs), which contributes to Child Protective Services (CPS) reporting, family separation, and termination of parental rights. This qualitative study aims to interrogate dominant power structures by exploring knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of HCPs and CPS professionals regarding the influence of structural racism on inequities in newborn drug testing practices. METHODS: We conducted semistructured interviews with 30 physicians, midwives, nurses, social workers, and CPS professionals guided by an explanatory framework, and conducted inductive, reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified 3 primary themes: (1) levels of racism beyond the hospital structure contributed to higher rates of drug testing for Black newborns; (2) inconsistent hospital policies led to racialized application of state law and downstream CPS reporting; and (3) health care professionals knowledge of the benefits and disproportionate harms of CPS reporting on Black families influenced their decision making. CONCLUSION: Health care professionals recognized structural racism as a driver of disproportionate newborn drug testing. Lack of knowledge and skill limitations of HCPs were barriers to dismantling power structures, thus impeding systems-level change. Institutional changes should shift focus from biologic testing and reporting to supporting the mutual needs of birthing parent and child through family-centered substance use treatment. State and federal policy changes are needed to ensure health equity for Black families and eliminate reporting to CPS for prenatal substance exposure when no concern for child abuse and neglect exists.

Computation Implemented by the Interaction of Chemical Reaction, Clustering, and De-Clustering of Molecules.

A chemical reaction and its reaction environment are intrinsically linked, especially within the confines of narrow cellular spaces. Traditional models of chemical reactions often use differential equations with concentration as the primary variable, neglecting the density heterogeneity in the solution and the interaction between the reaction and its environment. We model the interaction between a chemical reaction and its environment within a geometrically confined space, such as inside a cell, by representing the environment through the size of molecular clusters. In the absence of fluctuations, the interplay between cluster size changes and the activation and inactivation of molecules induces oscillations. However, in unstable environments, the system reaches a fluctuating steady state. When an enzyme is introduced to this steady state, oscillations akin to action potential spike trains emerge. We examine the behavior of these spike trains and demonstrate that they can be used to implement logic gates. We discuss the oscillations and computations that arise from the interaction between a chemical reaction and its environment, exploring their potential for contributing to chemical intelligence.

Provider Implicit Racial Bias in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study is to (1) assess implicit racial bias among pediatric providers and (2) use virtual patient (VP) vignettes to determine the impact of implicit racial bias on clinical decision-making in pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) pain care. DESIGN/METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a mid-sized, freestanding children's hospital in the northeast. Participants (N = 52) were pediatric SCD providers (87% cisgender female, 90% White, M age = 38.78). Providers completed a demographic questionnaire, the race Implicit Association Test (IAT) with adult and child faces, and a measure of SCD explicit bias (5-point Likert scale). Providers also made clinical decisions for four VP vignettes depicting Black and White youth in the emergency department (ED) with either SCD or cancer pain. Frequency tables were calculated. RESULTS: On the race IAT, providers demonstrated a pro-White implicit bias for both adult (81%) and child (89%) faces. Responses to the explicit bias measure reflected low levels of agreement with negative stereotypes about SCD patients. No significant differences emerged in providers' pain treatment decisions for Black vs. White, or SCD vs. cancer VPs. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate pediatric providers harbor implicit racial bias similar to the general population. Findings from VP vignettes did not demonstrate that pain treatment decision-making differed based on race or diagnosis. This may be due to standardized protocols and procedures in the pediatric emergency setting. Future research is needed to clarify the role of implicit bias in clinical decision-making and the potential efficacy of treatment protocols in preventing biases from interfering with pediatric SCD pain care.

Industry Payments and Implicit Bias in Cardiothoracic Surgery: Difference in Industry Payments to Cardiothoracic Surgeons by Gender.

OBJECTIVE: Industry payments, as sources of revenue and prestige, may contribute to gender implicit bias. We examined industry payments to cardiothoracic (CT) surgeons to determine differences with respect to gender while accounting for practice focus and experience. METHODS: Payments to CT surgeons from 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022 were abstracted from the CMS Open Payment database. Data was restricted to individual payments over $1000 and the following payment criteria: consulting fees; compensation for services other than consulting; honoraria; education; compensation for serving as faculty or as a speaker for a non-accredited and noncertified continuing education program; and grant. Physician profiles were queried for gender, practice type, and year of last fellowship completion. Descriptive statistics were reported based on these factors. RESULTS: In 2014, 509 CT surgeons (497 male and 12 female) received meaningful industry payments. Male surgeons received $10,471,192 (99.3%) with median payment of $6,500 and mean of $21,069 while females received $70,310 (0.7%) with median of $3,500 and mean of $5,859. In 2022, 674 CT surgeons (613 male and 61 female) received industry payments, with men receiving $10,967,855 (92.4%) with a median payment of $6,611 and mean of $17,892 and women receiving $905,431(7.6%) with a median payment of $6,000 and mean of $14,843. CONCLUSIONS: Industry payments to women increased from 2014 to 2022 as the proportion of women in practice rose. Industry support of women, with increases in compensation and roles as speakers, consultants, and educators, offers a potential strategy to combat implicit bias within CT surgery.

Forward and inverse problems for creep models in viscoelasticity.

This study examines a class of time-dependent constitutive equations used to describe viscoelastic materials under creep in solid mechanics. In nonlinear elasticity, the strain response to the applied stress is expressed via an implicit graph allowing multi-valued functions. For coercive and maximal monotone graphs, the existence of a solution to the quasi-static viscoelastic problem is proven by applying the Browder-Minty fixed point theorem. Moreover, for quasi-linear viscoelastic problems, the solution is constructed as a semi-analytic formula. The inverse viscoelastic problem is represented by identification of a design variable from non-smooth measurements. A non-empty set of optimal variables is obtained based on the compactness argument by applying Tikhonov regularization in the space of bounded measures and deformations. Furthermore, an illustrative example is given for the inverse problem of isotropic kernel identification. This article is part of the theme issue 'Non-smooth variational problems with applications in mechanics'.

Realization of affiliation goals, interpersonal identity development, and well-being: effects of the implicit affiliation motive among German and Zambian adolescents.

Introduction: Across various cultural contexts, success in goal realization relates to individuals' well-being. Moreover, commitment to and successful pursuance of goals are crucial when searching for a meaningful identity in adolescence. However, individuals' goals differ in how much they match their implicit motive dispositions. We hypothesized that successful pursuance of affiliation goals positively relates to commitment-related dimensions of interpersonal identity development (domain: close friends) that, in turn, predict adolescents' level of well-being. However, we further assumed that the links between goal success and identity commitment are particularly pronounced among adolescents who are characterized by a high implicit affiliation motive. Methods: To scrutinize the generalizability of the assumed relationships, data were assessed among adolescents in individualistic (Germany) and collectivistic (Zambia) cultural contexts. Results: Regardless of adolescents' cultural background, we found that commitment-related dimensions of interpersonal identity development mediate the link between successful attainment of affiliation goals and well-being, particularly among adolescents with a pronounced implicit affiliation motive; that is, the strength of the implicit affiliation motive moderates the association between goal success and identity commitment. Conclusion: We discuss findings concerning universal effects of implicit motives on identity commitment and well-being.

Compassionate Curiosity: Mitigating the Effects of Bias Through Motivational Interviewing.

There is strong evidence that the implicit biases of health care professionals affect the treatment of patients, and that minority and other marginalized patients are disproportionately harmed. Assumptions made about patient knowledge or lack thereof function as judgments that are prone to bias, which then affect the education and advice imposed upon patients. We review how the motivational interviewing (MI) approach to patient engagement includes components of evidence-based bias-mitigating strategies, such as understanding circumstances from the patient's point of view, and therefore we propose that the MI approach can reduce the impact of bias in patient care.

'Implicit rationing of nursing care processes'-Decision-making in ICU nurses' experiences: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Implicit rationing of nursing care is defined as the withholding of necessary nursing measures for patients because of a lack of nursing resources. However, no studies have explored the experience of decision-making about implicit rationing of nursing care in an intensive care unit (ICU). AIM: To explore the process of ICU nurses' decisions and judgement based on the conceptual framework of implicit rationing of nursing care. STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative study was undertaken between June 2020 and September 2020. The data collection methods were participative observation and interview. Eighteen ICU nurses participated in interviews. A thematic analysis was performed for the data analysis. RESULTS: The following five themes emerged: assessment of the condition and nature of nursing and time taken; strategies for setting personal priorities; plan implementation under mitigation strategy; existing nursing in reality; evaluation of the implementation of implicit rationing care. Nurses choose different strategies during plan implementation. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of explicit guidelines on rationing nursing care, nurses often rely on intuitive and situational decision-making processes for setting priorities. Given the vulnerability of ICU patients and the absence of family caregivers, nurses bear a heightened ethical responsibility to provide care. Establishing a positive nursing culture is essential. It is both reasonable and effective to organize work by accurately quantifying workload, improving staffing levels and optimizing scheduling methods. These themes align with the decision-making process outlined in the conceptual framework and offer fresh perspectives. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses have a greater responsibility to provide care in an ethical manner and to increase awareness of the importance of holistic nursing care for the patient, that is to raise awareness of the importance of care that is often missed. Nurses actively adopt strategies to reduce implicit rationing of nursing care, including teamwork, organized nursing, working overtime and ignoring quality. The findings highlight the importance of creating a positive nursing culture that encourages nurses to adopt positive strategies.

Effectiveness of the uChicago Health Inequity Classification System on surgical morbidity and mortality conference: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Across surgery, marginalized individuals experience worse postoperative outcomes. These disparities stem from the interplay between multiple factors. METHODS: We introduced a novel framework to assess the role of barriers to access and bias in surgical complications (the uChicago Health Inequity Classification System, CHI-CS) in the setting of morbidity and mortality conference and assessed impact through pre and post implementation surveys. RESULTS: Access and bias were related to surgical complications in 14 â€‹% of cases. 97 â€‹% reported enhanced M&M presentations with the grading system, and 47 â€‹% reported a change in decision-making or practice style. Although post-implementation response rate was low, there were improvements in self-reported confidence and comfort in recognizing and discussing these issues. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the CHI-CS framework to discuss bias and access to care positively impacted the way providers view, discuss, and process health inequities.

Implementing a nurse-initiated protocol to improve response to perinatal severe hypertension.

BACKGROUND: An institutional standardized, nurse-initiated protocol was implemented to improve the recognition of and response to perinatal hypertensive emergency. OBJECTIVE(S): The primary aim was to evaluate if the rate of guideline-based treatment of perinatal hypertensive emergency improved with implementation of the protocol. STUDY DESIGN: This quality improvement initiative was developed by a multidisciplinary team and consisted of clinician and nursing education and the implementation of a standardized, nurse-initiated severe hypertension protocol. The project took place in three phases: pre-implementation (July 2020-October 2020), implementation (November 2020-June 2021), and sustainment (July 2021-May 2022). The primary aim was to increase guideline-based treatment of hypertensive emergency among pregnant and postpartum persons. Guideline-based treatment was defined as repeat blood pressure within 30 minutes of severe hypertension to diagnose hypertensive emergency, antihypertensive medication administration within 30 minutes of diagnosis, and appropriately timed repeat blood pressure following treatment. Process measures included time to confirm the diagnosis, initiate the protocol, antihypertensive medication administration, repeat blood pressure after antihypertensive medication administration, and administration of a secondary dose as appropriate. Balancing measures included maternal intensive care unit admission, clinically significant maternal hypotension, fetal demise, neonatal birthweight, and Apgar <7 at 5 minutes. Data were evaluated using between-subjects statistics and a run chart was developed to assess relationship between the protocol and changes in guideline-based treatment over time. RESULTS: Overall, 503 hypertensive emergency encounters were identified during the project period (98 [20%] pre-implementation, 172 [34%] implementation, 233 [46%] sustainment). There were higher rates of persons with chronic hypertension and who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black race in the sustainment phase compared to the other phases. Guideline-based treatment increased from 18.4% pre-implementation to 75.1% in sustainment (p<0.001). Each component of guideline-based treatment also improved significantly from pre-implementation to sustainment (p<0.001). No episodes of clinically significant maternal hypotension occurred in any phase. There were four maternal intensive care unit admissions and three fetal demises during the initiative; none were related to hypertensive emergency. CONCLUSION(S): The nurse-initiated protocol for treatment of hypertensive emergency significantly increased guideline-based treatment of perinatal hypertensive emergency, reduced time to diagnose and treat hypertensive emergency, and increased the number of patients receiving treatment when indicated. This protocol was pragmatic, utilizing resources already available on obstetric units. Use of similar protocols may be considered at institutions providing obstetric care to improve recognition of and response to hypertensive emergency which may decrease maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality related to hypertensive emergency.

Explicit and implicit cognitive processes of the public towards people who stutter.

PURPOSE: The Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes - Stuttering (POSHA-S, St. Louis, 2013) was developed as a standard measure of public attitudes about people who stutter. As with any survey-based methods, threats to validity may occur because of social desirability bias. Using computer mouse-tracking, we were interested in observing changes in cognition that are manifested in intentionality through action by evaluating underlying cognitive processes that drive social judgments of people who stutter. METHODS: Twenty-two women, 1 non-binary person, and 47 men reported using a computer mouse to complete an online, remote, and modified version of the POSHA-S. Responses were categorized as correct/helpful or incorrect/unhelpful relative to each component of the POSHA-S and were used as measures of explicit cognitive processes. Computer-mouse trajectory metrics, including area under the curve (AUC) and reaction time (RT), were used to measure implicit cognitive processes. RESULTS: Although participants' explicit responses were significantly more likely to be correct/helpful than incorrect/unhelpful, with endorsement of correct/helpful prompts 77 % of the time, participants also endorsed incorrect/unhelpful prompts more than half (i.e., 52 %) of the time. Familiarity with people who stutter was associated with disagreeing with incorrect/unhelpful prompts. As indicated by greater AUC, participants exhibited significantly more implicit cognitive processes indicating competition when responding "disagree" compared to "agree", regardless of whether the prompts were correct/helpful or incorrect/unhelpful. Similarly, participants took significantly longer to respond to prompts with "disagree" rather than "agree". CONCLUSION: The findings of this study offer evidence of participants reporting cognitive processes that are overall more correct/helpful than incorrect/unhelpful, in their explicit responses to the dichotomous response tasks of the POSHA-S. However, these findings are tempered by evidence of a tendency to agree with statements in the measure and suggest the need for further research to increase understanding of how to measure and improve explicit and implicit cognitive processes related to people who stutter.

Understanding Implicit Bias and Its Impact in Veterinary Medicine.

Implicit biases are those we are unwilling to admit, yet they influence our behavior in ways that impact our experience in the workplace. Literature demonstrates that implicit bias influences career choice and limits success within a chosen career. Discrimination in the veterinary workplace is pervasive and has a negative impact that is responsible for financial loss. It can also influence client communication, patient-care, and be inadvertently perpetuated by well-meaning community clinics. Strategies can be employed to acknowledge implicit bias and to foster behavioral change, which results in a healthier workplace and improved client and patient-care.

Reflexivity and positionality applied to medical practice: a study on implicit gender bias with medical students in a Swiss university.

BACKGROUND: An array of evidence shows how the presence of implicit bias in clinical encounters can negatively impact provider-patient communication, quality of care and ultimately contribute to health inequities. Reflexive practice has been explored as an approach to identify and address implicit bias in healthcare providers, including medical students. At the Lausanne School of Medicine, a clinically integrated module was introduced in 2019 to raise students' awareness of gender bias in medical practice using a reflexivity and positionality approach. The purpose of this study is to describe the gender bias that were identified by medical students, analysing their types, places and modes of emergence during a clinical encounter. It further explores how positionality supported students' reflection on the way in which social position modulates their relationship to patients. METHODS: As part of the teaching activity, medical students individually reflected on gender bias in a specific clinical encounter by answering questions in their electronic portfolio. The questionnaire included a section on positionality. We qualitatively analysed the students' assignments (n=76), applying a thematic analysis framework. RESULTS: Medical students identified and described gender biases occurring at different moments of the clinical encounter (anamnesis (i.e. patient history), physical exam, differential diagnosis, final management). They causally associated these biases with wider social phenomena such as the gendered division of labour or stereotypes around sexuality and gender. Analysing students' reflections on how their position influenced their relationship with patients, we found that the suggested exercise revealed a major contradiction in the process of medical enculturation: the injunction to be neutral and objective erases the social and cultural context of patients and impedes an understanding of gender bias. CONCLUSION: Gender biases are present in the different steps of a clinical consultation and are rooted in broader gendered social representations. We further conclude that the tension between a quest for objectivity and the reality of social encounters should be made explicit to students, because it is constitutive of medical practice.

Perceptual error based on Bayesian cue combination drives implicit motor adaptation.

The sensorimotor system can recalibrate itself without our conscious awareness, a type of procedural learning whose computational mechanism remains undefined. Recent findings on implicit motor adaptation, such as over-learning from small perturbations and fast saturation for increasing perturbation size, challenge existing theories based on sensory errors. We argue that perceptual error, arising from the optimal combination of movement-related cues, is the primary driver of implicit adaptation. Central to our theory is the increasing sensory uncertainty of visual cues with increasing perturbations, which was validated through perceptual psychophysics (Experiment 1). Our theory predicts the learning dynamics of implicit adaptation across a spectrum of perturbation sizes on a trial-by-trial basis (Experiment 2). It explains proprioception changes and their relation to visual perturbation (Experiment 3). By modulating visual uncertainty in perturbation, we induced unique adaptation responses in line with our model predictions (Experiment 4). Overall, our perceptual error framework outperforms existing models based on sensory errors, suggesting that perceptual error in locating one's effector, supported by Bayesian cue integration, underpins the sensorimotor system's implicit adaptation.

Are we afraid of the woods? - An investigation of the implicit and explicit fear reactions to forests.

The beneficial effects of nature exposure have been repeatedly documented and encourage frequent and regular contact with nature and especially highlight forests. However, in human history, forests have also been associated with negative emotions such as fear and were seen as dangerous environments. While existing literature could demonstrate that natural environments can evoke fear, the focus was on the explicit perception. Given that research has shown the significance of additional implicit processes in fear-related behaviour, we aim to explore the presence of an implicit fear response to forests. Therefore, in an online study, we investigated the explicit and implicit fear reactions to forests by a Northern German sample of N = 256. Using three explicit measurements, we investigated fear and danger perception on a semantic and visual level of the stimulus category "forest" compared to the human-made urban green space "park" and the urban setting "house". Additionally, we assessed the unconscious response tendencies towards the forest within three implicit tasks: Subliminal Priming Procedure (SPP), Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) and Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Within the analyzed sample, the subliminally presented word forest evoked a stronger positive valence response compared to park (SPP). In contrast to houses, the forest showed a stronger approach and weaker avoidance tendency (AAT). At the same time, both the three explicit and one implicit measurement (AMP) showed a stronger fear perception of forests compared to parks or houses. Considering the increasingly utilised beneficial effects of nature in interventions, these findings should be acknowledged when implementing nature exposure in interventions and treatments.